Ukuqonda Umelo Lwezobupolitika Kwimibutho Engafaniyo

Kwibutho eliphawulwe ngokwahlula-hlula okunzulu kobuhlanga, unqulo, okanye ulwimi, ukwenziwa kwamaziko ezobupolitika kuba ngumxhasi obalulekileyo woxolo, uzinzo, kunye nobulungisa. Izixhobo ezimbini ezichaseneyo zokulungelelanisa amandla ezobupolitika("consocialist) kunye nobuhandiba bamanani kunye nokulawula izahlulo ezahlukeneyo kumbuzo wokuba imbonakalo ifanele ilungiswe njani. Ngoxa zombini zizimisele ukulawula ngokunempumelelo, imigaqo yazo ephantsi, imigaqo, iziphumo, zihle ngokuphawulekayo. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olubanzi lwezi zixhobo zobugcisa bazo, iziphumo zazo ezisebenzayo, amandla, amandla, kunye nomongomongo zazo ezifanelekileyo.

Izazinzulu zezobupolitika zikudala ziphikisana ngenzuzo yokuqhubana namandla kunye nomthetho omninzi. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kunceda abaququzeleli bemithetho, abafundisi, kunye nabemi abajongene nemfundo; zineziphumo zehlabathi zokwenene kwizigidi zabantu abahlala kwibutho elinjengeLebhanon, Belgium, Northern Ireland, Kenya, Indiya, kunye neUnited Kingdom. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kunceda abaquququzeleli bemithetho, abafundisi, kunye nabemi bavavanya izicwangciso zoburhulumente ezinokukhuthaza ukulawulwa ngokuzinzileyo okanye i-etrench resovota.

Yintoni Ingxaki Yokuzidibaniselana? Inzulu ekubambeni Amandla

Ubunaniswa belizwe, obukwasaziwa njengedemokhrasi yolawulo-mpukane okanye idemokhrasi elawula amandla, ngumzekelo wolawulo-mpumezo owenzelwe ngokukhethekileyo ibutho labantu abahlulelene ngokunzulu. Eli gama laxhaswe yinzululwazi yezobupolitika u-Arend Lijphart ekupheleni koo1970 kunye no1970, ngokusekelwe kwizifundo zakhe zedemokhrasi encinane yaseYurophu enjengeNetherlands, eBelgium, eSwitzerland, nase-Austria. Lijphart waphawula ukuba la mazwe, nangona ahlukene kwimidabi yezonqulo nolwimi, aphumele ulawulo-demokhrasi oluzinzileyo ngolawulo-demokhrasi oluzinzileyo oluzinzileyo ngoolwe zilungiselelo oluqinisekiswe ukufakwa kwawo onke amaqela abalulekileyo.

Ingcamango engundoqo ye-consociationism yeyokuba kwibutho elahluleleneyo, ulawulo oluninzi kuphela lungakhokelela ekususweni ngokusisigxina kweqela elincinane, ukuphembelela ingqumbo kunye nengxabano. Endaweni yoko, igunya labelwa phakathi kwamaqela aphezulu okanye amaqela angundoqo. ULijphart wachaza izinto ezine ezingundoqo eziphawula inkqubo yobunqikeleli ngokupheleleyo:

  1. I-Boolentition ePhakamileyo--onke amacandelo amakhulu ebutho labantu amelwe kwisebe eliphetheyo. Endaweni yokuba abeqela elinye likarhulumente, ikhabhathi iquka iinkokeli ezivela kwezona zizwe, ezonqulo, okanye iilwimi. Umzekelo, eBelgium, urhulumente wengingqi usoloko equka zombini iintetho zesiDatshi kunye nabalungiseleli abathetha isiFrentshi.
  2. U-Muatial Veto okanye i-Majoni edibeneyo - Amaqela amancinane anamandla okuthintela izigqibo ezichaphazela iminqweno yawo ebalulekileyo. Oku kuthintela uninzi ukuba lungangeni kwinkxalabo yamaqela amancinane ngokupheleleyo. KuMntla Ireland, isigqeba esilawulayo esilawulayo esilawulayo sifuna inkxaso enqamlezayo yemiqathango ethile ngesicelo sendlela yenkxalabo.
  3. Iprojekthi - umelo kwipalamente, inkonzo kawonke-wonke, kwaye ngokufuthi kulwabelo lobuncwane besizwe lulungelelaniswe kubungakanani beqela ngalinye. Oku kufunyanwa ngokwenkqubo zomelo lolwandiso lolwahlulelwano, njengenkqubo yoluhlu lweqela okanye ivoti enye edluliswayo. ELebhanon, izihlalo zepalamente zabelwa ngokwemo yolungelelwaniso phakathi kwamahlelo onqulo aqaliweyo asekelwe kumlinganiselo osisigxina.
  4. I-Autonomy -Amaqela anikwa umlinganiselo wokuzilawula ngokwawo kwimibandela enxulumene nenkcubeko, njengemfundo, ulwimi, kunye nemithetho yemo yobuqu. Oku kungathatha uhlobo lolawulo lorhulumente, ulawulo lwe-comfederal, okanye ulawulo lwenkcubeko. Inkqubo yendlela yokuzilawula ye-Switzerland inika uluntu uluntu olunolwazi ngeelwimi kunye nonqulo olulawula kakhulu.

I-Consonicationism asisiso esinye isisombululo sobungakanani. Ngokunjalo, iSindululo esiLungileyo soLwesihlanu eNorthern Ireland sisetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, i-1998 iSivumelwano esiLungileyo soMntla Ireland saseka ingqungquthela kunye negunya lolawulo oluphezulu enzelwe ukumanyanisa (ezininzi zobuProtestanti) kunye noorhulumente (obokuqala bamaKatolika). Ngokufanayo, iSivumelwano saseLebhanon (1999) sahlaziywa sisakhiwo sokulungelelanisa amandla phakathi kwebutho laso lesizwe emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya. Kwipost-paratethethethelid South Africa, umgaqo-siseko (1993) waquka uRhulumente womanyano lwesizwe olwaqinisekisa amandla phakathi kwe-Afrikan National Congressionation kunye ne- National Partysstysss ngexesha lotshintsho.

Abahlalutyi bathi ubukho bobuhlanga bungaphelisa ubuzwe, izahlulo ezikwintsebenziswano, kwaye benze izigqibo zezobupolitika zicothe okanye zingasebenzi ngenxa yemfuneko yokuvumelana okubanzi. Noko ke, abaxhasi baphikisa into yokuba kwizicwangciso ezahlulwe ngokunzulu, ulawulo oluchaseneyo ne-/ukulawulwa kwabantu abalawulwayo/ukusoloko kukhokelela kwingcinezelo nemvukelo.

Yintoni Imfundiso Yolawulo Lwamajoni?

I-Majorianism, engundoqo, ngumgaqo wokuba uninzi (okanye ubuninzi) lwabemi kufuneka lube namandla okwenza izigqibo ezibophelele ibutho lonke. Kwinkqubo zobupolitika, i-othetarianism isoloko iguqulela kumalungiselelo okhetho afana nomthetho wokuqala odlulileyo (FPTP) okanye iinkqubo eziziko ezimbini, apho umvoti okanye iqela elinabona malungu amaninzi liphumelela isihlalo okanye isikhundla. Le ndlela ilula kwaye ivelisa abaphumeleleyo abacacileyo, abanokukhokelela kurhulumente onamandla, okruqukileyo.

Imvelaphi yenkcubeko yezobuntloko ikwingcamango yedemokhrasi. Inkcubeko yecawa njengoJohn Locke kunye noJean-Jacques Rousseau zaphikisa ngelithi ukuthanda kwabaninzi kumele kuphumelele ukuze kuboniswe ulawulo jikelele. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iinkqubo zolawulo lwamaquare ziqhelekile kumazwe aneenkqubo zezopolitiko ze-Anglo-American. I-United Kingdom, i-United States, i-Canada, kunye neIndiya (kwi-Lok Sabba unyulo) zonke zisebenzisa i-FPTP kwizindlu zazo ezisezantsi, nangona iIndiya iyindawo ephambili yezithethe zezobupolitiki yenkqubo yayo yezokhetho zithetha ingxube yengxoxo engamashumi eminyaka akutshanje.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zeenkqubo ezilawula oomatshini abaphambili ziquka:

  • URhulumente wecandelo elinye -Enyanisweni, omnye umbutho ufumana izihlalo ezaneleyo ukuze akhe urhulumente yedwa, ngaphandle kokuba afune amaqabane ahlangeneyo. Oku kwenza i-locus ecacileyo yokuziphendulela.
  • Isigqeba esilawulayo – Iqela elilawulayo lingawudlulisa ngokukhawuleza umthetho, njengokuba kungekho mfuneko yokulalanisa kunakurhulumente abamanyeneyo.
  • -IziThatho- Zonke iziQulathi- - kwi FP, imvume nganye ikhetha ummeli omnye, kwaye umvoti onenkoliso yevoti uyaphumelela, nokuba akalukhuseli uninzi olupheleleyo. Oku kungabalula umelo loninzi kunye neqela elingaphantsi kwamashumi amancinane.
  • [[NTL: 0] IiNkangeleko zomgaqo-nkqubo – iinkqubo zeMajoritarian zisoloko zikhuthaza ukhuphiswano oluthabatha inxenye ezimbini, oluthi lukhethe umvoti kodwa lukwazi ukucutha amaqela amathathu kunye namalizwi amancinane.

Abaxhasi bolawulo loburhulumente baphikisa ngelithi luvelisa ulawulo olunempumelelo, ulwalathiso olucacileyo lwenkqubo, nokuziphendulela ngedemokhrasi. Babonisa ukuzinza kweUnited States noBukumkani boMbindi wolawulo lweziko lobuGawulayo njengobungqina bokuba uninzi lunokuhlala kunye nezithethe ezizimeleyo zedemokhrasi, ukuba kukho ukhuseleko olunamandla lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nejaji elizimeleyo.

Noko ke, abagxeki baphawula ukuba iinkqubo zolawulo zinokuyikhupha ngokulandelelana iqaqobana kwimifuziselo kunye namandla. Kumaqela ahlukeneyo esizwe, uninzi olusisigxina lohlanga lungalawula inkqubo yezopolitiko, lushiye iintlanga ezimbalwa zingenampembelelo. Oku kungakhokelela kwimfazwe yamakhaya, njengokuba kuboniwe eSri Lanka apho iinkqubo zikarhulumente weSinhalese-majori karhulumente zabeka imigaqo-mthetho yaba bambalwa bamaTamil, ngokunjalo, kwimfazwe yamakhaya engamashumi eminyaka. Ngokufanayo, eRwanda, urhulumente wangaphambi kobuHutu-maduke, urhulumente wobuhlanga wasebenzisa ulwano lobuhlanga ukuthand ’ ukuvalwa okucwangciswe ngokucwangciiiiiiiiiiiiiii.

Ukuthelekisa iNdlela yokuHlanganisa kunye neNkcubeko: Uhlalutyo oluNcacisiweyo

Ukuqonda ukuba yeyiphi indlela esebenzayo kumongo onikiweyo, kubalulekile ukuzithelekisa kumacala amaninzi. I tafile engezantsi ishwankathela umahluko ongundoqo, kodwa ingxelo inwebeka kwincam nganye.

Dimension Consociationalism Majoritarianism
Inclusivity High – all major groups guaranteed representation in government and decision-making. Low – large minorities can be permanently excluded from executive power.
Efficiency of Decision-Making Slow – requires negotiation and consensus among multiple parties. Fast – a single party can implement its agenda quickly.
Electoral System Proportional representation or mixed-member proportional. First-past-the-post, two-round system, or other plurality-based systems.
Representation of Minorities Explicitly institutionalized; groups have veto power over vital interests. De facto marginalized; no guaranteed access to power.
Stability Can be stable if elites cooperate; risk of paralysis or group entrenchment. Stable if majority is moderate; risk of majoritarian tyranny and rebellion.
Accountability Diffuse – many parties share responsibility, making voter judgment difficult. Clear – voters can easily reward or punish a single ruling party.

Ubuhlobo bungagqibekanga

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kurhwebo kukungatyhafi kwesantya nokuzinza. Ingxaki efuna utshintsho inyusa ulwazelelelo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaqela abalulekileyo anesihlalo etafile, kodwa oku kudla ngokuvela ngexabiso lesantya, uxanduva lokwenza izigqibo. Ukungathembani phakathi koluntu, uloyiso olukhulu lunokubonwa njengesisongelo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwisenzo esithe khawuleza.

Iziphumo zenkqubo ye-Electory

Inkqubo yokhetho yinkqubo eguqulela ivoti kwizihlalo. Iinkqubo zomanyano zisebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lomelo lolwahlulo (PR) ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla eqela ngalinye lepalamente ahambelana nobunzima balo bokuzalana. Umzekelo, eNetherlands, umqobo wokungena usezantsi (0.67% wevoti yesizwe), uvumela amancinane ukuba aphumelele kwizihlalo. Ngokuchaseneyo, iinkqubo ezingundoqo ezifana neFPPPPP zilandelelwa phantsi kweminye imimandla encinane esasazekileyo. Kwi-UK, iLiberal Democrats ifumana izabelo ezincinane kakhulu zezihlalo kunevoti zabo, ngoxa abangeneli be-Conservative kunye nabaLabour belapha. Kwi-USgerrymanniastriant, kwiqela elincinane elihambayo lamaqela abo banokufumana i-Rhobon.

Amalungelo eQumrhu achasene

I-Consocialism isoloko ixhomekeke ekuqwalaselweni kwamalungelo eqela, ithetha ukuba ukumela kwezobupolitika kunxulumene nobuhlanga, unqulo, okanye ulwimi. Oku kunokuba yingxaki kuba kuthelekelele ukuba i-ode ithe yazinziswa kwaye i-homogeneus, kwaye isenokungakukhuthazi ukunqumla amatyala. Inkcazo yeNkcubeko, ngokwengcamango, iphatha bonke abemi njengamalungu eqela, ahambisana nobudlelane. Noko ke, ukuqhelisa, iinkqubo ezingundoqo kwintlalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zingavelisa ukukhutshwa kweqela le-coreo elisekelwe ekungaqwalaleni okusesikweni.

Impembelelo Kumanyano Lwabantu Nesingqino Sezobupolitika

Uphando olungesicombululo kwimpi - nxaki lunika ubungqina obudityanisiweyo malunga nenkqubo ekhuthaza uxolo oluhlala luhleli. Uphando olubalaseleyo lukaLijphart lwafumanisa ukuba ulawulo-melo loburhulumente lwamagunya eempukane lwaluzinzile kwaye lungenabundlobongela buninzi kunabo basemaqulwini ahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, iBelgium, nangona kukho ungquzulwano lweelwimi phakathi kweFlemings kunye neWalloons, luye lwahlala lungekho lawulo lwedemokhrasi ngaphandle kwemfazwe yamakhaya kangangenkulungwane, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yeempawu zayo zoburhulumente. Ngokufanayo, ulawulo lwamazwe lwaseSwitzerland luhlalisa amaJamani, amaFrentshi, amaTaliyane, namaRomash athetha ngoxolo.

Noko ke, ubukhomanisi abuyiyo ingxubevange. Abahlalutyi abafana noDonald Horowitz baphikisa ngelithi inokuba nobuzwe obuninzi kwaye inciphise intshukumisa yokuba amaqela ezobupolitika akhuphisane kwimida yeqela. ELebhanon, inkqubo yokuzibandakanya ityholwe ngokufaka amahlelo alungelelanisayo, ukwenza ukonakala, nokubangela ukungasebenzi kwezobupolitika. Ingxubusho yama-2019 eLebhanon ngokwenxalenye yayikukusabela kudidi lwezobupolitika olusebenzisa inkqubo yokwahlula amahlelo ukuze kungenelwe kuyo.

IMajorianism, ngeli xesha, iye yaphumelela kwibutho labantu elifanayo kodwa inengxelo engalunganga yendlela kwizahlulo ezinzulu. Ukuwa kweYugoslavia, ukutshatyalaliswa kwesizwe, nemfazwe yamakhaya yase-Sri Lanka konke kwenzeka kumazwe aneenkqubo ezinamandla okanye ezilawulayo ezingazange zikwazi ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane. Ukanti iIndiya, uhlanga olukhulu nolwahlukeneyo, iye yalondoloza inkqubo yedemokhrasi yorhulumente ukususela ekuzimeleyo, phezu kwayo nje ukusebenzisa inkqubo yendlu yayo esezantsi. Oku kwenzeka ngokwenxalenye kwiqela elinamandla lengingqi yengingqi yeIndiya, inkqubo yeqela leqela leqela leFPPPP, kunye nemithetho-siseko yezomthetho ekhusela iincuphi.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Lembali Nelanamhlanje

IBelgium: ILizwe ElineeNkcubeko

IBelgium yavela kurhulumente othetha isiFrentshi norhulumente owahlulelene ngokunzulu kwilizwe lorhulumente elinoluntu oluthetha iilwimi eziyayaneyo. Izivumelwano zomanyano lwenkulungwane yama-20, kuquka isiqendu solwimi kwikhathemin, ukuzimela ngokwenkcubeko yoluntu lweFlemish neFrancophone, kunye nesakhiwo sorhulumente, ziye zathintela ungquzulwano olunogonyamelo. Noko ke, ukususela ngo-2010, iBelgium iye yafumana amaxesha andekileyo ngaphandle korhulumente opheleleyo wesizwe ngenxa yengxoxo enxulumene nemvisingqinisi, ebalasekungathwalisweni kwemithetho-ncindiliki ye-yo.

Umntla Ireland: Impixano Yenguquko Ngamandla- Amandla

IGood Wear Agreement yonyaka-nyaka ka-1998 yaseka isigqeba esingumbutho onyanzelekileyo apho umbutho wamaqumrhu kunye namaqela esizwe kufuneka abelane ngegunya. Eli lungiselelo lesizwe, kunye nezobugqeba ezinqamleza umda kunye nenkululeko ebanzi, zaphelisa umthetho ongqalileyo osuka eLondon kwaye ubukhulu becala waphelisa ugonyamelo lwamahlelo. Ngoxa ingxilongo yezopolitiko iye yenzekile (umz., ukususela ngo-2017 ukuya ku-202020), inkqubo yoxolo ijongwa ngokuba nempumelelo. Le nkqubo ihlala ingonakaliswa ngokuchaphaza kwemiba yolwazi olufana nolwimi lwase-Ireland kunye namalungiselelo orhwebo lwasemva kobu-Brit.

UBukumkani Obumanyeneyo: Inkqubo Yezorhwebo Ephantsi Kwengcinezelo

Imodeli ye-UK yeWestminster yinkqubo ebalaseleyo yonyulo lwe-FPTP, icandelo elinye lobukhabhathi, negunya elinamandla. Ibonelele urhulumente ozinzileyo kangangeenkulungwane, kodwa ikwaye yaphelisa uxanduva lwengingqi kunye nohlanga. Ukurhoxa kwe-UK kwi-EU ebhenca ucalucation enzulu phakathi kweNgilani ne-Scotland, norhulumente weScotlanic (ukuvumelana kwe-stianityism) ifuna ulawulo lwesibini lwenkululeko. ENorthern Ireland, isithethe esikhulu somthetho "obala" (indlela yobuPhtont ngaphambi konyaka ka-1979) saphumela ekulawuleni nakucalucalucalucalucalucalue, kukhokelela kwii-Trosselismssss.

Kenya: Ulingelo nge-Alemor-sharing

Emva kwengxaki yogonyamelo yonyulo ngo-2007-2008 emva konyulo, iKenya yamkela umgaqo-siseko omtsha ngo-2010 owazisa inkqubo yomongameli enomphathi-maphambili onamandla, kodwa kwakhona imfuneko yokulawula amandla: umongameli kunye nesekela lomongameli kufuneka besuka kumaqela ahlukeneyo esizwe ukuba akukho tikiti liphumelela uninzi. Ngaphezu koko, umgaqo-siseko uquka ukukhutshwa kotshintsho kumaqela angamashumi amane, onika iziququ zasekuhlaleni ezizimeleyo zamaqela ahlukahlukeneyo esizwe. Le nkqubo ye-projective idibanisa umongameli (umongameli onamandla onyuliweyo) kunye nombuyiselo (umgangatho ophezulu, umgangatho opheleleyo wonyuliweyo) iziqalela unyulo olukhulu, kwaye uthintele ugonyamelo olukwiqondo eliphezulu lokulinganisa iincalu hlobo, nangona ihleli.

Inkcaso ephambili

Ngaba Ukusebenzisana Kweziko Kubangela Ukwahlulwa?

Enye yezigxeko ezinamandla kukuba ubukho boburhulumente bukhuthaza ubuhlanga okanye ubukho bonqulo ngokuphulukana nokuzichaza kohlanga. EBelgium, uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba abemi abaninzi baseFlemish nabafana bafana noluntu lwabo ngokuyintloko kunelizwe laseBelgium. ELebhanon, amahlelo aye akhula, kwaye inkqubo isoloko ityholwa ngokukhuthaza ubudlelane bobungcali nokungancedisi. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngokuthi "bathathi-nxaxheba" bakhuthaza ukudityaniswa kwentsebenziswano kunokukhuthaza ukungavisisani kweqela.

Ngaba IMajonithiusism Inokulawulwa Ngokhuseleko LomGaqo-siseko?

Amanye amazwe aye aguqula ubunkulu obuneempawu ezifana ne-constarianism, iphepha lamalungelo, ukukhusela okuzimeleyo, kunye nokukhusela ulwimi oluncinane. Umgaqo-siseko we-Indiya uquka ukukhusela okuninzi kwiindidi ezicwangcisiweyo, izizwe ezicwangcisiweyo, kunye nezizwe ezincinane zonqulo. IKhanada isebenzisa i-FPTP kodwa ikwanamalungelo aphezulu olwimi oluncinci kunye noMphathi-mikhosi wamalungelo ozimeleyo neNkululeko. Ezi zimo zinokuthoba ziziphumo ezibi zomthetho omkhulu ngaphandle kokufuna ukuba ulawulo olupheleleyo. Noko ke, zixhomekeke kwizithethe zezobupolitika ezijongenezo kumalungelo amancinane, kodwa zisenokungabikho kwimeko entlalo-ntle.

Indima yoyilo lwenkqubo ebanzi

Utshintsho lwenkqubo ye-Electoral luyinkqubo engundoqo yokuxhathisa. Amazwe anenkqubo ezingundoqo maxa wambi acinga ukwamkela i-arhente edityanisiweyo (MMP) okanye ukuvota okukwindawo ephantsi ukuphucula umelo lwabambalwa ngaphandle kokususa yonke indlela yokuzinza. ENew Zealand, ukutshintshwa ukusuka kwi-FPTP ukuya kuMMP ngo1996 kwandisa ulwandiso kwaye kwanika amaqela amancinane (kuquka abameli bama-Maori) ilizwi elomelele ngakumbi. Le ndlela ye-driginethi ingadibanisa ukugqibelela kweziqalelo ezinkulu (isithili ezizimele ezizimele) kunye nokulingana kwe-onke.

Isiphelo: Ukukhetha Umzekelo Ofanelekileyo Woluntu Olwahluleleneyo

Akunjalo ukuba ne-consociationism okanye ukukhuthaza ugonyamelo kukhulu ngokwemvelo. Ukusebenza kwazo kuxhomekeke kwimbali ekhethekileyo, inkcubeko, kunye nemeko-bume. I-Consociationalism inika isixhobo esinamandla sokulawula ungquzulwano olunzulu lwezizwe ngokuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaqela abalulekileyo ayakwazi ukwabelana ngegunya. Kunokukhusela ugonyamelo kunye nokukhuthaza intsebenziswano, kodwa ngendleko yokuqululisa izahlulo kunye nokwenza izigqibo. I-Maritarianism, ngesithembiso sayo solawulo olunempumelelo nolunetyala, isebenza kakuhle kuluntu olusondeleneyo okanye abo banezikhuseli ezinamandla, kodwa iyakwazi ukukhusela intlalo-ntle kwimibateko enzulu.

Kubenzi benkqubo, isifundo sicacile: akukho sisombululo sikhoyo jikelele. Umyili wamaziko ezobupolitika kufuneka uxoxwe kwibala lentlalo yelizwe. Kwiimeko apho ulwahlulo lwentlalo lubukhali kwaye amaqela elizwe akwimo yendalo akwimo elungelelanisiweyo, indlela efunekayo yokufumana uxolo. Kumazwe apho ulwahlulo lunganzima kakhulu okanye apho kukho khona uqwalaselo olunamandla lwesizwe esinqumlayo, inkqubo engundoqo eqhutywayo ikhuselwa ngamandla amalungelo amancinane ingaba yimfuneko.

Ekugqibeleni, injongo kukudala inkqubo yezobupolitika elungelelanisa ukumeleka, ukuzinza nokuziphendulela. Ukuqonda amandla nobuthathaka bobukho becawa kunye nobugcisa kukwinyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo ekufikeleleni olo lungelelwano kwiintlanga ezahlukahlukeneyo ehlabathini jikelele.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona iArend Lijphart's Umsebenzi weClassic kulawulo-moya oluzimeleyo , Donald Horowtitz's critique kwi " i-Ethnic Agligins in Conftict"[, kunye neNyakatho ye-Ireland inkqubo yoxolo yamaxwebhu e-[FLT:] i-Belfast . Uhlaluzo oluthelekisayo lweenkqubo zomvolo, bona i-Ective Reformation Societys [FFLT]].[FLT]