Isiseko somGaqo-siseko kunye nokwakhiwa

ISebe eliLawulayo lifumana igunya lalo kwiGatya II loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. eligunya lolawulo oluphezulu kuMongameli waseUnited States. Olu khetho lokwakha lwabasebenzi bangamagunya , lwafuna isebe elinye elinegunya elikwaziyo ukugqiba, ngokungafaniyo namabhunga ahlukeneyo aphawula oorhulumente abathile phantsi kweMiqathango yoMgaqo-siseko. Kwiminyaka emalunga nezigidi ezine, iSebe eliphetheyo liye lakhula lisuka kwikhabhinthi encinane yamasebe amane (iState, iNdawo, imfazwe, kunye neAthorney General) kwizixhobo ezithelekayo zamasebe akwicandelo amalunga nezigidi ezine ezizimeleyo, nabezodwa, nabasebenzi abamalunga nezigidi ezine abaquka umkhosi kunye nabasebenzi baseburhulumenteni.

UMongameli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko yorhulumente, indima edibeneyo negunya elingumqondiso elipheleleyo kunye nelemisebenzi. UMongameli onguMongameli usebenza njengesikhokelo esingundoqo solawulo kunye nelandela, ngelixa iKabhinethi . eququzelelwa ngoonobhala besebe ngalinye elilawulayo. Inika ukhokelo lwezolwazi kwimicimbi esukela kwezolimo ukuya kwimicimbi yamavandla. Ngaphandle kolawulo olusemthethweni lweBhovisi enguMongameli (kuquka iOfisi yeNdreji yeNdlhebe, iBhunga Lesizwe Lokhuseleko, kunye neHofisi Yolawulo kunye noHlawulo) inceda ukulungelelanisa kunye nokusebenza kwemithetho. Umbutho ngamnye worhulumente usebenza phantsi kwegunya lomthetho eligunya likaHulumeniyo, kodwa ulawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo, ulawulo lwezikomkhulu, kunye nokukhupha izigunya-osiselo.

Imisebenzi ye-Core yesebe elinoLawulo oluphezulu

Umthetho onyanzeliswayo nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke

Owona msebenzi ubonakalayo wemini yonke yeSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka. Oku kugunyaziswa kwandisa ngaphaya kokuchotshelwa kwetyala ukuba kuquka ulawulo lomthetho, ukhuseleko lomda, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. ISebe leSigwebo (DOJ) lisebenza njengengalo esisiseko esemthethweni karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, kodwa ukunyanzelisa iimbopheleleko zisasazwa kumacala amaninzi aneenkonzo ezikhethekileyo.

  • IFEderal Bureau of Investigation (FBI): ifakela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwezaphuli-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni, kuquka ubugrogrisi, ubugrogrisi obuyikhompyutha, ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, kunye nokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. IFBI ikwanikela inkxaso yobulumko kurhulumente nakumthetho wasekuhlaleni.
  • Ulawulo lokwandiswa kweziyobisi (DEA): Inyanzela uMthetho oLawulweyo, uhlasela imibutho ethengisa amayeza kunye nokungasetyenziswa kwamayeza kagqirha.
  • [[NTLA:0] I-Bureau of Alcohol, Icuba, Izixhobo zomlilo kunye ne-Explopasives (ATF): ilungisa imipu, iziqhushumbisi, kunye nophando lwe-arson; ikwalwa nokurhwaphiswa okungekho mthethweni kotywala necuba.
  • Indawe yoKhuseleko lwasekhaya (DHS): Ikhangela ukufuduka nezithethe (ICE), iCrommental kunye noKhuselo loMda (CBP), iNkonzo yeNsikelelo, uLawulo loKhuseleko lwezethutho (TSA), kunye ne-Federal Emeternal Emetainment Agency Agency (FEMA). DHS yadalwa ngo-200 ukuze iguqulele imisebenzi yokhuseleko lwasekhaya emva kohlaselo lwangoSeptemba 11.
  • Inkonzo yeRhashes yase-U.S. inikeza ukhuseleko lwenkundla, ababhaduli, kwaye balawula Inkqubo yoKhuselo lwamaNgqina.

Umbutho ngamnye usebenza phantsi kwamagunya omthetho kodwa uhlala ephantsi kolwalathiso lobumongameli ngokutyunjwa kweentloko-mikhosi nokungagunyaziswa kwemigaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, uMongameli angayalela i-DEA ukuba inciphise ukunyanzeliswa komjuxuzo kwiimeko apho kusemthethweni, ngokuphumelelayo ukugcinwa komthetho ngaphandle kokugwetywa komthetho ophantsi komthetho.

Uzalisekiso lomgaqo-nkqubo noLawulo

Ngaphezu kokunyanzeliswa, iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu linika intabalala yeenkqubo zikarhulumente, ukusuka kuKhuselo loLuntu kunye noMgangatho-mali ukuya kukwahlulwa kwemali-mboleko yabafundi kunye nomgaqo-siseko wemekobume. I-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo (OMB) ilungelelanisa inkqubo yokuphunyezwa kwemimiselo yeekokeli, ivavanya iziphumo zoqingqo-mali, nokuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kweenkqubo zolawulo, kunye nezinto eziphambili zikamongameli. Ukubekwa kwenkqubo apho amasebe esizwe enza imimiselo ebophelelo esemthethweni. I-Adrefektroji engundoqo ifuna ukuba amaziko apapashe imithetho eceliweyo, amagqabaza oomatilo-wonke, kunye nemithetho yokugqibela, ngokufuthi ngokuhlalutywa kweendleko neenzuzo neenzuzo.

Ngokomzekelo, iNdebe yokuKhuselwa koMkhosi woMbindi-moya (EPA) iguqulela ilungiselelo elibanzi lokukhupha okucacileyo kwimida ye-oyile yesebe elikhupha amandla, ngelixa iSebe lemfundo liphumeza iimfuno ezisesikweni zokuphendula isikolo phantsi koMthetho woMfundi ngamnye Wempumelelo. Ezi zenzo zolawulo zinamandla omthetho kodwa zinokutshintshwa okanye zipheliswe ngabalawuli abalandelayo, zibalaselisa indima ephambili yeSebe elilawulayo ekulungiseni iziphumo.

Ulwalamano lwamazwe angaphandle nokhuseleko lwesizwe

UMongameli ukhonza njengentloko yomphathi-mikhosi nentloko-mikhosi yesizwe. NgeSebe loMmandla, izivumelwano zeSebe eliphetheyo (iziwiso zeNdlu yeeNdlela zokulwa), umela izilangazelelo ze-U.S. kwelinye ilizwe, kwaye ulawula ulwalamano lwezobuzwe namazwe angaphezu kwe-190. IBhunga loKhuseleko (MSC) liququzelela inkqubo yamanye amazwe kunye necebo lokukhusela, ngelixa iSebe lokhuselo lilawula imisebenzi yomkhosi ehlabathini lonke. I-I-Intelligents `iquze i-CIA, i-NSA, kunye ne-DIA-ioPP i-ovelisa ulwazi olugxekayo oluzisa izigqibo zenkqubo yamazwe asemzini kunye nezisongelo.

Impembelelo yegunya kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe inamandla: oomongameli baye benza imikhosi yokulwa amacandelo ngaphandle kogunyaziso lobungquzulwano (umz., iLibya ngo-2011, i-Syria emva ko-2014), nangona iSigqibo seWar Powers sifuna isaziso kwiNgqungquthela kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48 kunye neqela lemikhosi elisikelwe umda kwientsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngokufanayo, izivumelwano zegunya elilawulayo, ezingafuni mvume yeNdlundlo, ziye zaba sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokwenza ishishini lezizwe ngezizwe, nangona zingenakuwuthatha nxaxheba umthetho wemithetho.

Izixhobo zoLawulo zeNkqutyana yokuSebenza

Imiyalelo yesebe kunye nemetanda

Imiyalelo yolawulo lolawulo lulawulo lomongameli elawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Bafumana igunya labo kwimithetho egunyazisa umGaqo-siseko ephetheyo kunye nemithetho egunyazisayo. Ngoxa ingeyomithetho ngokwayo, imiyalelo yabalawuli ithwala ubunzima bomthetho xa ikhutshelwa phambili kwimigaqo ekhoyo okanye amagunya omgaqo-siseko. Abalawuli baye basebenzisa ukuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo engundoqo: uMongameli Truman desegravite amabutho axhobileyo (Umgaqo 9981), uMongameli uKennedy wadala uLuxolo Corps (Umthetho-1024), uMongameli Rendeki umya wayalela ukuba kuvavanywe abasebenzi besizwe, uMongameli u-Mongameli u-Bhovisisbe wakhupha umgaqo-onele kwi-ofisi yezonyango, u-Defesterice Active Agement for Childty (DACA) inkqubo yolawulo lwaseB) inkqubo yolawulo lokuqala lokuqala, urhulumente waseburhulumenteni lwamazwe lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala.

Imiyalelo yegunya ibotshelelwe ngokusemthethweni ngaphandle kokuba ingqubana nomGaqo-siseko okanye nemimiselo ekhoyo. Iinkundla zingazenza zibe buthathaka ngokuhlola kwezomthetho, kwaye iNgqungquthela ingaziphazamisa ngokukhupha umthetho omtsha oguqula isiseko somthetho. Oku kwenza ukuba imiyalelo yesebe ibe namandla kodwa ibe buthathaka, ingatshintshwa ngoonongameli abalandelayo ngokutsalwa ngumqolo wepeni.

Ingxelo Zokusayina

Xa iBhunga lithumela umthetho kuMongameli, uMongameli angawusayina kumthetho aze anikezele ingxelo yokutyikitywa. La mazwi adla ngokuchaza indlela umphathi olawulayo aceba ngayo ukutolika nokunyanzelisa umthetho omtsha, maxa wambi echaza amalungiselelo uMongameli ajongeka njengangagunya okanye ngokuchasene negunya lolawulo oluphezulu. Ngoxa abagxeki bephikisana ngokuthi bafana ne-quafisi-vetom ngaphandle kwesiseko somthetho, abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba basebenzisa igunya elisemthethweni. Obhama basebenzisa iingxelo zokusayina ukuqinisekisa ukuba umlawuli unegunya elisemthethweni.

Umbane weVeto

UMongameli angawukhupha nawuphi na umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga, awuthinteli ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kokuba ii-32 zamagumbi omabini avota ukuba alawule. Eli gunya lidimanisayo linika isebe eliphetheyo indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni umthetho-(-"a usongelo lweKhomishini ngokufuthi ukunyanzela iKhomishini ukuba ithethe ulwaniso. Ukungazami ukuzama ukuphumelela okunqabileyo nokunqabileyo: phakathi kowe-1789 no-2023, oomongameli betyala ngaphezu kwama-500 emali, enemali engaphantsi kwe-11056. Ukungabonwa kubandakanya uMongameli uAnd Johnson kuMgaqo-ngameli we-Aden we-Spectives (overtivery) we-S.

Idinga neGunya lokuVuselelwa

UMongameli ubeka amawaka amagosa ``Amagosa eKhabhinethi''' kunye noonobhala bequmrhu, abagwebi, iintloko zamasebe `intloko zeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso'. Eli gunya livumela umongameli ukuba asebenze norhulumente nabantu abanombono ofana nawo, ngaloo ndlela ephembelela ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ophambili kwiminyaka ezayo. Noko ke, amandla okususwa azimeleyo angopheleli. IBhunga elinokwakha (njengeSikhuselo seFederal okanye i-SEC) lingenza ukuba uMongameli asuse amagunya abo, abeke ulawulo lomongameli kunye nooogxandumasi kwiinkonzo ezithile zesebe kodwa axhase iinkonzo ezithile ezizimeleyo.

Izinto Eziza Kuza Kuqala Zomthetho Nokutshintsha Kolawulo

Eyona mpembelelo iphawulekayo kwiSebe elilawulayo elijongene nokugcinwa komthetho kukumisela izinto eziza kuqala kumsebenzi womthetho. Ngoxa iBhunga lidlulisa imimiselo yolwaphulo-mthetho, iSebe eliLawulayo ligqiba ukuba yiyiphi imiqathango yokuphanda nokuchophela izinto ezisikelwe umda. Eli cebo libonakala ngokukhethekileyo kwiindawo apho uluvo okanye umthetho karhulumente ungquzulwano nomthetho worhulumente.

Unyanzeliso lofuduko

Umthetho wokuthambisa unika umzekelo ocacileyo. IBhunga limisele iindidi ezibanzi zetyala elinokususwa, kodwa iSebe elilawulayo limisela indlela yokwabela oovimba bomsebenzi. Ulawulo lwe-Obama lucwangcise ngokutsha ukususwa kwabanqumli-mda nabagwebi abavalelweyo, ngelixa ulawulo lweTrump lwandisiwe ukuba luquke nabani na okhoyo ngaphandle kwemvume, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yimbali yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ulawulo lweBiden luye lwaguqula ikhondo, lukhupha imigaqo yokunyanzelisa imigaqo ejolise kwizisongelo zokhuseleko, izaphuli-mthetho ezinzulu, kunye nemidabi yakutshanje. Oku kuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo amanani okukhutshweyo: ukusuka kumanani aphezulu angaphezu kwama-40 000 ngonyaka phantsi kwe-Obama phantsi kwenkqubo yolawulo ngo-20192019, ngoko kuthoba ukonakalisa ngokuqatha kumgangatho ongaphantsi kwe-2010 000 emva kwe-2010 emva kwenkqubo ye-Biden.

Umgaqo-nkqubo weziyobisi

Izigqibo zolawulo olulawulayo zikwabumba ukunyanzeliswa kweziyobisi. Ulawulo lwe-Obama lwakhupha iKhole Meyandmum (2013) eyalela oo-Attorney base-U.S. ukuba bangagwebi abantu abathobela imithetho yezonyango. Ulawulo lweTrump lwarhoxa elo tyala ngo-2018, ukunika abatshutshisi ingqiqo yokulandela amatyala omya nakwiimeko apho kusemthethweni. Okwangoku, ulawulo lwe-Biden lukhuthaze ukutyunjwa komjuba ukusuka kwiShedyuli I ukuya kuShedyuli III kwaye lukhupha izisombululo zetyala eliqhelekileyo lorhulumente. Ezi ziguqula ukuma komsambiza komthetho phantsi koMthetho we-Substa ePhathiweyo, kodwa ngokungqalileyo ziguqula indlela abasebenzi bezomthetho abasebenza ngayo emhlabeni.

Amalungelo Abemi Notshintsho Lwamapolisa

Izinto eziphambili zesebe elilawulayo zikwachaphazela uphando lwamalungelo abantu kunye nemimiselo evumelayo namasebe asekuhlaleni amapolisa. Ulawulo lwe-Obama lwavelisa uphando oluninzi lwemilinganiso okanye uqheliselo kumasebe amapolisa, okuphumela kwimimiselo efuna utshintsho. Ulawulo lweTrump lwazinciphisa ngokuphandle ezi zifundo. Ulawulo lweBhiden luye lwahlaziya iSebe lokusebenzisa kweSichazi-Prophere elphanda ngemintswana, ukuphengulula amasebe eMinneapolion, Louisville, nePix, phakathi kwezinye.

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano: Ulawulo lomthetho nolwezo-mthetho

Phezu kwawo nje amandla ayo oyikekayo, iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lisebenza kwinkqubo yokuhlola eyenzelwe ukunqanda ulawulo olungenaziqu ezibini. IBhunga lilawula izikhwakhwa zemali ngezantsi. Ukusetyenziswa kweminxeba yemali, kuquka ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, kuyafaneleka minyaka le. IBhunga likwanegunya lokuvelela, ukuqhuba iindlebe, kwaye linyanzelisa amaxwebhu kumaqumrhu alawulayo. Amandla okungaquququzeli, nangona kunqabile ukusetyenziswa, ayayivumela iNdluwa ukuba ilawule uMongameli, uMongameli, kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni ‘ noMphathiswanochuku, okanye abanye abantu abaphezulu abakwi-Misdegane,” ngokuqhuba ityala. Umongameli uAndreant Johnson, uClinton, noDonald Trum bawaphulanga ngeN, nangona kungekho namnye obethi beboshenjiweyo.

ISebe lezeeJaji linikela olunye uhlolo olubalulekileyo ngokuhlola okugwebayo. Iinkundla zoManyano zingabetha izenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko okanye zigqithe igunya lomthetho. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba uMongameli Truman axhatshazwe izigalo zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yaseKorea wayengaluleki ([[[FLTL:0]]] ulutsha olukwisihlomelo & Lamp; Tube. V. sayyer[[FLTL]], 1952]). Kutshanje, inkundla ivingxele imiba yezo yohambo kaMongameli uTrump (ngoku iphakamise ifomu ehlaziweyo) kwaye i-Obama icebo lokulawula Amandla (naphantsi komphicotho-mphi wokhuphi wokhuphiswano). I-Jaji-jani iqinisekisa ukuba kwane nezenzo ezinamandla kakhulu zokulawula ezimele zihlale kwisiseko somthetho okanye kwisiseko somthetho.

Ukongeza, umgaqo wokwahlula amagunya uqiniswa yimfuno yokuba uMongameli makalumkele ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka. Oku kuthetha ukuba iSebe eliLawulayo alinakuyityeshela imithetho elingayithandiyo, kufuneka liyiphumeze okanye lifune utshintsho lwamagunya. Accounting Clause likwahlola amandla omongameli: abaphathi abakhulu, abagwebi abakwisigqeba, neenkokeli kufuneka ziqinisekiswe yiNxaki, zinika loo ndawo ekulungiseni ulawulo lwesigqeba.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelana okumandla kweGunya eliLawulayo

ISebe eliLawulayo lihlala kumbindi wokwenziwa kwenkqubo kunye nokugcinwa komthetho eMerika, lisebenzisa amandla okunyanzelisa imithetho, imimiselo, lize libeke izinto eziza kuqala zweni. Ukusuka kuMongameli ubhala izinto eziza kuqala kwimiyalelo ekhokela iFBI ne-DEA, izigqibo ezilawulayo zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi .ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho, indlela oovimba abayabelwe ngayo, kunye neengxaki eziphakamayo zokuvelela kwesizwe. Kodwa inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelathisa imigaqo iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linegunya elingathintelwanga. IBhunga liyakwazi ukumisa, ukuxhasa, nokuhlola; iintendelezo ezinamandla, ezi zinokwenziwa ngomGaqo-siseko, amandla osebenzayo ukuze lisebenze ngokuphendula nangokuzilawula.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwamandla omgaqo-siseko obumongameli, tyelela i-computer yeSebe eliphethe iGaza elimhlophe . Kuhlalutyo olunzulu olusemthethweni lwemiyalelo yezolawulo kunye nemida yazo, jonga kwingxelo yeNkonzo yophando lobuProfente kwingxelo yeKhompyutha yoLawulo oluPhezulu[. Ukuqonda umlinganiselo womsebenzi womthetho wequmrhu, bona [[FLT:] FB] uluvo lwasemthethweni lwenkonzo .