Indlela Indlu Yabameli Ewujonga Ize Ilungelelane Ngayo Urhulumente

Indlu yabameli imi njengenye yawona maziko anamandla kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika, esebenza njengelungu elibalulekileyo lenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano oluthintela naliphi na isebe elinye likarhulumente ukuba liqokelele amandla agqithisileyo. ISivumelwano seSizwe sika-Celasiste, kunye noMlawuli olawulayo noMlawuli wezaMalathisi, ikhupha amagunya agunya agunya agunyaniswe kuRhulumente weSizwelo, uLawulo lweSizwe, noMgaqo-o-o-mthetho weSebe. Ukuqonda indlela iNdlumo - siseko esebenzisa ngayo igunya layo lokuhlola zombini ulawulo oluphezulu namasebe agweba agwebayo kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo idemo-demo-demo-mfacracki ye-Melika, ikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

OoTata Abasunguliweyo, befumana impembelelo kwizithandi zobulumko zokukhanyiselwa, benza ngabom urhulumente apho amandla ayeza kwabelwa khona phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko wawunempembelelo enkulu kule migaqo, ukwahlukana kwamandla kwamaFramers kwakungaqinanga, kodwa kwakuquka inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano apho isebe elinye lalinokuhlola amandla anikwe elinye. Le nkqubo entsonkothileyo iqinisekisa ukuba alikho isebe elinye elinokongalawula amanye, lidala ulungelelwaniso olunamandla oluxhase idemokhrasi yaseMerika kangangeelika kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samandla endlu

Indlu yabameli ifumana igunya layo ngqo kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, elimisa isebe lowiso-mthetho njengelokuqala phakathi kwelo lilinganayo kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente worhulumente. Icandelo ngalinye lorhulumente elinamagunya ngamanye linika isebe ulawulo lwalo lokuhlola amanye amasebe nokuthintela naliphi na isebe ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu. Lo mgaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ukuba iNdlu yesiseko iyakwazi ukumelana ngokuphumelelayo nezenzo zomongameli kunye nemithetho yephondo.

UMgaqo-siseko unika amagunya amakhulu owiso-mthetho, kodwa ukwanika iindlela ezithile zokuthintela ezinye ii-ofisi. Umzekelo, iNgqungquthela inamandla okudala imithetho, uMongameli unamandla okuyilawula, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingavakalisa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho. Le nkqubo idibeneyo ithetha ukuba xa iNdlu imisela umthetho omkhulu wesizwe, mayisebenze ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo apho amanye amasebe anokusabela aze ahlole izenzo zayo, kanye njengokuba iNdluwa ithetha.

Isakhiwo Sebhameral Njengovavanyo Lwangaphakathi

Phambi kokuhlola indlela iNdlu ehlola ngayo amanye amasebe, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba iKhomko inenkqubo yangaphakathi yokukhangela kunye nokulinganisela. Amagumbi ayo amabini, iNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala, khangelana, kuba umthetho awunakuyidlulisa iKhomishini ngaphandle kokuba la maqela avunywa ziinkulu. Esi sakhiwo se-bimeral siqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ufumana uhlolo olucokisekileyo kubameli abanyuliweyo ngenkqubo eyahlukeneyo kunye neNdlu ebonakalisa umelo olulinganayo lwabemi kunye nomelo lweNtsimbi enika umelo olulinganayo kuwo onke amazwe.

Ukudlulisa iBhunga, ityala kufuneka lifumane uninzi olulula lwevoti kuwo omabini amaziko. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubuncinane u-218 kubameli abangama-435 kwiNdlu kufuneka bavote bexhasa umthetho wokuyidlulisa. KwiBhunga, ama-91 kumaqumrhu ali-100 okanye amanye ama-50 ee-sentenator kunye nosekela-mongameli wase-United States kufuneka avote ekuvumeni umthetho wokuwudlulisa. Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ubonakalisa ukuvumelana okubanzi ngapha nangapha kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla yelizwe.

Igunya loMthetho: Isiseko samandla eBhunga

Elona gunya lisisiseko leNdlu yabameli ligunya layo lokuyila umthetho. Ngokuqhelekileyo, isebe lowiso-mthetho, iBhunga, lenza imithetho yohlanga. Eli gunya lowiso-mthetho lisebenza njengenkqubo yokuqala apho iNdlu yowiso-mthetho ibumba inkqubo yesizwe ize ihlole izenzo zesebe elilawulayo. Xa iNdlu ikholelwa ukuba uMongameli ugqitha imida yemithetho-siseko okanye ukuphumeza iinkqubo ezichasene nomdla woluntu, ingadlulisela umthetho wokunyanzela ukulawulwa okanye ukutshintsha umthetho.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokwayo inika amathuba amaninzi okuba iNdlu yongamele nempembelelo kwimisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo. Ngokuyila nokudluliswa kwemithetho, iNdlu imisela ilungiselelo elisemthethweni apho isebe elilawulayo limele lisebenze khona. Le mithetho ichaza umgangatho wegunya elilawulayo, imisela imigaqo efunekayo, kwaye imisela imigaqo yendlela abamele baqhube ngayo imisebenzi yabo.

IVeto Idlala Ngakumbi Amandla

Ngeli xesha uMongameli enamandla okulawula umthetho weveto odluliswe yiBhunga, iNdlu , ukusebenza kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimi ngezantsi .Ingqungquthela iquka izindlu ezimbini: iCanternel kunye neNdlu yabameli, kwaye iyakwazi ukudlula uMongameli ngevoti yesi-2/3 kuzo zombini izindlu. Oku kulawula kumela uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwigunya legunya legunya elilawulayo, iqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli akanakuwuthintela umthetho onamandla kwiBhunga.

Inkqubo yeveto ekhutshwayo ifuna ukuvumelana okuninzi, ikwenza kube yindlela enamandla xa isebenza ngempumelelo. Xa iiyunithi ezimbini ezithathu zamagumbi omabini zivota ukudlula umongameli iveto, kubonisa ukuba iBhunga likholelwa ngamandla ngokwaneleyo kumthetho ukuphelisa inkcaso yegunya. Lo mqobo uphezulu uqinisekisa ukuba imigudu yokuzikhusela igcinelwe iimeko apho kukho inkxaso ebanzi yemithetho, ngoxa isanika iBhunga elinegunya elipheleleyo lokumisa imithetho kwananeemfuno zomongameli.

Amandla Okuthenga: Ulawulo Lwemali Njengenqaku

Mhlawumbi akukho gunya lisetyenziswa yiNdlu yabameli linesiphumo esikhulu kunokulawula kwayo imali echithwayo. UmGaqo-siseko unika iNdlu yabameli amandla okubhala, kwanamagumbi omabini eBhunga amandla okudlula, amatyala okunyusa ingeniso ngerhafu nezinye iindlela. Eli lungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko, elaziwa ngokuba yiOrigionation Claus, liqinisekisa ukuba igumbi limele ngokungqalileyo liphendule abantu qhotyoshelwe qho kwiminyaka emibini, kwaye linika amagqabaza okuqala ngendlela urhulumente anyusa ngayo imali.

Ngokwesithethe, iHouse iphinda ibhale amatyala ahlawulweyo. Imali yokubhalisa ingcaciso, ekwabizwa ngokuba yimali yokuchitha imali, yeyokunika imali kwisebe likarhulumente okanye kumbutho. Le sithethe sinika iNdlu impembelelo enkulu kwimisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo, njengoko amasebe karhulumente engenako ukusebenza ngaphandle kwenkxaso yemali enikezelwa yiBhunga. IHouse ingasebenzisa eli gunya ukuvuza abameli abahambisana nenjongo yokuqulungela okanye ukohlwaya abo bangakwenziyo.

Imiqathango yoMgaqo-siseko engokusebenzisa imali

Phantsi kweGatya I, iCandelo 9, lomGaqo-siseko, "Akukho mali iya kuthathwa kuMandla, kodwa ngenxa yokugwetywa okwenziwa ngumthetho." Le mfuneko yesiseko ithetha ukuba isebe elilawulayo alinakusebenzisa imali ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho, linika iNdlu inkxaso enkulu kunemisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo. Ukuba iNdlu ayivumelani nendlela uMongameli aqhuba ngayo inkqubo yangaphandle, ezalisekisa iinkqubo zasekhaya, okanye elilawula amasebe karhulumente, linokusebenzisa amandla ayo okusebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula, ukumisela okanye ukutshintsha loo misebenzi.

Amandla emali adlulela ngaphaya kwemali okanye iinkqubo zokuthoba intlawulo. Ngokusebenzisa iindleko zokuhlawula izicelo. Indlu, ingadibanisa iimeko ekusebenziseni imali karhulumente, ifuna ingxelo engqalileyo evela kubameli, ifuna ukugunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kwemali ethile, okanye ithintele imisebenzi ethile. La malungiselelo, adla ngokuqukwa kwiingxelo zeekomiti okanye kulwimi lwezibhengezo, anika iNdlu ulawulo oluneenkcukacha ngendlela isebe eliphetheyo elisebenza ngayo kwaye anikezele ukuqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo liqhuba imigaqo-ngqungquthela.

ULawulo loGawulayo noMgaqo-nkqubo

Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yonyaka inika iNdlu ithuba rhoqo lokuhlola imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo nokulungisa imigangatho yemali esekelwe kwimisebenzi nakwiinkqubo eziphambili. Ngokuvalwa koqingqo-mali, ngokuvavanywa kweekomiti zoluvo, ngokuvavanywa kwemibutho, ngokubuzwa kwamagosa aphezulu esebe, nangokwenza izigqibo zemali ezibonisa ukuba izinto eziphambili zihamba phambili. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lihlala linetyala kwiBhunga kwaye alinakulandela imithetho engenankxaso yemithetho.

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linamandla okuvumela ukutyunjwa koMongameli, ukulawula uqingqo-mali, kwaye linokutyumba uMongameli lize limsuse eofisini. Amandla oqingqo-mali, edityaniswe namanye amagunya ombutho, adala inkqubo ebanzi enokuphembelela nokunyanzela inyathelo lempangelo kwimimandla yonke yorhulumente.

Ulawulo lweBhunga: Ukubeka iliso kwisebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

Ulawulo lweBhunga lumela omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yeNdlu yabameli, nangona ingakhankanywa ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko. UmGaqo-siseko awuthethi nto ngokuphanda nokuvelela kombutho, kodwa igunya lokuqhuba uphando liboniswa ekubeni iBhunga linamagunya "onke amagunya owiso-mthetho". INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba ukwenza umthetho ngokunempumelelo kufuna iNkomfa ukuba iqokelele ulwazi ngendlela imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo nokuba ngaba kufuneka ngayo kusini na.

IBhunga liqhuba ulawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo ngohlolo, ngokujongwa, nangokulawulwa kwenkqubo karhulumente. Lo msebenzi wolawulo uqinisekisa ukuba amasebe aphetheyo ngokuthembeka aphumeza imithetho njengeeKhomishini, asebenzise imali efanelekileyo, asebenze kakuhle nangempumelelo. Ngolawulo, iNdlu inokuchaza iingxaki kwimisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo, ibhenca inkunkuma nokuxhatshazwa, kwaye igcine amagosa ebeke ityala ngezenzo zawo.

Ukuphuhliswa Kwamandla Alawulayo Ngokwembali

IiBhunga zokuqala zasungula obu buchule bobuveleli ngokuphanda okukhethekileyo, ngokunikela ingxelo ngeemfuno ezikhethekileyo, nokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokuhlola igunya eliphakamileyo. Ukususela kwimihla yokuqala yeRiphabliki, iBhunga laqonda ukuba iimbopheleleko zalo zowiso-mthetho zifuna ubuchule bokuhlolisisa indlela isebe elilawulayo elisebenzisa ngayo imithetho yesebe elilawulayo nokusebenzisa imali efanelekileyo.

IBhunga labonisa imbono eyomeleleyo ngamandla alo aphengululayo ukususela ekuqaleni, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele imbopheleleko yendlu yowiso-mthetho yokuvelela isebe elinoLawulo oluphezulu. Oku kubekwa kwangaphambili kwabaphathi abanegunya abalawulayo kwamiselwa imizekelo eqhubeka ikhokela uphando lwengqungquthela namhlanje. Indlu isoloko iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho osebenzayo ufuna ulwazi olunenkcukacha ngemisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo kunye namandla okunyanzela ubungqina namaphepha xa kuyimfuneko.

Iindlela kunye nezixhobo zolawulo

Namhlanje, uphando lwequmrhu lungasenzeka nakuwuphi na umsebenzi wowiso-mthetho nangamaziko ahlukeneyo, imibutho, kunye nemibutho. Le misebenzi isuka kwimijelo yekomiti esesikweni ukuya kwilungu elingacwangciswanga okanye kunxibelelwano lwabasebenzi kunye namagosa aphetheyo; ukusuka kwizifundo zabasebenzi ukuya kwingqwalasela ezixhasayo; kwaye ukusuka ekuchongeni ii-ofisi zelungu ukulungiselela izifundo ezilungiselelwe ngabantu abangengomthetho abafana neekhokeli jikelele. Le migaqo yokujongana nendlu ivumela iNdlukwano yokulawula imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo ngokubanzi kwaye iphendula ngokubanzi kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.

Iikomiti zimela eyona ndlela ibonakalayo yokujongana nokuchophela amatyala. Ngexesha lala matyala, iikomiti zesebe eliphetheyo zeNdlu zimema amagosa ukuba anikele ubungqina ngemisebenzi yamaziko, iinkqubo, nokusebenzisa imali efanelekileyo. Amalungu eKomiti abuza amangqina, amaxwebhu, nokuqokelela ulwazi oluchaza izigqibo zemithetho-siseko. Ezi ntlanganiso zifeza iinjongo ezininzi: zinika iMbutho inkcazelo efunekayo ekwenzeni imithetho, zinika amagosa amele aphendule uluntu, kunye nemithetho yesebe eliphetheyo.

Amandla esixhobo esilawulayo kunye nenkqubo yokunyanzelisa

Ulawulo lwendlu luquka amandla okunyanzela ubungqina kunye namaxwebhu akwiziqendu ezincinci. Indlu iye yanyanzelisa ukuba abekho ngamangqina ukususela ngowe-1795, xa yaphanda ngelinge lokunyoba amalungu. Ngenene, iimeko zangaphambili zombutho wecawa kunye namandla okuthoba isidima ajoliswe ekuxhatshazweni okanye ekugxekweni kwendlu ngokwayo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, eli gunya liphantsi kwesebe liye lanweba ukuphanda ukuphengulula imisebenzi yesebe eliphethe isebe kunye nehambo yecandelo labucala elikwimithetho yomthetho yeBhunga.

Kwindlu, phantse zonke iikomiti ngoku zinika izihlalo zazo amandla okukhupha iibhombu ezincinane, ngoxa kwiiBhunga ezininzi zeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso zifuna ukuba isitulo siqale sifumane imvume yelungu eliphezulu. Eli gunya lincinci linika abasebenzi beNdlu yeekomiti izixhobo ezinamandla zokoyisa ukuchana kwesebe eliphetheyo kwizicelo zobuveleli. Xa amaziko engavumi ukunikela inkcazelo ngokuzithandela, iikomiti zinokukhupha iikomiti ezincinci ukuba zinyanzelele ukuthotyelwa, kwaye iBhunga linokuwadelela amagosa ukuba angazithobeli.

Iinjongo Neenjongo Zolawulo

Iinjongo zeziko ziquka ukukhangela amandla esebe elilawulayo, ukuphanda indlela umthetho osetyenziswa ngayo, kunye nokwazisa iBhunga kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Ezi njongo zingafuneka zikhankanyiwe ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yokuba zisebenza ukukhusela amalungelo equmrhu kwaye zomeleza ubuchule bukawonke-wonke waseMerika bokuvavanya imisebenzi yempatho-siseko nezenzo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lihlala linetyala kwiBhunga nakwimiMelika.

Uphando lweBhunga alubancedi abalawuli bemithetho ekwenzeni izigqibo ezingcono kuphela, kodwa lusemgangathweni kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ukuchophela iindlebe kunakho ukutyhila ukusetyenziswa kakubi kolawulo lomongameli kunye nokonakala, njengeNkomfa yeTeapot Dome kwi-1920 okanye iWatergate kwii-1970. Olu phengululo luphezulu lubonisa indlela uphando lwequmrhu olunokubonisa ngayo ububi besebe eliphetheyo luze lubambe negosa kwanamagosa aphezulu abeke ityala ngezenzo zawo.

Imida Nemida Yokulawula

Ngeli xesha amandla okuphanda aphangaleleyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagqiba ekubeni iBhunga lizigcinele "iinjongo ezidityanisiweyo" lize liphephe imicimbi yangasese engqongqo yabemi ngabanye. Lo mda uqinisekisa ukuba uphando olusemthethweni lwemithetho esemthethweni lusebenza kwimisebenzi yabucala kunokuba lube kukujongwa kweentlanzi kwimicimbi yangasese. Imfuneko yokuba uphando lusebenze iinjongo zomthetho inika ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo ekuxhaphazelweni kwegunya lombutho lombutho lombutho loburhulumente logama usavumela ukuphatha okungqongqo okuqinileyo.

Ukulawula kwenzeka kwimeko yezobupolitika ekhoyo apho ulwalamano lweBhunga namaqumrhu olawulo lungahluka ukusuka kwintsebenziswano ukuya kungquzulwano. Ngaphezu koko, kukho uxambuliso lwemfuza yezomGaqo-siseko kunye nolopolitiko phakathi kweBhunga kunye noMongameli kwanangexesha lorhulumente omanyeneyo. Ezi ngxaki zibonakalisa indlela esisiseko yenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika, edala ungquzulwano ngamasebe ukuze kuthintelwe ukunyanzeleka kwamandla.

Amandla Afunayo: Inqaku Elipheleleyo

Indlu yabameli inolona vavanyo lwayo lubalulekileyo kumasebe aphetheyo nagwebayo: amandla okungacebisi. Indlu yabameli iya kukhetha isithethi sabo kunye namanye amagosa; kwaye iya kuba namandla okungakhuthazi. Eli gunya liphela lithetha ukuba yiNdlu kuphela enokuqalisa inkqubo yokususa amagosa asekuhlaleni, kuquka uMongameli, uMongameli, uMongameli, nabagwebi besizwe, kwiofisi.

Indlu yabameli inamandla okuzisa izityholo zokunganconywa koMongameli; iBhunga linamandla okubanjwa nokususwa kukaMongameli eofisini. Eli cala loxanduva phakathi kwamagumbi liqinisekisa ukuba ukubhalisa kufuna ukuvumelana okubanzi. Indlu isebenza njengomtshutshisi, iphengulula nokuvota kumanqaku okungagunyazi, ngoxa iBhunga lisebenza njengenkundla yokuchophela ityala, liqhuba ityala livote nokuba lithini ukuba libanjwe lisuse igosa eliseofisini.

Umgangatho womGaqo-siseko wokungangeneleli

IKhomishini ingamgweba umongameli ngetyala elikhulu, njenge-xelism okanye ukunyoba. UmGaqo-siseko umisela "Ingqiqo, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izigebetho eziphezulu kunye nama-Misdeagers" njengomgangatho wokungaqeshwa, nangona intsingiselo ecacileyo ye-"Ingcebiso eziphezulu kunye neMisdegator" iye yaxutyushwa ukutyhubela imbali yaseMelika. Lo mlinganiselo uqinisekisa ukuba ukungathobeli kugcinelwe imilinganiselo enzulu esongela umgaqo-siseko okanye ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, kunokuba kuqukwe nje ukungavisisani ngokwemigaqo okanye iingxabano zezobupolitika.

Inkqubo yokungagunyazisi iqala kwiNdlu, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuphengululwa yiKomiti yoMdibanisi okanye enye ikomiti enxulumene nayo. Ikomiti ihlola ubungqina, iyabuva ubungqina, ize igqibe enoba kukho izizathu zokungakhutshelwa. Ukuba ikomiti incomela ukuba ikhuthaze, ilungisa amanqaku okungagunyaziswayo kwegosa , kwaye igweba elisemthethweni, elithi ngoko linikelwe kwiNdlu epheleleyo ukwenzela ukuvota. Uninzi olulula lweNdlu lweNdlu lwendlu kufuneka luvumele izinto zokungagunyazi.

Inkundla Yetyala Nokugxothwa

IBhunga leNtlanganiso liza kuba namandla okuzama zonke iimposiso. Xa lihleli ngelo njongo, liya kusifungo okanye livumelwane. Xa uMongameli waseUnited States evavanywa, uMgwebi oMkhulu uya kongamela: kwaye akukho mntu uya kugwetywa ngaphandle kokuvumelana kwamalungu amabini kwamathathu akhoyo. Lo mqobo uphakamileyo wokuqinisekisa ukuba ukususwa eofisini kufuna ukuvumelana okugqithisileyo, ukukhusela amagosa kwimigudu yokungakhuthazi yoluntu ngoxa esanikela icebo lokususa abo benza ihambo engafanelekanga enzulu.

Umgwebo kumatyala okungagwebi akuyi kudlulela ngaphaya kokususwa esikhundleni, nokungafezeki kokuphatha nokunandipha nasiphi na isikhundla sozuko, ukuthembeka okanye ingeniso phantsi kwe-United States: kodwa iqela eligwetywe limele ligwetywe ligwetywe, ligwetywe, ligwetywe, ligwetywe ligwetywe lisohlwaywe, lisohlwaywe, ngokomthetho. Eli lungiselelo licacisa ukuba ukungaquki lisisicombululo sezopolitiko esijoliswe ekususeni amagosa eofisini, kungekhona isaphuli-mthetho esiqhubeka, nangona amagosa angaqhutyelwanga zisenokujongana namatyala angoonotyala athe rhoqo.

Imisebenzi yembali yeNkcubeko

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, iNdlu iye yasebenzisa amandla ayo okungaqeqeshiyo ngokuncipha kodwa ngokuphawulekayo. Le ndlu iye yasungula abagwebi abaliqela besizwe, ooMongameli ababini (Andrew Johnson noBill Clinton), kunye negosa elinye lekhabhinethi. Kutshanje, uMongameli uDonald Trump wajijwa kabini yindlu, nangona iBhunga lendlu lingabanjwanga kwimeko nganye. Le ngxoxo ibonakalisa amandla kunye nokulinganiselwa kwale ngxaki kwigunya lempatho-ntloko, kwaye iNdlundlwane ingakwazi ukuqululisa izibo eziqhelekileyo, iimfuneko ezimbini zendlu yendlu yendlu ezifuna ukuvalwa kwenza ukususwa eofisini kube nzima ukufikelela.

Eli gunya liquka onke amagosa karhulumente aseUnited States, kuquka abagwebi abamisela ubomi bonke. Eli gunya linika iNgqungquthela ilungiselelo lokususa abagwebi ababandakanyeke kwihambo engafanelekanga, abasebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola isebe eligwebayo. Ngoxa abagwebi besebe belungela inkululeko ukutyhubela ubomi babo bonke, bahlala benoxanduva kwiNgqungquthela ngenkqubo yokungagunyazi.

Isiqinisekiso kunye Namandla edinga

Ngeli xesha iNdlu yeeNtsimbi inembopheleleko eyintloko yokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, iNdlu inendima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokumisela abanzi ngokubhekiselele ekujongeni kwayo nangemisebenzi yayo yophando. Indlu inokuqhuba uphando kwiimvelaphi neemfaneleko zabasemagunyeni, ibambe iindlebe eziphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke, isebenzise amandla ayo okumisela amaqumrhu kunye nezikhundla ezifuna ukuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtlanga.

IBhunga liqinisekisa okanye liyalwa okanye liyala ukuqinisekisa umongameli. Nangona eli gunya lihlala kwiBhunga, amandla endlu okuphanda kunye nokuva kukawonke-wonke kungayiphembelela ngokuphawulekayo inkqubo yokuqinisekisa. Iikomiti zendlu zingatyhila ulwazi oluchaphazela amathemba abo okuqinisekiswa, okanye zisenokuva loo ngxubusho yoluntu malunga nokumiswa kweentlanganiso zempikiswano.

Impembelelo Engangqalanga Kwizigwebo

Indlu iqhelisela impembelelo engangqalanga kumalungiselelo omongameli ngolawulo lwayo lwemibutho yoqingqo-mali kunye nezakhiwo. Ngokugqiba ukuba zingaphi izikhundla umbutho onokuba nazo, ukuba ziziphi ezo zikhundla, nendlela ezilungelelaniswe ngayo, iNdlu ibumba isakhiwo sabasebenzi abaphezulu. Indlu iyakwazi ukusebenzisa abakhweli be-approgris ukumisela imiqathango abameli, ukulinganisela ukuguquka koMongameli ekulawuleni isebe eliphetheyo.

Ukongezelela, imisebenzi yolawulo lwendlu ingachaphazela ukusebenza kwamagosa amiselweyo. Ngokuva, uphando, nokugxeka uwonke wonke, iikomiti zendlu zinokwenza ubomi bube nzima kumagosa alawulayo esebe angakwaziyo ukuthobela amanyathelo olawulo. Nangona iNdlu ingenakuwasusa ngokuthe ngqo amagosa amiselweyo (ngaphandle kokungathotyelwa), amandla ayo anika isixhathiso esithe ngqo sokuphembelela indlela amagosa asebenza ngayo imisebenzi yawo.

Amandla Emfazwe Nogunyazo Lomkhosi

UmGaqo-siseko wahlula amagunya emfazwe phakathi kweBhunga noMongameli, iNgqungquthela iphethe amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe kunye noMongameli okhonza njengoMlawuli kwiNtloko yemikhosi exhobileyo. Eli candelo lidala uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwisenzo somkhosi esiphezulu, olufuna ugunyaziso lombutho womkhosi ongundoqo. Indlu, njengenxalenye yeBhunga, idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugunyazisweni komkhosi nasekuhlawulwa kwemali yemibutho yomkhosi.

ISivumelwano soMgaqo-siseko wemfazwe samiswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho ukukhangela amagunya emfazwe anyukayo asetyenziswa yiNdlu emhlophe. Ngapha koko, uMongameli uHarry S. Truman wabeka imikhosi yase-U.S. kwimfazwe yaseKorea njengenxalenye yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo "inyathelo lobupolitika". Oomongameli uKennedy, uJohnson noNixon ngamnye wandisa ungquzulwano olungabhengezwanga ngexesha lemfazwe yaseVietnam. Lo mthetho, wadlula ngo19737, wazama ukuphinda ulwe ngumlawuli wemikhosi yomkhosi kwaye walinganisela amandla kaMongameli ekubopheni amajoni ngaphandle kwemvume.

Ukugunyaziswa Kokusetyenziswa Komkhosi Womkhosi

Kuqheliselo lwangoku, iBhunga ligunyazisa ukuthatha inyathelo lomkhosi ngeSigunyaziso sokusebenzisa umkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi (AMFs) kunokuba livume imfazwe. Ezi zigunya zifuna ukuvunywa yiNdlu neNdlu, zinika iNdlu igunya elilinganayo neNdlu yeNdlu yokugqiba enoba imikhosi yaseMerika imele ilwe na. Indlu inokungavumi ukugunyazisa inyathelo lomkhosi ekholelwa ukuba alilobulumko okanye alingobugangamzi, inika uhlolo olubalulekileyo kumandla omongameli okwenza imfazwe.

Amandla okunikezela endlu anika uvavanyo olongezelelekileyo kwimisebenzi yomkhosi. Nokuba uMongameli wenza amajoni ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho, iNdlu ingala ukuyinika imali efanelekileyo ukwenzela loo misebenzi, ikwazi ukunyanzelisa ukuchithwa kwayo. Eli gunya lengxowa linika iNdlu yemali eninzi phezu komgaqo-nkqubo womkhosi, nangona ulwando lwezopolitiko lwezobupolitika lusoloko lwenza kube nzima ukuphelisa ukuxhasa imali yamajoni aselulwe ekulweni.

Iingxoxo Eziqhubekayo Ngamandla Emfazwe

Impikiswano ngeWar Powers Act yaqhubeka emva kokudlula kwayo. UMongameli Ronald Reagan wathumela abasebenzi bomkhosi e-El Salvador ngo-1 1981 ngaphandle kokucebisana okanye ukunikela ingxelo kwiBhunga. UMongameli uBill Clinton waqhubeka nephulo lokuqhushumbisa ibhombu eKosovo ngaphaya kweentsuku ezingama-60 ngonyaka ka1999. Ngo-2011, uMongameli uBarack Obama waqalisa inyathelo lomkhosi eLibya ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho. Le mizekelo ibonisa uxanduva oluqhubekayo phakathi kwengquzulwano kunye negunya lobumongameli kwimisebenzi yasemkhosi, kunye noomongameli bephondo, ngokufuthi befaka igunya elibanzi kunemvume yeBhunga-Mgaqo-siseko.

Iingxelo Kwisebe Eligwebayo

Ngeli xesha uhlolo lwendlu kwisebe eliphetheyo luninzi kwaye luchaziwe kakuhle, lukwanamandla abalulekileyo ukukhangela isebe eligwebayo. La magunya aqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla zengingqi zihlala zinoxanduva lolawulo-demokhrasi ngeli lixa zilondoloza inkululeko yazo ukutolika umthetho ngaphandle kokungenelela kwezobupolitika.

Ukunyanzelisa kwaBagwebi boMbutho

Amandla okungandululi kwendlu adluliselwa kubagwebi besizwe, enika inkqubo yokususa abagwebi ababandakanyeke kwihambo yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukuziphatha okubi okunzulu. IKhomishini (eqwalaselwe kwisebe likarhulumente elikufutshane nabantu) ingawakhupha omabini amalungu olawulo oluphezulu kunye namasebe agwebayo. Eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi, nangona bekho, bahlala benoxanduva ngehambo yabo. Indlu iphumeza abagwebi abaliqela besizwe ukutyhubela imbali, kunye neBharn

Ukungagunyaziswa kwabagwebi kusebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola igunya labo lokugweba, nangona isetyenziswa ngokucokisekileyo kwaye isetyenziswa ngokwesiqhelo kumatyala abandakanya ihambo yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukwaphula umthetho okunzulu. Umnyango ophakamileyo wokungancomeli nokugwetywa ukhusela inkululeko yokugweba ngoxa usanikela isicombululo kubagwebi abasebenzisa kakubi izikhundla zabo okanye ababandakanyeke kwihambo echaseneyo nemisebenzi yabo yokugweba.

IziHlaziso zoMgaqo-siseko

Ngokulandelayo, umongameli uhlola ikomkhulu ngegunya lokumisa, elinokusetyenziswa ukuguqula ulwalathiso lweenkundla zikarhulumente. Ngokudlulisela iinguqu kumGaqo-siseko, iKhomishini iyakwazi ukuqinisekisa izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Kodwa utshintsho kufuneka lucetywe yiKhomishini ngekota ezimbini-3 zovotelo kwiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeNtlalo-Mkhosi, okanye ngendibano yesiseko ebizwa zii-3 ezimbini zezindlu zowisomgamgam-siseko. Eli gunya livumela iBhunga ukuba lisikelele ekutshintsheni izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokutshintsha umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo, nangona umnyango ophezulu usenza oku kube yinto enqabileyo ukukhangelwa.

Kungenjalo, ulungiso olucetyiweyo luba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko kuphela xa luvunywa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye iindibano kumazwe amathathu-ne (amazwe angama-50). Le nkqubo inzima iqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu zomGaqo-siseko zibonisa ukuvumelana okubanzi kwesizwe, kodwa inika iKhomishini igunya elipheleleyo lokuhlola iinkcazelo zomGaqo-siseko ezikholelwa ukuba iBhunga likhohlakele okanye liyingozi.

ISityholo neNkundla yoMasipala

Indlu, esebenza neNdlu yeeNkulumbuso, inamandla okumisela isakhiwo nolawulo lweenkundla zephondo elingaphantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo. IKhomishini ingadala iinkundla ezintsha, ishenxise iinkundla ezikhoyo, ize ichaze ukuba ngawaphi amatyala anokuviwa. Eli gunya lilo lilawula inkundla linika iNkomfa igunya elibalulekileyo kwisebe eligwebayo, nangona kufuneka lisetyenziswe ngocoselelo ukuze liphephe ukuthoba ukuzimela ngokwenkundla.

Ngomthetho, iNdlu iyakwazi ukulawula iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zemisebenzi yenkundla yelifa lesizwe, kuquka imithetho esemthethweni, ulawulo lwenkundla, kunye nenani labagwebi kwiinkundla ezahlukeneyo. Ngoxa iNkomfa ingenakubaxelela abagwebi indlela yokucombulula amatyala ngamanye, isenokubumba isiseko esisebenza phakathi kwenkundla, inike ingqwalasela ebalulekileyo kwigunya lokugweba.

Inkqubo yeKomiti: Ukucwangcisa ulawulo nomthetho

Indlu iqhuba umsebenzi wayo omkhulu ngenkqubo yeekomiti entsonkothileyo eyahlula iimbopheleleko phakathi kweekomiti ezikhethekileyo. Le nkqubo ivumela amalungu ukuba aphuhlise ubuchule kwiindawo ezithile zenkqubo kwaye ibonelele inkqubo esebenzayo yokuqhuba ulawulo, ukumisela umthetho, nokubamba amatyala. Ukuqonda inkqubo yekomiti kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela iNdlu esebenza ngayo ii-checks zayo kwamanye amasebe.

Iintlobo zeeKomiti zendlu

Indlu iqhuba iindidi eziliqela zeekomiti, nganye isebenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Iikomiti ezikhoyo ziikomiti ezisisigxina ezilawula imimandla ethile, njengeKomiti yeeNkonzo zeeNkcubeko, iKomiti yeeNkonzo zoLawulo, neKomiti yeeNkcubeko. Ezi komiti ziqhuba umsebenzi wezemithetho yeNdlu kunye nokuphatha okuqhubekayo koorhulumente abalawulayo kwisebe elilawulayo kwimimandla yazo.

Iikomiti ezikhethiweyo okanye ezikhethekileyo ziikomiti zexeshana ezisungulwe ukuphanda ngeembambano ezithile okanye ukuqhuba izifundo ezikhethekileyo. Ezi komiti zidla ngokugxininisa kwimicimbi enqumla kwiikomiti ezizimeleyo okanye ebandakanya imibandela exhalabisa uluntu oluthile. Iikomiti ezikhethe iindima ezibalulekileyo ekuphandweni kweentlanganiso ezinkulu, kuquka uphando lwemibutho yoorhulumente esetyenziswa kakubi kwezobuntlola kunye nehambo engekho mthethweni yomongameli.

Ikomiti eLawulweyo

Igumbi ngalinye linike lo "gunya lobu phendlo," kuquka izixhobo ezifunekayo zokuqokelela ulwazi, kwiikomiti zalo ezimileyo kwindlu okanye kwimithetho yeNdlu yeeNtlanga. Phantsi kwale mithetho, iikomiti zingaqhuba uphando, zigcine amangqina, zithathe amangqina, zifake ingcebiso, zifake igalelo kunye nokunyanzelelwa koobhontsi, kwaye phantsi komthetho karhulumente, iikomiti kufuneka zisebenzise amandla azo kunye nezixhobo zazo zokusebenza, "zibonelele kunye nokufundisisa ngokuqhubekayo," ukuphunyezwa komthetho ngamasebe orhulumente.

Izihlalo zekomiti zinamandla abalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yeekomiti zazo, kuquka igunya lokucwangcisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, ukucwangciswa kwezakhelo, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, zikhupha iingcebiso ezincinci. Oku kubekwa kwezihlalo kwenza ezi zihlalo zibe nempembelelo kakhulu, njengoko izihlalo zinokugqiba ukuba yiyiphi imiba efumana ingqalelo kwaye injani ikomiti efuna ngonyamezelo ukuvelela imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo.

Indima ekhethekileyo yeKomiti yoPhicotho-zicelo

IKomiti yokuLawula iphethe indawo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ngenxa yolawulo lwayo kwiindleko zikarhulumente. Le komiti ilungisa iindleko zokunikezela izicelo ezixhasa amasebe karhulumente, inika impembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo yesebe elilawulayo. Ngenkqubo yokuququzelela, ikomiti inokuvuza abameli abahambisana nenjongo yokuququzelela, bohlwaye abo bangathotyelwanga, ize ifake iimeko ekusebenziseni loo matshini.

IKomiti yokuLawula isebenza kwinkqubo yeekomiti ezincinci, nganye ijongene nokuxhasa imimandla ethile karhulumente. Ezi komiti zincinci ziqhuba uhlolo oluneenkcukacha zoqingqo-mali lweziko, zigcine iimvo namagosa amaziko, zize zincomela amanqanaba emali. Esi sakhiwo sivumela ukuvelela okukhethekileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesebe eliphetheyo ngoxa zigcina ukulungelelaniswa kweenkqubo ngekomiti epheleleyo.

Iingxelo Ezingecwangciswanga Nempembelelo Yezobupolitika

Ngaphandle kwamandla ayo omgaqo-siseko, imithambo yendlu ihlola amanye amasebe ngobuchule obungacwangciswanga nangempembelelo yezobupolitika. Ezi ngqwalasela ezingacwangciswanga, ngexa zingakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kumsebenzi wemini yonke kwinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nomlinganiselo.

Ukuva Kwabantu Bonke Nengqalelo Yabezondaba

Iikomiti zendlu zingasebenzisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala likawonke-wonke ukutsalela ingqalelo kwimisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo, kwanokuba ezo ndlebe azikhokeleli ngqo kumthetho okanye kwisenzo esisesikweni. Ngokubuza amagosa aphezulu esebe kuwonke-wonke, ngokubalaselisa iingxaki ezinxulumene nemibutho, okanye ukubhenca inkunkuma nokuxhatshazwa, iikomiti zendlu zinokuvelisa ijelo-ndaba loluntu kunye nengcinezelo kawonke wonke ephembelela isimilo sesebe elilawulayo. Olu hlolo lusebenza ngokucwangcisayo kunokuba lunyanzele ngokwasemthethweni, kodwa lunokuba nempumelelo ekutshintsheni imigaqo okanye imikhwa yesebe eliphetheyo.

Ukuva okuphezulu kwepropati kunokunceda kumsebenzi wokufundisa, ukwazisa uluntu ngemisebenzi karhulumente kunye neengxoxo zemigaqo-nkqubo. Xa iNdlu iva iindlebe kwimibandela ephikisanayo, inika ifolom kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo kwaye inceda ukuphuhlisa uluntu ngemibuzo entsonkothileyo yenkqubo. Le ndima yemfundo ixhasa ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi ngokuqinisekisa ukuba abemi banenkcazelo abayifunayo ukuvavanya ukusebenza korhulumente.

Izenzo Zelungu Ngalinye

Amalungu amagumbi omabini kunye namalungu omabini aye azenza imigudu yawo yokwazisa umsebenzi woorhulumente kwaye aqinisekisa ukuba umbutho onikwe igunya uzalisekisa umthetho ngendlela eqhubana nembono yelungu elingumthetho lolawulo iBhunga elilinike umbutho. Iinkundla zikwayamkela, kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, ukuba ukuphanda nokuphatha isebe eliphetheyo kuyinxalenye yoxanduva olusemthethweni lwelungu leBhunga. Amalungu ngamanye ayakwazi ukuqhuba imisebenzi yawo yokuvelela, nangona ingekho mvunyeliso wekomiti esemthethweni, nangona amandla azo okunyanzela ulwazi lulinganiselwe ngakumbi.

Amalungu angabhalela amagosa acela inkcazelo, abe neentlanganiso ezingacwangciswanga nabasebenzi bamasebe, aqhube amatshatsha - ntliziyo awo asemasebeni, aze asebenzise amaqonga awo kawonke-wonke ukugxeka okanye ukudumisa imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo. Ngoxa ezi zenzo zobuqu zingenalo igunya elisesikweni lophando lwekomiti, asenako ukuphembelela isimilo sombutho kwaye anikele kwigalelo lokunyamekela isebe eliphetheyo.

Imiqondiso Yomthetho noNxibelelwano olungacwangciswanga

Indlu idlulisela ulindelo lwayo kwisebe eliphetheyo ngemijelo eyahlukahlukeneyo engekho mthethweni. Iingxelo zekomiti ezihamba namatyala zisoloko ziquka iingcaciso ezineenkcukacha zenjongo yokuququzelela, ezimaqumrhu kulindeleke ukuba alandele nangona ezi ngxelo zingenamandla omthetho. Amalungu asenokuthetha ngolu hlomelo lwasemgangathweni, iileta, kunye neencoko ezingacwangciswanga namagosa esebe aphetheyo.

Ezi ntshukumo zonxibelelwano ziluncedo ekulungiseni indlela abameli abamisa ngayo imithetho baze benze ngayo izigqibo. Amagosa esebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu anikela ingqalelo ngokusondeleyo kwimiqondiso yengqungquthela kuba ayazi ukuba iKhomishini ilawula uqingqo-mali lwayo kwaye inokwenza ubomi babo bube nzima ngemisebenzi yobuveleli. Le mpembelelo ingacwangciswanga isebenza ecaleni kwee-checks ezisesikweni ukuqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lisasabela kwimicimbi.

Ucelomngeni Lokujamelana Nobunzima Nokulungelelana

Njengokuba ulawulo lwamaMelika luzimela, yenza njalo imingeni ejongene nenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano. Iingxaki ezidibanisayo ezifana nokungakhuselwa kwekhompyutha, ubuntlola obungeyoyamvelo, kunye ne-data yobuqu zizisa iingxaki ezintsha ezithi iiFata Abasunguli bangazicingi. Kwimpendulo, iiBhunga, iinkundla, kunye nesebe eliphetheyo ziyaqhubeka zitshintsha iindima zazo ukuze zicombulule le ngxaki ngoxa zihlala zinyanisekile kwisiseko somgaqo-siseko. Indlu kufuneka iqhubeke isebenzisa iindlela zayo zolawulo kunye nolawulo ukuze ikwazi ukucombulula iingxaki ezintsha ngoxa igcina imigaqo esisiseko yokuhlola kunye nolungelelaniso.

Ukwenziwa kwelanga kunye nokutshixwa kwe-Grid

Ukubekwa kwemimandla yezobupolitika kuvavanye inkqubo, maxa wambi kukhokelela kwiqhina lowiso-mthetho. Noko ke, intsebenziswano ye-bipartans kunye nemigudu enqamlezayo ibonisa ukuba imigaqo yee-check kunye nolungelelwano isenokusebenza ngokunempumelelo, kwanakwimozulu eyahlulekileyo yezobupolitika. Ukwahlulwa kwendlu kungenza kube nzima ukukhangela isebe elilawulayo, ingakumbi xa iqela loMongameli lilawula iNdlu, njengokuba ukunyaniseka kungakudimazisa ulawulo olunonyamezelo loMongameli omnye.

Ngokuchaseneyo, urhulumente owahluleleneyo ."Xa amaqela ahlukeneyo elawula iNdlu kunye nomongameli ``ingakhokelela kulawulo olunamandla ngakumbi kodwa kwakhona kungquzulwano kunye neqhina eliphambili. Ukufumana ulungelelwano phakathi kolawulo olunamandla nentsebenziswano eyakhayo kuhlala kulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kwiNdlu njengoko ifuna ukuphumeza iimbopheleleko zayo zomgaqo-siseko ngeli lixa ithetha ngeemfuno zesizwe.

Ilungelo elinolawulo oluphezulu nokufikelela

Olunye ucelomngeni oluphindaphindiweyo kulawulo lombutho-masebe alawulayo lubandakanya ukubhengezwa kwelungelo eliphezulu eliphezulu, eligunya likaMongameli lokuvala inkcazelo ethile kwiBhunga. Nangona ilungelo eliphezulu linesiseko esithile somGaqo-siseko, umgangatho walo usoloko uphikiswa, kwaye iimpikiswano ngokufikelela inkcazelo zidla ngokuvela xa ihambo yeNdlu yesebe eliphetheyo iphathwa yiNdlu.

Ezi mpikiswano maxa wambi ziphelela enkundleni, apho abagwebi kufuneka balungelelanise imfuneko esemthethweni yeBhunga elifuna ulwazi ngokuchasene noMongameli nemfuneko yokucetyiswa ngokufihlakeleyo nokucingisiswa. Isigqibo sale milo sibumba ukuphumelela kokuphatha iqumrhu kwaye simisela ukuba lungakanani ulwazi olunokufunyanwa yiNdlu xa kuphengululwa imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo.

Ukwanda Kwamandla Alawulayo

Ulwandiso lwamandla esebe elilawulayo kwinkulungwane edluleyo luye lwadala ucelomngeni olutsha lobugqeba. Njengoko urhulumente wengingqi efuna ukuphatha ingqungquthela engakumbi nangakumbi, ngokuya amaqumrhu amaninzi esebenzisa igunya elibanzi lolawulo, iNdlu ijongene nobunzima obukhulayo ekuhloleni ngokunempumelelo yonke imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo.

Ukongezelela, ooMongameli baye baxhomekeka ngokungakumbi kwimiyalelo yabalawuli, kwiingxelo zokutyikitya, nakweminye imisebenzi engeyoyanto yokubumba inkqubo ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho. Ngoxa ezi zenzo zinemida esemthethweni, bavumela oomongameli ukuba bafeze iinjongo zenkqubo ngaphandle kokungena kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, enokuba yinkqubo yokuthomalalisa igunya lombutho-mthetho. Indlu kufuneka ihlale iphaphile ekuhloleni oku kuqheliselwa kwamandla olawulo oluphezulu ukuze kulondolozwe ukulungelelaniswa komgaqo-siseko phakathi kwamasebe.

Ukuxhasa oovimba kunye noovimba abalawulayo

Le misebenzi inika iNdlu ubuchule obuzimeleyo kunye nolwazi olukhulisa amandla ayo okuhlola isebe eliphetheyo ngokunempumelelo.

I-ofisi ephendulayo kaRhulumente

I-ofisi yokuphendula ityala likaRhulumente (GAO) – ukunceda ekujongeni isebe eliphetheyo nokunikela ingxelo kwiBhunga. IGAO, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi-congress deadog, iqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nophando lweenkqubo zorhulumente kunye namaqumrhu kwisicelo sombutho. Ingxelo yeGO inika iNdlu yeengcebiso ezizinzileyo, ukunceda amalungu aqonde iingxaki aze aphuhlise izicombululo zemithetho-mthetho.

Umsebenzi weGAO uquka phantse yonke imimandla yomsebenzi wesizwe, ukusuka ekusebenziseni imali yokuzikhusela ukusa kwiinkqubo zonyango ukuya kumgaqo wemeko-bume. Ngokunikela uhlalutyo olufanelekileyo kunye nengcebiso, iGOs Congress iphucula amandla okuqhuba ulawulo olunempumelelo nokwenza izigqibo zemithetho-mthetho yolwazi. Iingxelo zeziko zidla ngokuyila isiseko sokuchongwa kwengqungquthela kunye nomthetho ojolise ekuphuculeni imisebenzi karhulumente.

Inkonzo yophando lweBhunga

INkonzo yophando lweCongress (CRS) inika le Ndlu uphando nohlalutyo olungeyonxalenye yecawa kwimibandela yezomthetho. Iingcali zeCRS zinceda amalungu aqonde imibuzo enzima yemigaqo-nkqubo, ahlolisise izicelo zowiso-mthetho, nophando ngemibandela engomthetho neyomGaqo-siseko. Le nkxaso yenza amalungu eNdlu yeNdlu akwazi ukuqhubana ngokunempumelelo namagosa aphetheyo kunye nokwenza umthetho ochaza iingxaki.

ICRS neProject On Government Buffal Sing, inja ezimeleyo engafumani ngeniso, abasebenzi bololiwe bolongamelo olunempumelelo. Olu qeqesho lunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi bequmrhu banobuchule nolwazi olufunekayo ukuqhuba uphando olucokisekileyo kunye nemisebenzi yokuvelela, ukwandisa ubuchule bendlu bokukhangela amandla esebe elilawulayo.

I-ofisi yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali yeBhunga

I-ofisi yoHlahlo-mali yeNdlu yoMsebenzi woLawulo lweMbali (CBO) inika iNdlu ngohlalutyo oluzimeleyo lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali nemibandela yezoqoqosho. I-CBO inkcazo yemali yomthetho inceda amalungu aqonde iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo zezicelo zenkqubo, ngelixa iingxelo zezoqoqosho zeCBO kunye nezixelwano zohlahlolo lwemali zizisa izigqibo zoqingqo-mali lwequmrhu. Olu hlalutyo luqinisekisa ukuba iNkomfama inenkcazelo ethembekileyo malunga neziphumo zoqingqo-mali zomthetho, ukunciphisa ukuxhomekekalo lwesebe lwemali olulawulayo.

Umsebenzi weCBO ubaluleke kakhulu kumandla endlu engxowa-mali, njengoko inika ulwazi oluchanekileyo malunga neendleko kunye neziphumo zemali echithwayo. Ngokufumana uphando oluzimeleyo loqingqo-mali, iNdlu ingenza izigqibo ezithe ngqo malunga nokusetyenziswa koqingqo-mali kwaye ingalucel ’ umngeni uxanduva izicelo zesebe eliphetheyo ezibonakala zingekho ngqiqweni okanye zilahlekisa.

Imizekelo Yezindlu Engokwembali Iyahlolisiswa

Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, le ndlu iye yasebenzisa amandla ayo ahlukahlukeneyo ukuhlolisisa izenzo zesebe elilawulayo nezogwebo ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo. Ukuhlolisisa le mizekelo yembali kunceda kubonise indlela inkqubo yomgaqo - siseko yokuhlola nokulinganisela esebenza ngayo.

Ingxelo yoMphathiswa wamanzi neyoMongameli

Ihlazo leWatergate leminyaka yee1970 linika mhlawumbi owona mzekelo ubalaseleyo wokujongana namandla omongameli wendlu. Iikomiti zendlu zaphanda ukubandakanywa komphathi weNixon kwizaphulo zeWatergate kunye nogqumo olulandelayo, zibambe iindlebe ezinyuswe ngekhompyutha ezibhenca ukuziphatha okubi komongameli. IKomiti yendlu iVudicary ivume amanqaku okungaququzeleli nxamnye noMongameli Nixon, nangona warhoxa phambi kokuba iNdlum yanele kwiNdluebe yoMbindi epheleleyo yakwazi ukuvota.

Esi siganeko sabonisa amandla okuvelela kwengqungquthela ukuba igcine kwanoMongameli etyala ngokwenza okubi. Uphando lwatyhila ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla nokuthintelwa kokusesikweni, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekumangalelweni kwamagosa amaninzi olawulo kunye notshintsho olusisiseko kwimiqathango yezemali yezempepho kunye nemithetho yemithetho karhulumente. Uphando lwamanzi lwabonisa ukuba amagunya okuvelela eNdlu, xa esetyenziswa ngamandla, angahlola kwanawona magosa anegunya eliphezulu esebe.

Uphando lwe-Iran-Cotra

Ngeminyaka yee-1980, le House yenza uphando olukhulu kwimicimbi ye-Iran-Contra, apho amagosa olawulo uReagan athengisa izixhobo ngokufihlakeleyo eIran kwaye asebenzisa ingeniso ukuxhasa abavukeli baseNicaragua ekuphuleni imithetho ethintelwe yingqungquthela. Uphando lwabhenca indlela amagosa esebe aphetheyo aye ayithintela ngayo imiqathango yengqungquthela yamanye amazwe, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekumangalisweni kwezaphuli-mthetho nakutshintsho kwindlela iBhunga elijongela ngayo imisebenzi yenkqu.

Olu phando lwabonisa amandla nokusikelwa umda kolawulo lwequmrhu. Ngoxa le ndlu yaphumelela ekubhenceni ububi nasekubekeni amagosa athile etyala, kwakhona kwatyhila indlela ekunokuba nzima ngayo ngeNkqutyana ukuqwalasela imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo kwimimandla enjengenkqubo yokhuseleko neyokungahlanga lwangaphandle, apho isebe eliphetheyo lifuna igunya eliphangaleleyo yaye ngokufuthi lisebenza ekufihleni.

Ulawulo Oluphezulu Lwengxaki Yemali

Emva kwengxaki yemali yowama-2008, iikomiti zendlu zakhokela ukusingatha okuninzi kwempendulo yesebe eliphetheyo, kuquka ukukhutshelwa kwemali kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemimiselo emitsha yemali. Le misebenzi inceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imali yebheyile isetyenziswe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye nemimiselo emitsha isetyenziswe ngokufezekileyo. Iindlebe zendlu zanika uluntu ulawulo lokuhlola okungachananga kwinkqubo yemali kwaye kufuneka baphendule abo bafanele baphenduliswe.

Oku kuvelela kwabonisa indlela iNdlu enokusebenzisa ngayo amandla ayo ophando ukuqwalasela iimpendulo zesebe eliphetheyo kwiimeko ezimaxongo zesizwe nokuqinisekisa ukuba amanyathelo ongxamiseko anceda umdla kawonke-wonke. Iindlebe zikwaphembelela ingxubusho kawonke-wonke ngomgaqo-siseko wemali kwaye zinceda ekulungiseni iinguqu zemithetho eyalandelayo.

Uqheliselo olulunge ngakumbi lokulawula

Ulawulo lwengqungquthela olunempumelelo lufuna okungaphezulu kunokulawula nje umGaqo-siseko, kufuneka ucwangciso, ubuncwane obaneleyo, kunye nokuzibophelela okuqhubekayo. Le ndlu iye yavelisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo nenkqubo ekuhambeni kwexesha ukunyusa ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yayo yokuvelela.

Ukulungiselela Ngobuchule

Ulawulo olunempumelelo luqala ngokucwangcisa okupheleleyo. Iikomiti zendlu kufuneka ziphuhlise izicwangciso zokuphawula iindawo eziza kuqala zophando, ukwaba oovimba, nokulungelelanisa nezinye iikomiti ukuphepha ukwenziwa kwekopi. Ezi zicwangciso kufuneka zisekelwe kwiziphumo ezibonisa ukuba imimandla apho imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo ibeka iziphumo eziphambili zomngcipheko wenkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, ukuxhaphaza, okanye ukungaphumeleli kwemigaqo.

Ucwangciso lolawulo kufuneka luqwalasele ucwangciso lwemithetho yekomiti, njengemisebenzi yongamela idla ngokuzisa utshintsho kwimithetho-siseko. Ngokumisela ulawulo nemisebenzi yowiso-mthetho, iikomiti zingaqinisekisa ukuba uphando lwazo lukhokelela kwinkqubela-phambili kwimisebenzi karhulumente nakwiziphumo zenkqubo.

Intsebenziswano YaseBipartisan

Ngoxa uvelela kusenokuba kukukhetha, ingakumbi kurhulumente owahluleleneyo, eyona ndlela iphumelelayo ibandakanya intsebenziswano ye-bipartisan. Xa omabini edibene ekuphandeni kobuveleli, iziphumo zibangela ukuthembeka okungakumbi kwaye zisenokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba zikhokelele kwiinguqu ezifanelekileyo. Uveleli weBhartistan wenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuba isebe eliphetheyo likhuphe inkxalabo yengqungquthela njengeziselo nje.

Imithetho yeKomiti ekhusela amalungelo eqela elincinane, njengokuvumela amalungu ambalwa abize amangqina aze abuze imibuzo ekuchotshelweni, iyanceda ukuba ahlalele i-bypartis. Xa omabini amaqela enamathuba okuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwimisebenzi yobuveleli, inkqubo inokuba nokwenzeka ngakumbi ukutyhila inkcazelo ebalulekileyo ize ikhokelele kwiinguqu ezakhayo.

Landela- Nge- kwaye Uphendule

Ulawulo olusebenzayo lufuna ukulandelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba iingxaki ezichaziwe zilungiswa ngokwenene. IiKomiti kufuneka zilandele iimpendulo zomaziko anconyelweyo kuncomelo lobuveleli, ihambo yokulandela ukuvavanya inkqubela-phambili, nokusebenzisa amandla azo owiso-mthetho kunye neenkqubo ukunyanzelisa isenzo xa amaqumrhu engaphumeleli ukucombulula iingxaki ezichaziweyo. Ngaphandle kokuqhubeka, uphando olunenkathalo lungabhenca iingxaki ngaphandle kokukhokelela kwinkqubela phambili ecacileyo.

IiKomiti kufuneka zikwenze uphandle oko zikufumeneyo kobuveleli bazo ngeengxelo nangamava, ziqinisekisa ukuba abantu baseMerika bayazazi iingxaki ezichaziweyo kwaye ziziphi izenzo ezithathwayo ukuze zicombulule. Oku kuphuhlisa ukuthathelwa inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi kwaye kunceda uluntu luxhase inkxaso yotshintsho oluyimfuneko.

Ikamva Lengxubusho Nezinto Ezilungeleleneyo

Njengoko iUnited States ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha kwinkulungwane yama-21, iNdlu yabameli kufuneka iqhubeke ilungisa iindlela zayo zobuveleli kunye neendlela zokugcina ii-checks ezisebenzayo kwigunya eliphetheyo nakwizomthetho.

Ubuchule Bobugcisa Nolawulo

Ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza kobugcisa kubangela iingxaki ezintsha zolawulo loburhulumente. Oku kubandakanya ubuchule bokusebenza ngekhompyutha, ubuntlola obungeyomfuneko, ugcino-lwazi kunye nomthetho wezentlalo-ntle yoluntu kufuneka ubugcisa obungekhoyo kumalungu amaninzi eBhunga. Indlu kufuneka ivelise ubuchule obutsha bokujonga imisebenzi yesebe elilawula ezi ndawo zobugcisa, nto leyo enokuthi iquke abasebenzi abangakumbi abaneemvelaphi zobugcisa kunye nokwenza iinkqubo ezintsha zobucuphi.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bukwachaphazela indlela eziphatha ngayo iNdlu, ngothungelwano lwezicwangciso-manani kunye nogcino-lwazi olunika izixhobo ezintsha zokuphanda imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo. Indlu kufuneka yamkele ezi zixhobo zobugcisa ngeli lixa iqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi yokuvelela ihlonela amalungelo obuqu nezinye izikhuseli zomGaqo-siseko.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nezizwe Ngezizwe

Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi okukhulayo kudala imingeni emitsha yokwalathisa inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle kunye nemisebenzi yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Njengoko imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo ihambela phambili kwimimandla yezizwe ngezizwe, iNdlu kufuneka ivelise iindlela ezingcono zokuvelela imisebenzi eyenzeka phesheya okanye ibandakanya intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe. Oku kusenokufuna iindlela ezintsha zokuhlanganisa inkcazelo kunye nezakhiwo ezintsha zokulungelelanisa iimfuno zolawulo nxamnye nemicimbi yentlalo-ntle nokhuseleko.

Iingxaki ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukuhlaselwa kwabantu neengxaki zekhompyutha zifuna ukusetyenziswa ngendlela elungeleleneyo, nto leyo ebandakanya ukulawulwa kwesebe elilawulayo nokugunyaziswa kwequmrhu. Indlu imele iqinisekise ukuba imisebenzi yayo yokuvelela ixhasa ngokunempumelelo ukuphendula ezi ngxaki ngoxa igcina iichewulo ezifanelekileyo kumandla okulawula.

Ukuqinisa amandla eziko

Ukugcina ii-checks ezisebenzayo kwamanye amasebe, iNdlu kufuneka ifake imali ekwakheni ubuchule bayo bokusebenza. Oku kuquka ukubonelela ngemali eyaneleyo kubasebenzi beekomiti, abameli, kunye nemisebenzi yokuxhasa. Kukwathetha ukukhusela amalungelo equmrhu nxamnye nokungenelela kwesebe eliphetheyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba amalungu anezixhobo kunye nolwazi olufunekayo ukuze alawule ngokunempumelelo.

Indlu kufuneka iqwalasele utshintsho olunokuphucula imisebenzi yayo yokuhlola, njengokomeleza inkqubo yokunyanzelisa ipopuena, ukuphucula ukufikelela kulwazi olulawulayo lwesebe, kunye nokuyila imimiselo emitsha yokuvelela imimandla evelayo yenkqubo. Olu tshintsho kufuneka lujolise ekulondolozeni ulungelelwano lomgaqo-siseko wamandla ngoxa ulungelelanisa iimeko eziguqukayo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kwiingxuwa

Indlu yabameli inendima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yovavanyo nolungelelwano lwaseMerika, isebenzisa amandla ayo omgaqo-siseko ukuthintela ukuxineneka kwamandla kulo naliphi na isebe likarhulumente. Ngegunya layo lowiso-mthetho, amandla emali, imisebenzi yolawulo, namandla okulawula, iNdlu inika ii-chendo ezibalulekileyo kwizenzo zolawulo nezomthetho.

Le misebenzi ihlola imisebenzi emininzi ifeza iinjongo ezininzi: baqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo ngokuthembeka liphumeza imithetho njengoko kucetywa yiBhunga, bagcina amagosa karhulumente etyala ngezenzo zabo, bakhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nxamnye nokuqhatha kukarhulumente, kwaye bagcina ulungelelwano olungokomGaqo-siseko lwamandla abaQaphi bekholelwa ukuba lubalulekile ekulondolozeni idemokhrasi. Ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ngamandla okuhlola le misebenzi, inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko iya kutshintshwa ngokusisiseko, namandla ajoliswe kwisebe eliphetheyo kwinkcitho yegunya lombutho kunye nokuziphendulela idemokhrasi.

Ukusebenza kokuhlola kwendlu kuxhomekeke kungekuphela nje kwigunya elisemthethweni kodwa ekukulungeleni kwamalungu ukusebenzisa elo gunya ngamandla nangenkathalo. Oku kufuna ukubeka izilangazelelo zolawulo phambi kolwakho ulwalathiso olufanelekileyo xa kuyimfuneko, ukuqhuba uphando olucokisekileyo nolufanelekileyo, nokulandela ukuqinisekisa ukuba iingxaki ezichaziwe ziyalungiswa. Kukwafuna oovimba abaneleyo, ubuchule, kunye nokuzinikela okuqinileyo kokuphatha njengenkonzo engundoqo.

Njengoko i-United States ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha kwinkulungwane yama-21, iNdlu kufuneka iqhubeke ilungelelanisa iindlela zayo zolawulo kunye nokusondela kwemithetho ngexa ihlala inyani kwimigaqo esisiseko yokuhlola nokulungelelana. Inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko eyenziwe ngabaseki ingqineke iqinile ngokuphawulekayo, kodwa kufuneka ihlale iphaphile kwaye isebenza ngokunempumelelo. Indlu yabameli, njengegumbi elinoxanduva oluthe ngqo kubantu, imele ithwale imbopheleleko ekhethekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelanisa iyaqhubeka nokukhusela ulawulo-demokhrasi lwaseMerika ukwenzela izizu ezizayo.

Ukuqonda indlela iNdlu ehlola nokulinganisela urhulumente kubalulekile kummi ngamnye ofuna ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo idemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ezi nkqubo zomgaqo-siseko zisenokubonakala zinzima kwaye maxa wambi zidimaza, kodwa zifeza injongo ebalulekileyo yokuthintela ubundlobongela nokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ngokusasaza amandla kumasebe ahlukeneyo nokufuna intsebenziswano nokuhlengahlengisa ukuze kufezwe iinjongo ezinkulu zenkqubo, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala ehleli ebuza ngetyala kubantu yaye akukho mntu okanye umntu ngamnye onokuthi alawule inkqubo yezobupolitika.

Ulwazi oluninzi malunga neNdlu yabameli nendima yabo kurhulumente, tyelela i-' ye-website yeNdlu yeNdlu ye-. Ukufunda okungakumbi ngesiseko sesiseko solawulo lwe-akhawunti kunye nolwahlulo, uphando lwezibonelelo kwimisebenzi yolawulo [[FLT:] i-Chonitigation esuka kwithala leencwadi lencwadi leBhilipolam. I-Government Accodential Office [[ inikeza iingxelo ngemisebenzi yolawulo, ngexesha .[FLT]

Abathathi-nxaxheba

• [[UMTL:0] Igunya lokwahlulelwa: Indlu idala ize idlulise umthetho obumba inkqubo yesizwe kwaye unyanzelisa isenzo solawulo oluphezulu, negunya lokukhupha umongameli osuswe kwivoti yoninzi kumagumbi omabini.
• [[NKQUBO:0] Amandla ePusela: Indlu ilawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali kulawulo lwayo lomthetho-siseko ukukhupha ingeniso yengeniso kwaye ibhale umthetho wentelekelelo, iyinika isixhathiso esikhulu kunemisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo.
• Ukuphanda nokuphanda: Ngokuchongwa kweekomiti, uphando, namandla angaphantsi, ababoniseli besebe eliphetheyo leNdlu ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphumezekile ngokuthembekileyo nokubhenca inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, kunye nokuxhaphaza.
• Amandla okuququzelela: Indlu inegunya elipheleleyo lokukhupha amagosa orhulumente, kuquka uMongameli kunye nabagwebi besizwe, inika uvavanyo olupheleleyo kwihambo engafanelekanga yezolawulo nezomthetho.
• Amagunya emfazwe: Indlu yabelana ngegunya kumsebenzi womkhosi neNdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala, igunyazisa ukusetyenziswa komkhosi nokusetyenziswa kwemali yemisebenzi yomkhosi.
• Inkqubo yeKompyutha: Indlu iqhuba inkoliso yomsebenzi wayo wobuveleli nowowiso-mthetho ngeekomiti ezikhethekileyo eziphuhlisa ubuchule kwiindawo ezithile zenkqubo ezithile kwaye iqhuba uphando oluneenkcukacha.
• IChecks kwi Judiciary: Indlu ingabagwebi borhulumente, icebise utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ukuze kubhukuqelwe izigqibo zenkundla, kwaye ibumbe isakhiwo kunye negunya leenkundla zequmrhu.
• Impembelelo etshintshayo: Ngaphezu kwamagunya asesikweni, imithambo yendlu ijongwa ngokuva kukawonke-wonke, ingqalelo ye-media, kunye nengcinezelo yezobupolitika ephembelela ukuziphatha kwesebe eliphetheyo.
• [[UMTL:0] Indlu ixhomekeke kumaqumrhu afana neGAO, CRS, neCBO ukunikezela ngobuchule bokuzimela nokucombulula okunyusa amandla ayo okuvelela.
• Ulungiso oluhambayo: Indlu kufuneka iqhubeke ilungisa imisebenzi yayo yokukhangela ukulungisa iingxaki ezintsha ezifana notshintsho lobugcisa, ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye nokukhula kwamandla alawulayo lo gama igcina imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko.