Ukuqonda Indlu Yabameli Negunya Labo Lokumisela Imithetho

Indlu yabameli imi njengenye yezindlu ezimbini zeBhunga laseUnited States kwaye isebenza njengentsika esisiseko yedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Njengoko iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho lingufutshane nabantu, namalungu anyulwe rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini, iNdlu idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekudaleni, ekuphikisaneni, nasekudluliseni imithetho elawula uhlanga lwethu. Ukuqonda indlela iNdlu yabameli eyenza ngayo imithetho ibaluleke kummi ngamnye ofuna ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente wakhe nendlela ilizwi labo elinokuyiphembelela ngayo inkqubo yomthetho.

Abalathisi bomGaqo-siseko bayila iNdlu yabameli ukuba ibe yeyona ndawo isabelayo kukuthanda kwabantu. Kumalungu angama-435 amele izithili kuwo onke amazwe angama-50, iNdlu izisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo kunye nenkxalabo yengingqi kwimibandela yesizwe yowiso-mthetho. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba imibandela yasekuhlaleni kunye ne-arhente ifuna indlela engqalileyo yokwenza umthetho, iyenze iNdlu ibe lilungu elibalulekileyo ledemokhrasi yabameli.

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho kwiNdlu yabameli intsonkothile yaye ilungelelaniswe kakuhle, ibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi okuziphinda, ingxoxo kunye nokuvota. Ukusukela ekuqaleni kwesivumelwano ukuya kwinyathelo laso lokugqibela, inyathelo ngalinye lifeza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo: ukuqinisekisa ukuvavanywa ngokucokisekileyo komthetho ocetyiweyo, ukuvumela ukungeniswa kolwazi nobungqina obungoogqhinga, ukulungiselela amathuba okulungisa nokuphuculwa, yaye ekugqibeleni ukugqiba enoba izicelo zinokuxhaswa ngokwaneleyo kusini na ukuba zibe ngumthetho.

Isiseko SomGaqo-siseko Sokwenza Amandla Endlu

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States unika iNdlu yabameli amandla akhethekileyo nabalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho. Icandelo 1 liqinisekisa ukuba onke amagunya owiso-mthetho abekwe kwiBhunga, eliyiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeBameli. Esi sakhiwo se-bidamaral sidala inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwesebe lemithetho ngokwalo, sifuna ukuba omabini amagumbi avumelane ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uqhubele phambili kuMongameli.

UMgaqo-siseko unika iNdlu igunya elipheleleyo lokusungula uhlobo oluthile lomthetho. Okubaluleke kakhulu kukuba, onke amatyala okunyusa ingeniso kufuneka avele kwiNdlu yabameli, ebonisa inkolelo yabasebenzi yokuhlawula irhafu kufuneka iqale kwigumbi elinoxanduva oluthe ngqo kubantu. Eli gunya linika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiNdlu kumgaqo-nkqubo wezomthetho wemali karhulumente, imicimbi yoqingqo-mali, nomthetho werhafu.

Ngaphandle kwamatyala engeniso, iNdlu inegunya elilinganayo neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso ukumisela umthetho phantse nawuphi na umbandela ongaphakathi kumandla omgaqo-siseko karhulumente. Oku kuquka imithetho enxulumene nezorhwebo, ukhuseleko, ukufuduka, ukunyamekela impilo, imfundo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nezinye iindawo ezingenakubalwa zenkqubo karhulumente. Indlu ikwaneembopheleleko ezibalulekileyo zokuvelela, ukuyivumela ukuba iphande indlela imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo nendlela amaziko karhulumente esebenza ngayo.

Indlela Iibhiliyo Eziziswa Ngayo Kwindlu Yabameli

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho iqala xa ilungu leNdlu yabameli lisungula ityala. Naliphi na kumalungu endlu angama-435 angasungula umthetho, nangona kusemgangathweni, amatyala adla ngokubangelwa yintsebenziswano phakathi kwamalungu amaninzi, igalelo elivela kumaqumrhu, amacebiso asuka kumaqela enzala, okanye iingcebiso zesebe elilawulayo. Amanye amatyala athetha ngetyala elimxinwa, imiba yezobugcisa, ngelinye ixesha amanye acebisa iinguqu ezicacileyo kwimithetho-lizwe.

Ukwazisa ityala lemali, ilungu lendlu libeka umthetho ocetyiswayo kwi-pixper ephathekayo okanye ye-elektroniki, isitya esibekwe kumgangatho wendlu. Imali inikwa inani eliqala nge "H.R." (Indlu yabameli) lilandelwa yinombolo esekelwe kwintsha. Umzekelo, H.R. 1 ngumthetho wokuqala osungulwe kwiBhunga elitsha. Le nkqubo inika inkxaso yendlela yokulandelela iirekhodi ngalo lonke uhambo lwayo kwinkqubo yomthetho.

Xa lingenisa ityala, ilungu liba ngumxhasi wemali oyintloko. Amanye amalungu angasayina njengekhomputha, ebonisa inkxaso yawo yomthetho. Ukuba neenkokeli ezininzi, ingakumbi kuzo zombini amaqela ezobupolitika, kungaphawula inkxaso ebanzi kwaye kwandise amathuba emali okuhambela phambili ngenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Amanye amatyala atsala amakhulu abaxhasi bekhopons, ngexa amanye enokuba nomxhasi oyintloko kuphela.

Iphepha-mali kufuneka libhalwe ngobuchule kusetyenziswa ulwimi olusemthethweni oluchanekileyo. Amalungu amaninzi asebenza ne-Ofisi yeSiluleko somthetho, iofisi engeyoyaparti incedisa ekuguquleni iingcamango zomgaqo-siseko kulwimi olufanelekileyo lowiso-mthetho. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iindleko zivakala kakuhle ngokwemigaqo-siseko, zibhalwe ngokucacileyo, kwaye zilungiselelwe kakuhle ngokwemithetho yendlu kunye neendibano.

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yeekomiti Zezindlu

Xa kuqalisiwe, amatyala abhekiswa kwiikomiti ezijongene nombandela wazo. Inkqubo yekomiti yi-injini yenkqubo yezowiso-mthetho eMpahla, apho kuqhubeka khona umsebenzi ontsonkothileyo wokuhlola, ukuphikisana, nokucombulula. Le House ineekomiti ezimalunga nama-20 ezimileyo, nganye inegunya kwimimandla ethile engokwezolimo, iinkonzo zezixhobo, imfundo, umsebenzi, amandla, kunye norhwebo, iinkonzo zemali, imicimbi yangaphandle, imicimbi yezentlalo, iindlela neendlela.

Xa kuthethwana noMphathi-mikhosi weNdlu, echaza ukuba yiyiphi ikomiti okanye iikomiti eziza kufumana imvume. Ezinye iindleko ziwela kulawulo lwekomiti enye, ngoxa ezinye zinokubhekiswa kwiikomiti ezininzi ngaxeshanye okanye ngokwee-arhente. Xa iikomiti ezininzi zinegunya, enye idla ngokumiselwa njengekomiti yokuqala enendima ekhokelayo ekuqwalaseleni umthetho.

Ukuhlolwa nokuviwa kweKomiti

Phakathi kwekomiti, ityala lidla ngokunikwa ikomiti encinane ejongene nombandela othile oxutyushwa ngumthetho. Isitulo esingaphantsi sekomiti sigqiba ukuba sibe nokuchongwa kwetyala, okunika amathuba okuba amalungu aqokelele ulwazi, aphulaphule iingcaphephe, aze afumane igalelo likawonke-wonke. Iindlebe zinganikela ubungqina obuvela kumagosa karhulumente, iingcali zemfundo, abameli bamashishini, amaqela ee-odvocyria, kunye nabemi abaqhelekileyo abachatshazelwa ngumthetho ocetyisiweyo.

Iikomiti zisebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho. Zidala ingxelo kawonke-wonke eneembono ezahlukeneyo kumthetho, zinceda amalungu aqonde imibandela enzima, zivumela abachaphazelekayo bathethe inkxalabo yabo okanye inkxaso, kwaye zivelisa ingqalelo yezixhobo zekhompyutha enokwakha ukuphaphela nokuxhasa uluntu. Iindlebe zinokusuka kwisehlo esinye esithabatha iiyure ezimbalwa ukuya kwiintlanganiso ezininzi ezisasazekileyo kangangeeveki okanye iinyanga ezithile kumthetho obalulekileyo okanye owenziwe ngempikiswano.

Emva kokuqukunjelwa, ikontimenti encinci ingabamba intlanganiso yokunyusa ixabiso, ngexesha apho amalungu ephikisana ngamalungiselelo emali aze anike izilungiso. Izigungqi zingasuka kulungiso lobugcisa oluncinane ukuya kutshintsho olululo lobuchule kuhlobo lomthetho. Amalungu avota kwisivumelwano ngasinye, kunye nekomiti engaphantsi yekomiti avota ukuba mhlawumbi ukudlulisela ityala, njengokwayilungisa, kwikomiti epheleleyo.

Ulwazelelelo lweKomiti eGqityiweyo

Ukuba ikomiti engaphantsi iyavuma ukuba ityala lifanele, lishenxiselwa kwikomiti epheleleyo ukuze kuqwalaselwe. Ikomiti epheleleyo ingaba nezongezelelekileyo zokuchongwa, iqhube intlanganiso yayo yophawu lophawu, okanye ivote kwimali njengoko ifunyenwe kwikomiti engaphantsi. Ngexesha lokunikwa kwekomiti epheleleyo, amalungu kwakhona anamathuba okunikezela ngokubuyiselwa, ukuxoxa ngemfaneleko yomthetho, kwaye ilungise inguqulelo yokugqibela eza kunikelwa kwiNdlu epheleleyo.

Ukuqwalasela kwekomiti kulapho amatyala amaninzi afikelela khona ekupheleni kwayo. Kumawaka eendleko eziye zaziswa kwiBhunga ngalinye, liqaqobana kuphela elifumana imvume yekomiti lize liqhubele phambili kumgangatho wendlu. Iikomiti zisebenza njengabagcini besango, zihluza umthetho ongenanto, owenziwe gwenxa, owezingxaki zenkcazo ezinganele, okanye ongquzukiswano nezinye izinto eziza kuqala. Lo msebenzi wokuhluza unceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iNdluebeko igxininisa ixesha layo elilinganiselweyo kumthetho ngelithemba lokwenene lokuhamba.

Xa ikomiti imisela ityala, ikhupha ingxelo yekomiti echaza injongo yomthetho, ishwankathela amalungiselelo ayo, ichaza amaqhinga ekomiti, kwaye inikela iimbono zamalungu ekomiti axhasa okanye achasayo ityala. Ezi ngxelo ziba yinxalenye yembali yowiso-mthetho enokuthi iinkundla namaziko adibane nayo xa kutolikwa umthetho ukuba ekugqibeleni uphunyezwe.

Iibhili ezicwangcisiweyo zoqwalaselo lwendlu

Emva kokuba ikomiti inike ingxelo entle ngetyala lemali, kufuneka icwangciselwe ukuqwalaselwa yiNdlu epheleleyo. Inkqubo yokucwangcisa ixhomekeke kuhlobo lomthetho kunye nomgangatho wempikiswano ewubangelayo. Indlu isebenzisa iinkqubo eziliqela ezahlukeneyo ukuzisa amatyala kumgangatho, nganye inemithetho neemfuno zayo.

IKomiti yeNdlu Yemithetho idlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo yeyona nkqubo ingundoqo yomthetho. Ibizwa ngokuba yi-"traffic cop" yeNdlu, iKomiti yeMimiselo imisela izindululo neemeko apho amatyala aza kuxutyushwa phantsi kwemigangatho yeNdlu. Ikomiti ikhupha umthetho okhethekileyo wemali nganye, ichaza ixesha eliza kwabelwa ingxoxo, nokuba ukubuyiselwa kunokwenziwa, kwaye ziziphi iintlobo zokubuyiselwa ezivumelekileyo.

Imithetho ekhethekileyo ingavuleka, ivumele nasiphina isilungiso esinesiphene sinikelwe; sivalwe, sithintelwe zonke izilungiso; okanye sivumele kuphela izilungisi ezithe ngqo eziye zavunywa ngaphambi kokuba zivunywe. Ukhetho lomthetho luchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo inkqubo yemithetho, ukugqiba ukuba lingakanani ithuba amalungu afanele alifumane utshintsho lwemali kunye nokuba lude kangakanani uhlolo oluza kuthatha. Ityala le-Controversation lisoloko lifumana iziphumo ezicwangcisiweyo okanye ezivaliweyo zokunciphisa impikiswano kunye nokuthintela ukudityaniswa kwemithetho.

Phambi kokuba iNdlu ijonge isisombululo phantsi komthetho okhethekileyo, kufuneka kuqala isebenzise umthetho ngokwawo. IKomiti yeMimiselo inikela ingxelo yomthetho kumgangatho weNdlu, apho amalungu aphikisanayo ukuba angawumkela na. Le ngxoxo idla ngokuthatha iyure enye, ngexesha elahlulwe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi nambalwa. Indlu ngoko ivota ukuba ifuna uninzi oluqhelekileyo. Ukuba umthetho wamkelekile, iNdlu ithe yaqwalasela ityala phantsi komthetho ochazwe phantsi komthetho.

Omnye umthetho ugqitha iKomiti yeMimiselo kwiinkqubo ezichaseneyo. Ityala elingangeni nxaxheba lingathathwa phantsi kokunyotywa kwemithetho, inkqubo elandelelanayo elinganisela ingxoxo kwimizuzu engama-40, ethintela ukuhlaziywa, kwaye ifuna ivoti yesithathu esibini ukuze idluliswe. Le nkqubo idla ngokusetyenziswa kwizigqibo zesikhumbuzo, uhlenga-hlengiso lwenkqubo encinane, kunye nemali ngenkxaso ebanzi ye-bipartisan.

Ingxoxo yomgangatho kunye neNkqubo yoHlomelo

Xa imali ebhankini ifikelela kumgangatho wendlu ukuze iqwalaselwe, ingena kweyona nkqubo kawonke-wonke yokwenza umthetho. Ingxoxo yeflore inika onke amalungu eNdlu ithuba lokuxubusha ngeempawu zomthetho, ukuchaza iindawo zawo kubantu asebenza nabo kunye nabo basebenzisanayo, kwaye izama ukucenga abanye ukuba baxhase okanye bachase isibhaka-mali.

Indlu iqwalasela umthetho kwiKomiti ye-Whole, isixhobo sepalamente esivumela iNdlu ukuba isebenze phantsi kwemithetho ethambileyo engaphezulu kunaleyo ilawula iinkqubo zendlu eziqhelekileyo. KwiKomiti yeWonke, i-quoleum iquka amalungu ali-100 kuphela kunalawo aqhelekileyo angama-218, kwaye ingxoxo iyaqhubeka phantsi kwemida yexesha echazwe kumthetho okhethekileyo olawula ityala.

Ixesha lengxoxo lilawulwa ngabaphathi bemali, ngokuqhelekileyo isitulo kunye nelungu eliphezulu lekomiti elinoxanduva lwetyala. La baphathi banika amalungu afuna ukuthetha ixesha, ngokuqhelekileyo betshintshana phakathi kwabaxhasi nabachasi bomthetho. Amalungu asenokuthetha amaxesha asusela kumzuzu omnye ukuya kwimizuzu emininzi, kuxhomekeka kwisimbuku sexesha elikhoyo nakumanani amalungu afuna ukunconywa.

Inkqubo Yokulungiswa Kwendlu

Ukuba umthetho okhethekileyo uvumela ulungiso, amalungu angacebisa utshintsho kwimali ngexesha lokuqwalaselwa komgangatho. IziHlaliso kufuneka zisebenze kwimali, intsingiselo yokokuba kufuneka zithelekise nombandela osele ubhekiswe kuwo. Imfuno ye-gromonine ithintela amalungu ekudibaniseni amalungiselelo angahambelaniyo namatyala, nangona ukugqiba ukuba yiyiphi i-bimanane enokuba ntsokothile kwaye ithanda ukuxabana.

Xa kunikwa isilungiso, ilungu elisifakayo linemizuzu emihlanu ukulichaza, kwaye umchasi unemizuzu emihlanu yokuthetha ngokuchasene nalo. Amanye amalungu angafuna ixesha lokuthetha ngokunikela ii-pro forma amenments "ukubetha igama lokugqibela," elingalitshintshiyo ngokwenene kodwa elivumela ilungu ukuba lithethe imizuzu emihlanu. Emva kokuqukumbela, iivoti zeNdlu ekupheliseni iproma.

Izigqibo zoguqulo zinokuba lula okanye zibe nzima, zobugcisa okanye ezincinci. Ezinye izilungisi zenza ingcaciso okanye ukulungiswa okuncinane, ngelixesha ezinye zitshintsha ngokuchanekileyo indlela yokufikelela kwemali okanye umda. Ukusetyenziswa kakuhle kwemali kungayifeza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo: ukuphucula ulwahlulo, ukuqaqambisa imigaqo, ukunyanzelisa amalungu ukuba athathe amavoti anzima, okanye athathe ulwa msinyane ulwano lomthetho.

Inkqubo yokulungisa ingatshitsha, ingakumbi phantsi komthetho ovulekileyo ovumela ukutshintshwa kokungapheli. Amalungu anganika uninzi okanye amakhulu eenguqu, andise ulwandiso lomgangatho kangangeentsuku okanye iiveki. Esi sesinye isizathu sokuba inkoliso yeqela ikhethe imithetho ecwangcisiweyo okanye evaliweyo yomthetho ophikiswayo, igcine ulawulo oluphezulu kwinkqubo nokuqinisekisa ukugqitywa komzinzo womgangatho ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Iintetho Ezivela Kwindlu Yabameli

Indlu isebenzisa iindlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zokuvota, kuxhomekeka kukubaluleka kombandela ofunekayo nomgangatho wokuchana kwemigaqo yokuvota. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo zokuvota kunceda kucacise indlela iNdlu eyenza ngayo izigqibo nendlela ezibhalwe ngayo iirekhodi zamalungu ngamanye.

Iivoti zelizwi zeyona ndlela ilula nekhawulezileyo. Igosa eliphetheyo licela abo bakhethayo ukuthi "ye" nabo bachasayo ukuthi "hayi," ngoko limisela ukuba liliphi icala elixhaswe ngokusekelwe kumthamo wempendulo. Iivoti zelizwi zidla ngokusetyenziswa kwimicimbi engeyoyayo apho isiphumo sicacile khona namalungu angafuni ukuvota okubhaliweyo okubonisa iindawo ezithile.

Ukuba iziphumo zovotelo lwelizwi azicacanga okanye ukuba amalungu afuna ubalo oluthe ngqo, naliphi na ilungu lingacela icandelo levoti. Amalungu amkelekileyo anokuma kwaye abalwe, ngoko amalungu achasa ukuma kwaye ababalwa. Ulwahlulo lwamanani lunika iziphumo kodwa alubhali iindawo zamalungu ngamanye.

Kwizinto ezibalulekileyo, amalungu acela ivoti erekhodiweyo, ebhala amaxwebhu esikhundla selungu ngalinye. Indlu iqhuba amavoti arekhodiweyo ngombane, amalungu efaka amakhadi okuvota kwizitishi ezibekwe kwigumbi lendlu yonke kunye namaqhosha okucinezela ukuvota eewe, hayi, okanye akhoyo. Ukuvota kuhlala kuvulekile kangangemizuzu eli-15, nangona umphathi wesebe enegunya lokwandisa ixesha lokuvumela amalungu ukuba afike kumgangatho aze arhoxele amavoti awo.

Iivoti ezishicilelweyo zisebenza iinjongo ezininzi ngaphandle kokugqiba nje ngemibuzo esesandleni. Zidala ingxelo kawonke-wonke yesikhundla selungu ngalinye, apho amalungu, amaqela abantu, kunye nabachasi bezobupolitika banokubuyisisa. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza amalungu ukuba aqwalasele ngenyameko indlela amavoti awo aza kuqondwa ngayo ekhaya. Iivoti ezishicilelweyo zikwanikezela ngogcino-lwazi lwamaqela aqokelelayo ukuze alinganisele isantya somsebenzi wamalungu kwimiba ebalulekileyo kwiintlangano zawo.

Izixhobo Zokudlala Zokugqibela

Emva kokuba zonke izilungiso ziqwalaselwe zaze zavotelwa, iKomiti yeWonke unyuka kwaye inikela ingxelo yemali ebuyiselwa kwiNdlu. Indlu ivota kwinyathelo lokugqibela lemali njengoko itshintshiwe. Le ntloko yokugqibela iphantse isoloko iyivotelwa, idala ingxelo ecacileyo apho amalungu axhasa okanye achasa umthetho.

Inkoliso yemali ifuna uninzi olulula kuphela lokudlula ngezantsi/ubuncinane 218 iivoti ukuba onke amalungu akhona kwaye avote. Ngoko ke, imicimbi ethile ifuna izinto ezinkulu, ezifana nokuba ngumongameli weveto (ivoti ezimbini-ntathu), ukudlulisa i-antergration (ivoti ezimbini-3) okanye ukunqumamisa imithetho yeNdlu (ivoti ezimbini-3).

Ivoti yokugqibela elandelayo imele incopho yomsebenzi weNdlu, kodwa asiyosiphelo senkqubo yowiso-mthetho. IiBhili ezigqithwa yindlu kufuneka zivunywe yiBhunga phambi kokuba zithunyelwe kuMongameli. IBhunga lingadlulisa ityala leNdlu ngaphandle kotshintsho, liyidlulise ngokulungisa, okanye lithabathel' indawo yinguqulelo yalo yomthetho, ngamnye obangela amanyathelo awahlukileyo kule nkqubo.

Indlela Iibhiliyoni Zendlu Ezihamba Ngayo KwiBhunga Leentlokoma

Xa iNdlu idlulisa ityala, lidluliselwa kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMalanga ukuze kuqwalaselwe. IBhunga leNtlanga lilandela iinkqubo zalo zokuhlola nokusebenza kumthetho, nto leyo eyahluke kakhulu kwiinkqubo zeNdlu. Ukuqonda le migaqo kuyanceda kucacise ukuba kutheni inkqubo yowiso-mthetho inokuba mide kwaye kutheni iindleko ezininzi ezidlula igumbi elinye zingawuphumeli umthetho.

IBhunga leNtsimbi lingumzimba omncinane onamalungu ali-100 kuphela, kwaye lisebenza phantsi kwemithetho enika iziqu ngazinye amandla amakhulu kunalawo amalungu endlu nganye. Imithetho yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi idla ngokuvumela ingxoxo engenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuba ama-60 amaqumrhu avota ukucela ihratya kunye nengxoxo equkumbela. Oku kuthetha ukuba iqaqobana elizimiseleyo lingavala umthetho ngokuthetha okude, ngokuqhelekileyo laziwa njenge-nfalbuster. Indlu ye-macata ivumela abasebenzi ukuba banikele abangengoobhexeleli-gere bemali benziwa kwiimali ezininzi, benika abaquququzelela umthetho okanye bafake imiyalelo ebalulekileyo kwimiqatha engundoqo ukuze baqinise umthetho okanye bafake imiyalelo enxulumene nawo.

Xa iBhunga leNdlu yeNdlu yeMimandla ifumana ityala elidluliselwe kwiNdlu yeMinyango, ingathatha izenzo eziliqela. IBhunga leNtsimbi lingadlulisela ityala ngaphandle kotshintsho, apho liqhubekeka ngqo kuMongameli ukuze lityikitye. IBhunga lingalungisa ityala lize lilidlulise ngendlela elungisiweyo, elifuna ukuba libuyele kwindlu ukwenzela ukuqwalaselwa kweBhunga. IBhunga lingathatha indawo yombhalo woguqulelo lwalo lomthetho, lifakele irekhonthi yendlu ngokupheleleyo xa ligcina inani lemali yendlu. Okanye iBhunga lingakhawuleza lilahleke ukusebenza kwimali, livumele ukuba life ngaphandle kokuvota.

Amatyala amaninzi adluliswa yiNdlu ayizange iqwalaselwe. Ucwangciso lwemithetho lweNdlu yeNdlu yeQela lulawulwa yiNkulumbuso yamaMajor, egqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala okuzisa kumgangatho. Lisikelwe ixesha lomgangatho, inkxwaleko, kunye nenkcaso yezopolitiko zithetha ukuba amatyala amaninzi adlulisiweyo endlu akaze afumane ivoti yeNdlu yeeNdlu, nokuba anokuba anokuxhaswa ngokwaneleyo ukuba asiwe kumgangatho.

Ukucombulula Umahluko Phakathi Kweenguqulelo Zendlu Nendlu Yendlu

Xa iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlela kunye neNdlu yeeNdlela zoLawulo, umahluko kufuneka ulungiswe ngaphambi kokuba ityala lithunyelwe kuMongameli. UmGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba omabini amagumbi avumele umbhalo ofanayo ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ube ngumthetho. IBhunga lisebenzisa iindlela eziliqela ukucombulula ukungavisisani okungalawuleki, kuxhomekeke kwindalo nakwiqondo lokungavisisani.

Kumahluko omncinane, igumbi elidlulise ityala kuqala lingavumelana nokulungiswa kwegumbi lesibini. Indlu ingavota ukwamkela ukubuyiselwa kwendlu yecawa kwimali yendlu, okanye iNdlu yeNdlu yeQela ingavumelana nokubuyiselwa kweNdlu kwimithetho yeBhunga. Le ndlela ithe yangena ngokulula xa utshintsho lusebenza, olungelulo tshintsho, okanye lumela inkqubela exhaswe ngala onke amagumbi.

Kumahluko omkhulu, amagumbi angatshintshana ngomva nangaphandle, ngokuvota igumbi ngalinye ukuba ukwamkela iinguqu zomnye okanye ukunyanzelisa indawo yayo. Le nkqubo, maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba yi-"amending-pong," ingaqhubeka ijikeleze izihlandlo ezininzi de amagumbi afikelele isivumelwano okanye agqibe kwelokuba ulalaniso lungafikeleleki.

IiKomiti zeNgqungquthela

Kumthetho omkhulu oye wahluka kakhulu phakathi kweenguqulelo zeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, iNgqungquthela idla ngokumisela ikomiti yengqungquthela ukuze ithethe ngokumanyeneyo. Iikomiti zeNgqungquthela zinamalungu asuka kuwo omabini amagumbi, ngokuqhelekileyo kuquka amalungu aphezulu ekomiti ekuqaleni awayewugqala umthetho. Indlu neBhunga ngalinye elimisela ukunikezelwa kwequmrhu, ngokuqhelekileyo kuquka amalungu amaninzi namalungu ambalwa.

Iikomiti zengqungquthela zidibana ukuze zixubushe umahluko phakathi kweNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, zisebenzela ukurhoxisa ulwimi olunokuzuza inkxaso yoninzi kumagumbi omabini. Ezi ngxoxo zingaba ntsonkothileyo kwaye zibe nengxabano, ezibandakanya ukuthengwa kwamalungiselelo amaninzi nokulungelelanisa izinto eziza kuqala kumalungu ahlukeneyo, amaqela, amagumbi kunye namagumbi. Iikomiti zenkomfa zinengqiqo ephawulekayo ekuwenzeni ulwamkelo lolwimi, nangona kulindeleke ukuba zihlale kumgangatho wokwahlukahlukana phakathi kwendlu nendlu yendlu nendlu yengqungquthela.

Xa abanikeli besivumelwano befikelela kwisivumelwano, balungiselela ingxelo yengqungquthela equlethe utshintsho lomthetho wesivumelwano kunye nengxelo ecacisayo echaza isivumelwano. Le ngxelo yenkomfa ithunyelwa kuwo omabini amagumbi ukuze ivunywe. Iingxelo zenkomfa azinakutshintshwa/amalungu kufuneka avote ewe okanye arhoxise kuyo yonke ipakethi. Oku kuthatha intlanganiso-okanye isiphelo somthumeli kudala uxinzelelo lolwamcinezelo kwanokuba amalungu ngamanye amalungu angawathandi amalungiselelo athile.

Indlu kunye neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kufuneka zivume ingxelo yengqungquthela ukuze iqhubele phambili kuMongameli. Ukuba naliphi na igumbi lokuhlala liyalamkela ingxelo yenkomfa, ityala liyasilela ngaphandle kokuba amagumbi anokuthethana ngokulalanisa okutsha. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iingxelo zenkomfa zidla ngokudlula kuba oku kudla ngokufa komthetho emva kweenyanga okanye iminyaka yomsebenzi.

Inyathelo lobuNkulumbuso kuMthetho

Xa omabini amaziko eBhunga evumile ukuba imigaqo yemithetho efanayo inikwe uMongameli ukuze athathe inyathelo. UMongameli unokukhetha iindlela ezininzi xa efumana umthetho kwiBhunga, ngalinye elineenjongo ezahlukeneyo zokuba ngaba ityala lingumthetho nokuba njani na.

UMongameli angasayina ityala, eliyenza umthetho ngoko nangoko. Iintsayino zoMongameli zisoloko zikhatshwa yimibhiyozo yokusayina, ingakumbi yemithetho ebalulekileyo, apho uMongameli anokuthi enze amagqabaza ngokubaluleka kwemali, ameme amalungu eBhunga, abagcini-mathiriyeli, nabanye abafak' isandla kwingxelo yomthetho. Le mibhiyozo isebenza zombini ezifuziselayo kunye nezopolitiko, ibalaselisa impumelelo yolawulo kunye nolwakhelo lukawonke wonke lomthetho omtsha.

UMongameli angawukhupha lo mthetho, awubuyisele kwiNgqungquthela ngesigidimi esichaza ukuchaswa. Ummeli uvingca umthetho ukuba ungabi ngumthetho ngaphandle kokuba iKhomishini iwugatya iveto. Ukuwugqitha uwe, wobabini iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu kufuneka bawuvumele kwakhona lo mthetho, kweli xesha ngezihlandlo ezibini eziziisithathu kunezinkulu ezilula. UVito unqabile kuba ufuna inkxaso eqinileyo ye-bistantinan, kodwa ukwenzeka xa iBhunga livakalelwa ngokungqongqo ngomthetho ukuba livavanye noxanduva oluqhelekileyo.

Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo kwityala iintsuku ezilishumi (ngeeCawa ezigqithileyo) xa iBhunga liseqesheni, ityala liba ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino lomongameli. Oku kuvumela uMongameli ukuba avumele umthetho ube ngumthetho ngeli lixa enika imiqathango okanye ukungavumelani ngaphandle kokulisebenzisa ngokusemthethweni. Maxa wambi abalawuli basebenzisa le ndlela kwityala abalithandiyo kodwa abaphikisi ngokwaneleyo ukupheka, okanye xa befuna ukuphepha iindleko zezobupolitika zokutyikitya okanye ukuphikisa umthetho ophikisayo.

Ukuba ikhompathimente ibambene phakathi kweentsuku ezilishumi inika umthetho kuMongameli kwaye uMongameli akathathi nyathelo, ityala alibi ngumthetho. Oku kwaziwa njengeveto epokothweni. Ngokungafaniyo neveto eqhelekileyo, iveto engxoweni ayinakuba yi-Shona kuba iNgqungquthela ayisekho kwintlanganiso yokuvota kwicebo eliphambili. I-Pocket ivatoes iqhelekile kuneevetoes eziqhelekileyo kodwa inokuba nentsingiselo ephambili ekupheleni kwentlanganiso yentlanganiso yengqungquthela.

Iimbopheleleko Ezikhethekileyo Zokwenza Imithetho Yendlu

Ngaphandle kwegunya layo ngokubanzi lokwenza umthetho, iNdlu yabameli ineembopheleleko eziliqela ezikhethekileyo eyahlulayo kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso ize iyinike impembelelo ekhethekileyo kwiinkalo ezithile zolawulo nenkqubo ethile.

Igunya lengeniso nenkqubo

UMgaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba onke amatyala okunyusa ingeniso avele kwiNdlu yabameli. Oku kunika iNdlu igunya eliphambili kwiinkqubo zerhafu kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo eziphathelele indlela urhulumente wengingqi ophakamisa ngayo imali ziqala egumbini ngokungqalileyo zixhomekeke ekuvotini. IiNdlela zendlu kunye nolawulo lweKomiti oluthe ngqo kumthetho werhafu, iyenze ibe yenye yeekomiti ezinamandla kwiBhunga.

Ngoxa imfuno yengeniso esungulwe ngumGaqo-siseko isebenza kuphela kumatyala erhafu, iNdlu ikwathiwe ilungelo lokuvelisa iindleko zokukhupha iindleko zokuhlawula ezibonisa indlela urhulumente wesizwe ayisebenzisa ngayo imali. Lo mkhwa, nangona ungeyomfuneko ngokomGaqo-siseko, uye waba sisithethe esimiselweyo esinika iNdlu impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwezona ziphambili zemali esetyenziswa ngurhulumente. IKomiti yeHouse Appropriation ikhulisa iindleko-mali zabo bonke abameli neenkqubo, imisela izindululo zokuqala zokunxibelelana neNdlu-Ndlu.

Ulawulo lwendlu kwingeniso kunye nomthetho wokuchitha ingeniso lwendawo lwenza ukuba ibe ngumdlali ophambili kwiingxoxo zenkcitho yezomthetho. Iinguquko ezinkulu zerhafu, izigqibo zoqingqo-mali, kunye neendleko zocwangciso-mali zonke ziqala kwiNdlu, zivumela amalungu eNdlu ukuba alungise izicelo zokuqala ezilandela ingxoxo. Eli gunya libaluleke kakhulu ngexesha loxinezeleko lwemali okanye xa utshintsho lwenkqubo enkulu lufuna imithombo emitsha yengeniso okanye utshintsho oluthelekelelwayo.

Amandla Okufikelela

Indlu yabameli inegunya elipheleleyo lokubeka amagosa aseburhulumenteni, kuquka uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, namagosa angoonontlalo-ntle eUnited States. Ukungagunyaziswa yinkqubo yomGaqo-siseko yokumangalela amagosa nge "Isizathu, Ukunyoba, okanye ezinye ii-Crimes eziphezulu kunye nama-Misdegator". Indlu isebenza njengelungu elibalaseleyo labagwebi, iphanda iingxelo nokufumanisa enoba kukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokuzisa izityholo.

Inkqubo yokungakhuthazi iqala ngokuphandwa yiKomiti yeNdlu, ehlola ubungqina nokuva ubungqina obungokuziphatha okubi. Ukuba ikomiti ifumana izizathu zokungakhuthazi, ibhala amanqaku okungagunyazi achaza izityholo ezichaphazelelwe igosa. La manqaku axelelwa kwiNdlu epheleleyo ukuze aqwalaselwe.

Indlu iphikisana ngamanqaku okungagunyaziswa nokuvota kwinqaku ngalinye ngokwahlukeneyo. Ukuba inkoliso yamalungu endlu ivota ukukholisa naliphi na inqaku lokunganyuswa, umphathi-gosa akanyanzeliswa. Ukucetyiswa yiNdlu akulishenxisi igosa eliseofisini; kufana nokumangalelwa kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. IBhunga liqhuba ityala ukugqiba enoba kufuneka livalelwe kusini na lize lisuse umphathi eofisini, nto leyo efuna ukuba livote isibini sesithathu.

Unyulo lukaMongameli

Kwimeko enqabileyo yokuba kungabikho mvoti womongameli ofumana uninzi lweevoti, iNdlu yabameli inyulela uMongameli. Oku kwenzeke kabini kwimbali yaseMerika, ngowe-1800 nangowe-1824, kodwa ilungiselelo lomGaqo-siseko lihlala lihleli njengenkqubo elungeleleneyo.

Xa iNdlu inyulwa nguMongameli, ilandela iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo ezahluke kwindlu yokuvota eqhelekileyo. Abathunywa borhulumente ngamnye bavota enye, enqunywe ngamalungu amaninzi abathunywa. Umba otshati-nxaxheba kufuneka afumane ivoti evela kuninzi lwabathunywa besizwe (ngoku abangama-26 kwabangama-50) ukuze anyulwe. Le nkqubo inika ubunzima obulinganayo kumazwe amakhulu nanamancinane, ngokungafaniyo nekholeji yabanyulwa apho impembelelo yamazwe ilingana khona nabemi bawo.

Imisebenzi yophando lwendlu kunye nophando

Ngeli xesha ukubekwa komthetho kungumsebenzi oyintloko wendlu, ukuvelela kwesebe eliphetheyo nokuphanda ngemicimbi yenkxalabo kawonke-wonke kukwayimbopheleleko enzima. Ngolawulo, iNdlu iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho imiselwe njengeBhunga elicetyiweyo, ukuba amaziko karhulumente asebenze kakuhle nangempumelelo, kwaye amagosa aphetheyo esebe abekelwe ityala ngezenzo zawo.

Iikomiti zendlu ziqhuba iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Zineendlebe apho amagosa emibutho angqina iinkqubo nemisebenzi yawo, echaza indlela asebenzisa ngayo imithetho kunye nemali efanelekileyo. Ezi ndlebe zivumela amalungu ukuba abuze imibuzo, aphakamise amaxhala, aze aqokelele inkcazelo ngemisebenzi karhulumente. Ukuva okugqithisileyo kusenokuba kukuhlolisiswa kweenkqubo eziqhubekayo okanye uphando oluqwalathisiweyo lweengxaki okanye iimpikiswano ezithile.

IiKomiti zikwasebenzisa amandla azo angaphantsi ukuze zinyanzelise ukuveliswa kwamaxwebhu nobungqina. Xa abameli okanye abantu ngabanye bengavumi ukunikela inkcazelo ngokuzithandela, iikomiti zingakhupha oopopona abafuna ukuthotyelwa. Ukungathobeli i-athom yequantpoena kungaphumela ekungcibisweni, okungakhokelela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye kwimicimbi yomthetho.

I-Ofisi yeMali kaRhulumente (GAO) ixhasa ulawulo lombutho-ngqungquthela ngokuqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi kunye nokuvavanywa kweenkqubo zikarhulumente ngesicelo seekomiti okanye amalungu ngamanye. Iingxelo zeGAO zinikela uhlalutyo oluzimeleyo, olungathathi-nxaxheba lwendlela iinkqubo ezisebenza kakuhle ngayo, enoba amaqumrhu ahambisana nemithetho nemimiselo, nendlela oovimba bakarhulumente abasetyenziswa ngayo. Ezi ngxelo zidla ngokuyila isiseko sokuva kwaye zikhokelele kwiinguqu zemithetho.

Ukulawula kufeza iinjongo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kwinkqubo engundoqo karhulumente waseMerika. Kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba amagosa aphezulu esebe afuna ukucacisa nokuthethelela izenzo zawo zokunyulwa koothunywashe. Kukhuthaza impumelelo ngokuchonga inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, nokusetyenziswa kakubi kweenkqubo zikarhulumente. Kuchaza ukumiswa kwemithetho kwixesha elizayo ngokubonisa indlela imithetho ekhoyo esebenza ngayo ekusetyenzweni kwayo kunye nokutshintsha okusenokufuneka. Yaye kunika ukukhanya ngokuzisa imisebenzi karhulumente kwimbono kawonke-wonke wonke.

Indlela Abemi Abanokuyiphembelela Ngayo Imithetho Yasekhaya

Ukuqonda indlela iNdlu eyenza ngayo imithetho akuncedi nje ukuba nolwazi lwaseburhulumenteni kodwa nokuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Ukudibana nommeli wakho yenye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo zokuphembelela ukwenziwa komthetho wendlu. Amalungu eKhomishini anikela ingqalelo kunxibelelwano olukhoyo kuba afuna ukuqonda iimbono kunye nenkxalabo zabantu abameleyo. Iminxeba, ii-imeyili, iileta, kunye neentlanganiso nabameli okanye abasebenzi bawo zinokuba yindlela ezisebenzayo zokuchaza ukuma kwakho kumthetho obekwe phantsi okanye ukuzisa imibango kwingqalelo yommeli wakho.

Xa uqhagamshelana nommeli wakho, ukuthetha ngqo kwaye ngokobuqu kwenza unxibelelwano lwakho lube nempumelelo. Yazi irekhodi obhala ngayo ngokusebenzisa inombolo yayo yemali, chaza indlela imbambano echaphazela ngayo wena okanye ingingqi yakho, kwaye uchaze ngokucacileyo ukuba liliphi inyathelo ofuna ummeli wakho alithathe. Amabali obuqu nemizekelo yasekuhlaleni idla ngokukhuthaza kakhulu kunokuyila oonobumba okanye iingongoma eziqhelekileyo zokuthetha.

Ukungqinelana nokuchongwa kweekomiti kunika elinye ithuba lokuphembelela umthetho. Ngokufuthi iiKomiti zimema amangqina oogqirha nabameli abanolwazi ukuba banikele ubungqina, kodwa zisenokukwamkela ubungqina obuvela kubemi abaqhelekileyo abachatshazelwe ngumthetho ocetyisiweyo.

Ukusebenza nemibutho elawulayo kungakhulisa ilizwi lakho ngokuthelelana nabanye abanoxanduva lwakho. Amaqela anomdla, amaqumrhu orhwebo, imibutho yobugcisa, kunye namaqela okuphatha iinkonzo zobugcisa ajonge umthetho, acwangcise amaphulo engca, kunye namalungu amkela iingingqi zeBhunga ngenxa yamalungu awo okanye iinjongo. Ukuthelela la maqumrhu nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwimigudu yawo yokukhuthaza i-arhente kungenza inxalenye yakho yomculo omkhulu abamele bawuphulaphule.

Ukusebenza kunyulo kuseyeyona ndlela isisiseko abemi abaphembelela ngayo ukubekwa komthetho. Ngokunyula abameli abanemilinganiselo nezinto eziza kuqala ezifana nezakho, unceda ekuboneni ukuba zeziphi iinkalo ezifumana ingqalelo kunye noko kufunwa yiNkqutyana esondelayo ukuze ithethe nabo. Unyulo oluphambili lubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yokuba bagqiba ukuba ngoobaphi abaza kungena kunyulo jikelele, benika impembelelo yabavoti kwiinketho ezikhoyo.

Ukuhlala usazi ngenkqubela-phambili yowiso-mthetho kukunceda ukuba uthathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kule nkqubo. Indlu yabameli igcina izinto ezininzi ze-intanethi ku www.house.gov, apho ungafumana khona ulwazi malunga nommeli wekomiti yakho, ukuva nenkqubo yomgangatho, kunye nokufikelela kwizinto zokufundisa ngendlela ingqungquthela esebenza ngayo. Ithala leencwadi le Congresssworrence lisebenza [..conforforn.[[[FLT:], olunika ulwazi olubanzi malunga neemvoko, iingxelo zovolo, iirekhodi, imisebenzi yokuvoca, kunye nenkqubo ye-grognog.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhelekileyo Kwinkqubo Yokwenza Imithetho Yasekhaya

Ngelixesha iinkqubo zokwenza umthetho kwindlu zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuqwalaselwa okucokisekileyo komthetho nokuthatha inxaxheba ekusebenzeni kwesigqibo, le nkqubo ijongene neengxaki eziphindaphindiweyo ezinokuthi zithintele ulawulo olusebenzayo kwaye ziphazamise amalungu kunye nabemi.

Ukuhla kwemimandla engaphandle komhlaba kuye kwakhula kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, kwenza intsebenziswano ye-bipartisan ibe nzima kakhulu kwaye kucutha inani lamatyala angatsala inkxaso kuwo omabini amaqela. Xa amaqela ahlukene ngokunzulu kwimibuzo esisiseko, ukufumana indawo efanayo kuba lucelomngeni. Oku kuthatyathwa-jiya kunokubangela ukuba imigca enqamlezekile, apho imicimbi ebalulekileyo ingangeni ndawo kuba akukho mntu unokuqokelela inkxaso eyaneleyo yendlela athanda ngayo.

Ubuninzi bomthetho osungulwe yiBhunga ngalinye benza kube nzima ukuba iNdlu iqwalasele yonke ityala. Amawakawaka eendleko aziswa kwiNkomfa nganye yeminyaka emibini, kodwa liqhekeza elincinane kuphela elifumana ukuchotshelwa kweekomiti, kwaye limbalwa kakhulu elifikelela kumgangatho weNdlu ukwenzela ukuvota. Oku kuthetha ukuba iingcamango ezininzi, kwanezilungileyo, zingaze ziqwalaselwe nzulu ngenxa nje yexesha kunye nezibonelelo.

Ukuntsonkotha kwemingeni yale nkqubo kufuneka amalungu enze izigqibo malunga nemibandela yobugcisa ephezulu kwiindawo apho besenokungabi nabuchule khona. Umthetho othetha ngobuchule bempilo, umgaqo wemali, ukhuseleko lwezentlalo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nezinye izinto ezintsonkothileyo ufuna ukuqonda iinkcukacha zobugcisa ezintsonkothileyo nokuxela kwangaphambili indlela imigaqo eya kusebenza ngayo. Amalungu kufuneka axhomekeke kwisebe, kubungqina obunobuchule, nakumalungu angaphandle kolawulo olunobuntsonkothile, nto leyo enokuthi ibangele amathuba okulungisa ngokukhethekileyo ukuyila umthetho ngendlela efeza iinjongo ezimgangatho kunezo ezilungileyo zikawonke wonke.

Impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika inyusa inkxalabo yokuba ukwenza umthetho kumela ngokufanelekileyo izilangazelelo zabemi abaqhelekileyo okanye ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto ivumela abanikeli abazizityebi kunye namaqela enzala ezeleyo. Iminikelo yeCandelo, iinkcitho, kunye nocango olujikelezayo phakathi kwenkonzo karhulumente kunye nomsebenzi wobucala lungadala ulwalamano kunye nezikhuthazo ezingenakuhambelana nomdla kawonke-wonke.

Iingcinezelo zexesha zidla ngokunyanzela iNdlu ukuba isebenze ngokukhawuleza kumthetho ngaphandle kokucingisisa ukuba inkqubo yenzelwe ukunikezela. Ukusetyenziswa kweminxeba efileyo, njengokudlula iindleko zokuvala izithuba zikarhulumente okanye ukunyusa isilingi ukunqanda ukungagqibeki, kungaphumela kwizigqibo zephupha, uhlolo olungelulo, kunye namalungiselelo angenakusinda kwintlawulo yocoselelo.

Ukuqalisa Kwemithetho Yasendlwini

Iinkqubo zokwenza imithetho yendlu ziye zaguquka ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwiNgqungquthela yokuqala yadibana ngo1789. Ngelixesha isiseko somGaqo-siseko singekaguquki, iNdlu ivelise imithetho entsonkothileyo kunye nezenzo zokulawula umsebenzi wayo ngokunempumelelo kunye nokuqhelanisa nokutshintsha kweemeko zobupolitika.

KwiiBhunga zokuqala, iNdlu yayincinane ngokwaneleyo ukuba iinkqubo ezingacwangciswanga zanele iinjongo ezininzi. Njengoko iNdlu yayikhula kwaye umthamo womthetho usanda, iinkqubo ezisesikweni ezininzi zaya zifuneka. Inkqubo yeekomiti ezimileyo yaphuhliswa ngokuthe ngcembe, kunye neekomiti ezimileyo zaba zizithuthi eziphambili zokuqwalasela umthetho phakathi kwenkulungwane ye1919. IKomiti yeMimiselo yavela njengegunya elinamandla ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, ifumana igunya lokulawula ukuqhubekeka komthetho ukuya kumgangatho weNdlu.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kwabonwa utshintsho olubalulekileyo olujolise ekunciphiseni amandla oSomlomo nezihlalo zekomiti kunye nokusasaza igunya eliphangaleleyo phakathi kwamalungu. Ukuvukela uSpeaker Joseph Canon ngo1910 kwasusa uMthethi wamandla okumisela amalungu ekomiti kunye nokubeka isitulo seKomiti yeMimiselo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba iNdlu ibe nedemokhrasi engakumbi kodwa ikwanzima ngakumbi ukuphatha.

Ii1970 zazisa elinye igalelo leenguqu ezavula inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ukuze ihlolwe kakhulu, yanciphisa amandla ezihlalo zeekomiti, yaza yagunyazisa izibonda ezincinci kunye namalungu ngamanye. Olu tshintsho lwaluquka iimfuno zeentlanganiso zekomiti ezivulekileyo, iivoti ezirekhodiweyo ekulungisweni, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota ze-elektroniki ezenza kube lula ukuqhuba amavoti arekhodiweyo.

Iinguqu zakutshanje ziquke ukusetyenziswa okunyusiweyo kwemithetho ecwangcisiweyo nevaliweyo elinganisela ukusetyenziswa okuthe rhoqo kokuzinziswa kwemithetho engekho mthethweni, kunye nokuphuhliswa koqheliso olungacwangciswanga olufana "nezigqibo zokuzibopha" ezivumela iNdlu ukuba iqhubeke ngokungathi ingenziwe ngaphandle kokuvotelwa. Ezi zimposiso zentelekelelo zibonisa imigudu eqhubekayo yokulungelelanisa usukelo olukhuphisanayo: ukuqinisekisa ngokucokisekileyo ngexesha ukuphumeza umthetho ngokunempumelelo, ukukhusela amalungelo amancinci ngexa uvumela inkoliso ukuba ilawule, kunye nokugcina ucwangco lohlobo oluqinileyo xa ivumela ukusetyenziswa.

Iindima Eziphambili Nokhokelo Ekwenzeni Imithetho Yasekhaya

Ukuqonda ezi ndima kunceda kucacise indlela elungelelaniswa ngayo umsebenzi wendlu kuze kwenziwe ngayo izigqibo.

Umthethi Wendlu

UmLawuli weNdlu ngumphathi-mikhosi owongamelayo nelona lungu linamandla kwiNdlu. Libonakaliswe yiNdlu epheleleyo ekuqaleni kweBhunga ngalinye, iSpeaker ingumphathi weqela elikhulu. Amandla oSithethi aquka ukwamkela amalungu ukuba athethe, alawule kwiincam zocwangco, abhekisa iirhafu kwiikomiti, kwaye amisela amalungu kwiikomiti zengqungquthela kunye neekomiti ezikhethiweyo. Ngaphandle koko, uSomlomo usebenza njengentloko yeqela, ummeli, umphathi-mikhosi, inkokeli yemithetho, esebenza ukuhambisela phambili izicwangciso zeqela kunye nomanyano lweqela.

Iinkokeli Ezikhulu Neenkokeli Ezincinane

Inkokeli enkulu isebenza njengesekela eliyintloko leNdlu yoLawulo, ilawula ucwangciso lwendlu lomthetho kwaye isebenzela ukwakha inkxaso kwizinto eziza kuqala zombutho omkhulu. Inkokeli enkulu iququzelela izihlalo zekomiti, ibala amavoti, kwaye inceda ekuphuhliseni ucwangciso lwemithetho. Inkokeli encinane isebenza njengomphathi-ntetho weqela elichasayo nomphathi-mikhosi ophambili weqela, esebenza ukuqhubela phambili imixholo yabambalwa, ichasa izindululo ezininzi ezichasayo, kwaye ibeka iqela lonyulo lwexesha elizayo.

Ukhokelo lweqela

Omabini amaqela aneentlanganiso ezijongene nobalo lweevoti, ukunyanzela amalungu ukuba axhase indawo yeqela, nokuqinisekisa ukuba amalungu akhoyo kwivoti ezibalulekileyo. Uninzi kunye neqela elincinane lesabhokhwe elikhokelayo lamaqela eentshatsheli kunye nesabhokhwe ezincedisayo ezigcina unxibelelwano namaqela, ziqokelela ubulumko malunga neesikhundla zamalungu, kwaye zisebenzela ukwakha imibutho exhasa okanye ephikisa umthetho.

Abahlali beKomiti namalungu ahambayo

Izihlalo zekomiti zinegunya elibalulekileyo kumthetho okwimithetho yeekomiti zazo. Zimisela izicwangciso zeekomiti, zigqibe ukuba ngawaphi amatyala afumana ukuva, abasebenzi beekomiti kunye noovimba, kwaye zisebenza njengabameli abakhulu beekomiti zazo. Ilungu eliphambili elincinane lisebenza njengenkokeli yeqela elichasayo kwikomiti nganye, lisebenzela ukuphuhlisa izinto eziza kuqala kwiikomiti zabo, libonelela nangezinye iindlela ezinokukhethwa kumthetho.

Ukuqonda Iindidi Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zomthetho

Le ndlu iqwalasela iintlobo eziliqela ezahlukeneyo zemilinganiselo yowiso - mthetho, nganye iphumeza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo yaye ilandela imigaqo eyahlukileyo.

izijungqu ziluhlobo oluqhelekileyo lomthetho kwaye zisetyenziswa ukwenza imithetho emitsha okanye ukuphelisa ekhoyo. Amatyala endlu atyunjwe nge "H.R." alandelwe linani. IiBhili zingathetha phantse nawuphi na umba kwigunya lomgaqo-siseko weBhunga, ukusuka kwimicimbi yobugcisa ukuya kutshintsho olubanzi. Ukuba umthetho umiselwe, uba ngumthetho kawonke-wonke kwaye wabelwa inani lomthetho kawonke wonke elibonisa iBhunga elidlule kulo nenani lawo elibalulekileyo.

Izisombululo ze-emet ziyafana nezivovo kwaye zinamandla omthetho xa ziwiswa. Zityunjwe njenge "H.J.Res" kwaye zisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezithile ezifana nokulungisa umgaqo-siseko, ukunika amandla ongxamiseko, okanye ukuphendula imicimbi elinganiselweyo. Ukupheliswa komGaqo-siseko kufuna iivoti ezimbini-imitha ezimbini kumagumbi omabini kunye nokwenziwa kwazo ngezahlulo ezintathu zezine zezindlu zolawulo zikarhulumente, kunokuba kusetyenziswe utyikityo lwe-presidenti.

[[NTLT:0] Izisombululo zangoku zityunjwe ngokuthi "H.Con.Res" kwaye zisetyenziswa kwimicimbi echaphazela omabini amagumbi kodwa azifuni mandla omthetho. Abayi kuMongameli ukuze batyikitye. Izigqibo zoqingqo-mali, ezimisela amaxhoba okusetyenziswa kwemali kunye nengeniso yoqingqo-mali lwezwelo lwezwelonke, zizigqibo ezihambelanayo. Zimisela inkqubo yemimiselo yemimiselo elandelayo yemimiselo kunye nomthetho werhafu kodwa zona ngokwazo azibi ngumthetho.

Izigqibo ezilula zityunjwe ngokuthi "H.Res" kwaye zibhekisa kwimicimbi ephathelele kuphela iNdlu. Zisetyenziselwa ukwamkela okanye ukubuyisela imithetho yeNdlu, ukwenza iikomiti ezikhethiweyo, ukuchaza uluvo lwendlu kwimicimbi, nokuphatha ishishini lendlu yangaphakathi. Izigqibo ezilula aziyi kwiBhunga okanye kuMongameli.

Impembelelo Yobugcisa Ekwenzeni Izindlu

Ubugcisa buye batshintsha indlela eqhuba ngayo indlu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ikwazi ukuvelisa izinto ezicace ngakumbi nokukwazi ukufikelela kuyo ngoxa kuvela iingxaki namathuba amatsha.

Inkqubo yokuvota ngombane, eyaziswa kwii-1970, ivumela iNdlu ukuba iqhube amavoti arekhodiweyo ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo. Amalungu afaka amakhadi okuvota kwizitishi kulo lonke igumbi kunye namaqhosha okucinezela ukuze avote, neziphumo eziboniswa kwiibhodi ezibonwa kuwo onke amalungu kwaye ziqokelelwe ngombane. Le nkqubo yenza kube luncedo ukuqhuba iivoti ezininzi ezibhaliweyo, ukwandisa ukuphendula ngokuziphendulela nokubonakala kwelinye icala.

I-intanethi iphucule ngokuphawulekayo ukufikelela koluntu kwinkcazelo ephathelele imisebenzi yeNdlu. Abahlali bangabukela ukuchotshelwa kwekomiti nokuxoxwa kwevidiyo, bafunde imibhalo yemali neengxelo zekomiti, bahlole inkqubela yomthetho, bahlole iingxelo zokuvota zamalungu. Oku kuvumela ukuqwalaselwa koluntu nokuthatha inxaxheba kumthetho-siseko.

Amacebo onxibelelwano amanani atshintshile indlela asebenzisana ngayo namalungu kunye nomnye. I-imeyile, i-media yentlalo, kunye nevidiyo zibangela ukuba kubekho unxibelelwano olukhawulezileyo nolukhawulezileyo kunaleyo yayikho ngaphambili. Amalungu angalinganisa uluvo olukhawulezileyo, aphendule ngokukhawuleza kwinkxalabo ngexesha lokwenene, kwaye akhe inkxaso yomthetho ngokuphuma kwamanani. Noko ke, umthamo wothungelwano lwamanani unokuba namandla, kwaye isantya sezixhobo zekhompyutha singenza uxinzelelo olukhawulezileyo ukuze kungenelwe ngokukhawuleza oko kusenokungavumeli ukucocelwano ngocoselelo.

Ukwenziwa komthetho kunye nophando luye lwaphuculwa ngezixhobo zemivo ezivumela abasebenzi ukuba bakhangele imithetho ekhoyo, bahlalutye ulwimi lwemithetho, baze babonise iziphumo ezinokubakho zemigaqo-nkqubo ecetywayo. IiDatabase zemimiselo, imimiselo, nezigqibo zenkundla zenza kube lula ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho omtsha uyavisisana nomthetho okhoyo nokuchonga amalungiselelo asenokufuna ukulungiswa.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kokuqonda Ukwenziwa Kwemithetho Yasekhaya

Indlu yokwenziwa komthetho kwabameli intsonkothile, ibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi ohlolo, ingxoxo, kunye nokwenza izigqibo. Ukusuka ekuqaliseni kwetyala ngokuqwalasela ikomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, ukuvota, kunye nokusebenzisana neBhunga kunye noMongameli, inyathelo ngalinye lifeza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba umthetho ufumana uhlolo olucokisekileyo kwaye libonakalisa ukuthanda kwabameli abanyuliweyo babantu.

Ukuqonda indlela iNdlu eyenza ngayo imithetho kubalulekile ukuze abe ngummi onolwazi nokuze babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yolawulo-demokhrasi. Xa abemi beyiqonda inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, banokuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kubameli babo, baxhase imigaqo-siseko abayixhasayo, baze bagcine amagosa anyuliweyo ephendulwe ngezigqibo zabo. Olu lwazi lunika abantu amandla okuthabatha inxaxheba ngokungakhathali ekulungiseni imithetho elawula ubomi babo.

Iinkqubo zokwenza imithetho yendlu zibonisa amaxabiso asisiseko edemokhrasi: umelo, uphando, ukubonakala, nokuziphendulela. Ngoxa inkqubo ijongene neengxaki zokusuka kwicandelo elihlukeneyo, impembelelo ekhethekileyo, kunye nokuntsonkotha kwemiba yenkqubo yanamhlanje, ihlala iyinkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuguqulela iimbono nezilangazelelo zabantu baseMerika kwinkqubo yesizwe.

Njengokuba ujongo lwezopolitiko luqhubeka luguquka kwaye kuvela imingeni emitsha, inkqubo yokwenza umthetho kwindlu iza kuqhubeka isenza ulungelelwaniso. Ubugcisa buza kudala amathuba amatsha okubonisa nokuthatha inxaxheba. Utshintsho lobomi luza kuzisa iimbono ezintsha kunye nezinto eziphambili kucwangciso lwemithetho yowiso-mthetho. Imingeniselo yehlabathi iza kufuna iimpendulo ezintsha. Kuzo zonke ezi nguqulelo, isiseko somGaqo-siseko siza kuqhubeka sikhokela indlela iNdluko yabameli ebumba ngayo imithetho ebumba ibutho labantu baseMelika.

Kubemi abazinikele ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi, ukufunda ngenkqubo yokwenza umthetho weNdlu asiyonto nje yemfundo kodwa yinto eyimfuneko esebenzisekayo. Inika ulwazi olufunekayo ukuze kusetyenziswe inkqubo yezobupolitika, izigqibo zempembelelo, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela kubantu abawusebenzisayo. Kwidemokhrasi, ubuchule nobutshati bunguvavanyo olupheleleyo kumandla karhulumente kunye nesiqinisekiso sokuba imithetho iya kunceda uluntu.