Table of Contents
IBhunga laseUnited States limi njengenye yezona zinhlangano zinamandla zowiso-mthetho ehlabathini, ibumba imithetho nemigaqo echaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika. Ukusuka kwiirhafu ozihlawulayo ukuya kwinkathalo yempilo oyifumanayo, kwiindlela ohamba ngazo ukuya kumanyathelo okhuseleko esizwe akukhuselayo, iBhunga linendima ephambili ekugqibeni indlela esebenza ngayo uhlanga lwethu. Ukuqonda indlela iBhunga elisebenza ngayo akuyo nje inkqubo yemfundo yemfundo.
Lo khokelo lunentsingiselo luza kukuhambisa kwindlela ekhiwe ngayo, inkqubo nentsingiselo yeNgqungquthela, lukunike ulwazi olufunayo ukuze uluqonde uze ube nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMerika ngokunempumelelo.
Isiseko somGaqo-siseko seBhunga
Inqaku I lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. linika onke amagunya owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga lowiso-mthetho: iNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNtsimbi ebangelwa "Ukulalanisa Okukhulu" efuna ukulungelelanisa iziphumo zemisebenzi emikhulu ephambili kunye nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente. Le njongo ingundoqo ibonisa ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo kwabaphathi besakhiwo ngendlela yokuyila iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho eliza kumela abantu ngokuthe ngqo namazwe njengamalungu anegunya.
Abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko babesazi ukuba kubalulekile ukukhusela amaphondo amancinane e-Manyano esanda kusekwa ukuze angagqunywa ngabantu abangoontanga babo abaninzi. Babenethemba lokuba ngokwahlula-hlula amandla owiso-mthetho phakathi kwezindlu ezimbini, babeza kuqinisekisa ukuba abami bazo zonke iindawo bayafana. KwiConnecticut Connecticut, abameli abasuka eConnecticut bacebisa ukuba izihlalo kwindlu zabelwe abemi, ngelixa izihlalo kwindlu yeBharhanethi zibekwa kabini.
Esi sakhiwo se-badamaral sifeza iinjongo ezininzi ngaphaya kokulungelelanisa nje kobume kunye nezilangazelelo zabemi. Sidala inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelana ngaphakathi kwisebe lowiso-mthetho ngokwalo, ifuna ukungqinelana okubanzi ukuze kudlule umthetho. Sikwanika iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwimicimbi yezomthetho, neNdlu yenzelwe ukuba iphendule ngakumbi kwiimvakalelo ezikhawulezileyo zikawonke-wonke kunye neBhunga elilungiselelwe ukulungiselela ukuqwalasela okungakumbi, ukuqwalaselwa komthetho kangangexesha elide.
Isiseko Sengqungquthela: Iicandelo Ezimbini, Iindima Ezahlukileyo
Indlu Yabameli: Ikomkhulu Labantu
Inani labameli bokuvota eNdlu limiswe ngumthetho ngaphaya kwama- 435, ngokulinganayo emela abemi bamazwe angama-50. Olu melo lusekelwe kubemi babemi luthetha ukuba kukho abameli abaninzi, ngoxa amaphondo amancinane anabameli abambalwa. Urhulumente ngamnye unomlinganiselo omncinane wommeli omnye kwiBhunga.
Inkqubo yethu ngoku inikezela ngexesha leminyaka emibini leofisi yamalungu eNdlu ukusuka kwimimandla engama-455 esekelwe kubemi. La mabinzana mafutshane ayenzelwe ngabom ukugcina abameli abanxulumene ngokusondeleyo nezixhobo zabo. Kufuneka basebenze rhoqo kwaye bamele abantu abambalwa. Oku kusoloko kubhekiselwa kumavoti kwenza iNdlu ikwazi ukutshintsha uluvo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nemicimbi yangoku.
Ukunyulwa, ummeli kufuneka abe neminyaka engama-25 ubuncinane, ummi wase-United States ubuncinane iminyaka esixhenxe kunye nommi weli lizwe alimelayo. Ezi mfuneko zithoba ngokwentelekiso zibonisa injongo yomseki yokuba iNdlu mayifikeleleke kumaqela abanzi abemi kwaye inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nabantu.
Ngaphaya kwamalungu angama-435 ovota, kukho iindwendwe ezintlanu ezimele iSithili saseColumbia, iziQithi eziNcasawu, iGuam, iSamoa yaseMerika, kunye neCommonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Umkhomishinala ohlala khona umela iPuerto Rico. Ngoxa aba bathunywa benokuthatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi wekomiti neengxoxo zomgangatho, abanakuvota xa indlu iphelele isekho.
ICandelo: Umzimba Onenkululeko
IBhunga leNdlela lithatha indlela eyahlukileyo yokumela. IBhunga leNdlu yeMali limele amatyala alinganayo, anee-senator ezimbini kwiphondo ngalinye. Oku kuthetha ukuba iWyom, enabemi abangaphantsi kwama-60 000, linani elifanayo le-iquators njengeKhalifoniya, enabemi abaphantse babe zizigidi ezingama-40. Oku kumelekisa ukuba amaphondo amancinane agcine impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.
KwiCathen, abavoti besizwe ngasinye abanyuli ababini bamaSenator, abasebenzisa amagama aneminyaka emithandathu adibanisa (ngokunjalo igumbi elinye lesithathu legumbi liphezulu ukuze linyulwe nakwewuphi umjikelo wonyulo). Le nkqubo yonyulo echukumisekayo yenza oko kwaziwa ngokuba "liqela elizinzileyo," ithetha ukuba iCantenel ayize ijike ngokupheleleyo kwangoko. Esi sakhiwo sikhuthaza ukuzinza kombutho kwaye sivumela ukuphuhlisa ubuchule nolwalamano olude.
I-Senator kufuneka ibe neminyaka engama-30 ubuncinane ubudala, ibe ngummi wase-United States kangangeminyaka esithoba, kwaye, xa inyulwa, ibe ngummi welizwe apho iSicaka sinyulwa khona. Igama leofisi yiminyaka emithandathu nesithathu samalungu eBhunga linyulwa nyaka ngamnye. Imfuno ephezulu kunye nemfuno yokuba ngummi wesizwe engakumbi ibonisa umbono wabaseki beBhunga njengelungu elinamava, elinobukhomzeli.
Umahluko Oyintloko Kwindlela Amaziko Asebenza Ngayo
Ngenxa yokuba igumbi ngalinye linegunya elingokomGaqo-siseko lokwenza imithetho yalo, iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu iye yavelisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungiselela umthetho, mhlawumbi ziqukuqela ngokwenxalenye ukusuka kwiimvisiso zayo zomGaqo-siseko. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imithetho nezenzo zendlu zivumela uninzi lwamanani ukuba luqhube umthetho ngokukhawuleza. Imithetho nenkqubo yeNdlu yeeNdlela, kwelinye icala, ixhasa ukuqwalaselwa kwesenzo esikhawulezileyo, njengoko zinika abacuphisi ngeenjongo ezibalulekileyo.
Kwindlu, uSomlomo usebenzisa amandla amakhulu kucwangciso lomthetho. USithethi uphethe ikhalenda (okona kuthethwa ngeendleko kwaye xa kusenzeka) kwaye uphembelela iKomiti yeMimiselo yeNdlu ekugqibeni umthetho omele uqwalaselwe. Olu lawulo lusembindini luvumela iqela elininzi ukuba liqhubele phambili kakuhle.
IBhunga leNtlanganiso lisebenza ngokwahlukileyo. KwiBhunga leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, iinkokeli ezininzi kunye nabambalwa badla ngokusebenza kunye ekudibaneni nabo bonke amalungu ukumisela ucwangciso. Abaququzeleli ngabanye banamandla angakumbi okuphembelela imicimbi, kuquka ukukwazi ukumisela umthetho we-filibuster okanye ukubeka indawo ebambe izithuba.
Amandla Abalaseleyo: Oko Igumbi Ngalinye Likwenza Lilodwa
Amandla endlu kuphela
Yindlu kuphela enokuthi ivelise umthetho wengeniso, kwaye kuphela yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso eziqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ezivumelayo. Eli gunya lingaphezu kweendleko zengeniso, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba "ulawulo lwemali ephumayo," linika iNdlu impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwimithetho yemali. Zonke iindleko ezinxulumene nerhafu kufuneka ziqale eNdlu, nangona iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNqamlo zinokucebisa ukuhlaziywa.
Indlu inamandla okutyhola (ngokusesikweni) ngeli xesha iBhunga lizama ukugweba. Ngokusisiseko ukucelw ’ ityala ```Indlu' imisela ukuba kukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokuzisa izityholo kwigosa lesizwe. Ukuba iNdlu ivota ukugatya, lo mbandela ubhekisa kwiNdlu yeeNdlu zeNtlanganiso ukuvavanywa.
Indlu ikwanento enqabileyo esetyenziswa kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu kunyulo lomongameli. Ukuba akukho sigqibo kwiElectoral College, i House kufuneka ikhethe uMongameli. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, abathunywa borhulumente ngamnye ufumana ivoti enye, kungakhathaliseki ubungakanani borhulumente.
Amagunya eCantenal kuphela
IBhunga linegunya elipheleleyo lokuqhuba amatyala okungavumelani, ngokuyintloko esebenza njengejaji kunye nejaji. Uninzi lwesithathu lufuneka ukuvalela nokususa umphathi eofisini, ukwenza ukususwa komvalo ophezulu ukucacisa.
UMgaqo-siseko unika iNdlu yeeNtsimbi zoMgaqo-siseko amandla okuvuma, ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu, izivumelwano ezenziwe lisebe eliphetheyo. INdlu yeeNtsimi irhoxisile ngokwentelekiso engamakhulu ezivumelwano eziye zaqwalaselwa, nangona ezininzi zifile kwikomiti okanye zikhutshwe ngumongameli. Eli gunya linika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwimithetho-siseko sangaphandle.
UmGaqo-siseko unika umongameli "uya kugatya, kwaye ngeSiluleko kunye neSivumelo seNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, uza kumisela amaGaqo-mvane, abanye abaPhathiswa noorhulumente, abaBagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye nabo bonke abanye abaphathi beUnited States." iNdlu yeeNtlangatha ibisoloko isoloko iwalinda amandla ayo okuhlola nokuvumela okanye ukugatya abamiselwe ngumongameli kwizithuba zolawulo lwesebe.
Indlela Ibhiliyo Eba Ngumthetho Ngayo: Inkqubo Yomthetho
Ukwazisa nokugqithisa
Imithetho iqala njengeengcamango. Okokuqala, ummeli uxhasa umthetho. Naliphi na ilungu leKhomishini lingamisela umthetho, nangona inkqubo yahlukile kancinci phakathi kwamagumbi. IiBhili ezifakwe kwindlu zabelwa i "H.R" inani kunye neendleko ezivezwe kwiNdlu yeNtlanganiso zinikwe inani le-"S".
Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe, kudla ngokubakho umsebenzi omkhulu emva kwemeko. Emva kweengxoxo ezinzulu nomnini-ndlu okanye ummeli kunye nabasebenzi babo, kulungiselelwa umthetho osemthethweni wokuchaza. Oku kulungiselelwa kudla ngokubandakanya ukunxibelelana neingcali, amaqela enzala, amaqela, abaququzeleli, nabanye abangenisi-mali.
Impinda YeKomiti: Apho Kusenzeka Owona Msebenzi Uninzi
Mhlawumbi eyona nxalenye ibalulekileyo yenkqubo yowiso-mthetho sisenzo seekomiti. Iikomiti zinikela ulwazelelelo olunzulu kumlinganiselo ocetyiweyo kwakunye nefolom apho uluntu lunikwa ithuba lokuva. Xa luthe lwaziswa, ityala linikwa ikomiti yokufundisisa.
Kukho iikomiti ezingama-20 ngoku ezimileyo kwiNdlu, kunye nezili-16 kwiBhunga leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kunye neekomiti eziliqela ezikhethiweyo. Ukongeza, kukho iikomiti ezine ezizimeleyo ezinamaqumrhu amabini ezi Houses, ezineembopheleleko zokongamela kodwa kungekho gunya lowiso-mthetho. Ikomiti nganye inegunya kwimiba ethile yezolimo, njengemiba yezomkhosi, okanye iikomiti zejaji.
Zonke iikomiti zihleli kunye nelungu leqela elininzi, nangona izihlalo zisebenza ngokusondeleyo nelungu eliphezulu lekomiti, elona lungu likhulu leqela elincinane kwikomiti. Phantse kuzo zonke iimeko, umlinganiselo weqela elininzi kumalungu amaqela amancinane kwikomiti ngokunjalo ubonisa umlinganiselo weqela elingumququzeleli kwigumbi lengqungquthela.
Iikomiti zineenketho ezininzi xa zihlola ityala. Zingathumela ityala lomthetho kwimigangatho ngaphandle kotshintsho, zingenza utshintsho zize ziwuthumele kwakhona, okanye zithenge ityala (ngomnye amagama, azinanto yenzayo kwaye ityala alife ngokunempumelelo kwintlanganiso. Asizizo zonke iindleko eziveliswe kwiKonsole ezivotelwa ngawo onke amalungu eBhunga. Amatyala amaninzi afumana kuphela kwiqonga lekomiti.
IiKomiti eziphanda nokuhlolisisa le mali zisenokubiza iingcali ukuba zinikele ubungqina ekuchotshelweni kwetyala phambi kwekomiti. Ezi ntlanganiso zisebenza iinjongo ezininzi: ukuqokelela inkcazelo, ukwakha ingxelo kawonke wonke, nokuvumela abaxhasi abahlukahlukeneyo ukuba bachaze imbono yabo.
Ulwazelelelo noqeqesho
Ukuba ikhutshwe yikomiti, ityala libekwa kwikhalenda ukuba livotelwe, liphikiswe okanye lilungiswe. Ukuba ityala lidlula ngobuninzi obulula (218 of 435), ityala lidlulela kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Inkqubo yengxoxo yomgangatho yahluke kakhulu phakathi kwamagumbi, neNdlu isebenza phantsi kwemida yexesha elingqongqo kwaye iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ivumela ukuba kuqhutywe impikiswano ebanzi.
Ukuba ityala lidluliswa lisebe elinye leBhunga, ngoko lidlulela kwelinye isebe leBhunga. IBhili isebenza kwakhona kule nkqubo ingasentla kwisebe lesibini leNgqungquthela. Ebudeni bayo yonke inkqubo idityanisiwe kwaye kwenziwa utshintsho kwityala elisekomitini nakumgangatho weBhunga neNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu.
Ukucombulula Iimvo Phakathi Kwamacandelo
Ukumiswa komthetho kusoloko kufuna ukuba omabini amagumbi avumelane kwisivumelwano esifanayo phambi kokuba asinike uMongameli. Xa iNdlu neNdlu yeNdlu yeMasa, umahluko kufuneka uconjululwe. Oku kusoloko kwenzeka ngekomiti yengqungquthela, apho amalungu asuka kuzo zombini iigumbi anxibelelana nguqulelo elalanisayo.
Isenzo soMongameli
Ukuba ityala lidluliselwe kwiBhunga leNdlu yeMali nakwiNdlu, liya kuMongameli. Ukuba uMongameli usayine irejista, iba ngumthetho. Inokuba ngumthetho kwakhona ukuba uMongameli akawutyikityi iintsuku ezilishumi. Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha uxwebhu, lubuyela kwiBhunga.
Ukuba umongameli akavumi (ii-vetoes) lo mthetho, unokuba ngumthetho ukuba ii-2-3 zeCathenal kunye nee-3 ezimbini zendlu ngoko zivote ngokuxhasa lo mthetho. Oku kuphambuka kunzima ukufikelela, kufuna inkxaso enkulu ye-bipartisan. Kuba ingaqhelekanga ukuba umthetho ubekwe phezu komongameli, iBhunga-ngqungquthela imele ihlalise isikhundla somongameli kwimigaqo ecetyisiweyo.
Inyaniso: Kuyacaca Ukuba Ziyahamba Ngendlela Efanelekileyo
Inkqubo yokuba ityala libe ngumthetho inqabile ukuqikelelwa yaye isenokuhluka-hluka ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kwimali ukuya kwenye. Enyanisweni, kwiindleko ezininzi, le nkqubo ayizukulandela ukulandelana kwamaqondo okuqulunqwa okudla ngokuqondwa njengenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ezinye iindleko zihamba ngokukhawuleza kuzo zombini iigumbi ngenkxaso ebanzi, ngoxa ezinye zityhafile kwikomiti kangangeminyaka. Umthetho omkhulu usoloko ubandakanya ukuxoxa okuntsonkothileyo, ukulungisa, kunye nokulungisa imigaqo enokuthi ithathe iinyanga okanye iminyaka ukugqiba.
Indima Yeekomiti Kwingqungquthela
IiKomiti zidla ngokuchazwa njengeeofisi ezisebenzayo zeBhunga, yaye ngesizathu esifanelekileyo. Amalungu eKomiti kunye nabasebenzi bagxininisa ixesha labo elininzi ekuqulunqeni nasekuqwalaseleni izicelo zowiso-mthetho, kodwa iikomiti ziyabandakanyeka kweminye imisebenzi, kwanenkqubo yeekomiti ivumela iBhunga ukuba lahlule umsebenzi walo omkhulu ube ngamacandelo anokulawulwa, namalungu aphuhlisa ubuchule kwimimandla ethile yemigaqo.
Iindidi zeeKomiti
IBhunga lenziwe ngeekomiti ezimileyo neekomiti ezikhethiweyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iikomiti ezimileyo zinamandla okuvelisa umthetho kwiindawo zazo ezithile zolawulo, njengokubhala irhafu okanye ukuququzelela. Iikomiti zokukhetha, njengeKomiti ekhethekileyo yokwaluphala, zikho ngokuyintloko kwindalo.
Iikomiti ezininzi ziye zanika amakomiti amagunya azimeleyo imibandela ethile, asebenza ukuhlolisisa imbambano nganye aze ekugqibeleni anconyele ikomiti yawo yomzali (okanye ikomiti epheleleyo, njengoko ibizwa njalo ngamanye amaxesha). Oku kuqwalaselwa okubhekele phaya kuvumela uhlolo oluthe lwanenkcukacha ezingakumbi kwimibandela entsonkothileyo.
Iimbopheleleko zolawulo zeKomiti
Ngapha koko kugunyaziswa, iikomiti zinendima ebalulekileyo yokuvelela. Xa kumiselwe umthetho, iBhunga linelungelo nembopheleleko yokulungiselela ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo, kwaye iikomiti zalo zikhokela kulo mgudu. Zombini iikomiti zinika iikomiti zazo amandla abalulekileyo nomgangatho wokuvelela nokuphanda kwiimibuzo yemigaqo kawonke-wonke kunye neziphumo zayo.
IBhunga liye lenza uphando lwe-asethi elawulayo kwisebe, kwaye kwezinye iindawo kwibutho lamaMerika (ngo-1892). Imfuneko yokuphanda ngequmrhu lombutho isesona siciko sibalulekileyo ekuthinteleni urhulumente nokufundisa uluntu. Ngokuva, uphando, neengxelo, iikomiti zihlola indlela amaziko asekuhlaleni asebenza ngayo imithetho nokuhlawula irhafu.
Impembelelo Yokhokelo Lweqela
Isenzo sombutho sicwangciswe kwaye siququzelelwa ziinkokeli zeqela kwigumbi ngalinye, ezikhethwe ngamalungu ecaucus yazo. Ezi nkokeli zidlala iindima ezibalulekileyo ekumiseleni imigaqo-siseko, ucwangciso, kunye nokwakha imibutho yokuphumeza umthetho.
Kwindlu, uSomlomo yeyona ndawo inamandla. USithethi unyulwa yiNdlu epheleleyo kodwa udla ngokuba yinkokeli yoninzi lweqela. Ezinye iindawo ezingundoqo zokhokelo ziquka iNkokeli yeMajority, iNkokeli eMncinci, kunye neqela lesabhokhwe elinceda ubale iivoti kwaye licebise amalungu ukuba axhase isikhundla samaqela abo.
IBhunga leNtsimbi linesakhiwo esahlukileyo sokhokelo. UMongameli onguMongameli wase-United States usebenza njengoMongameli weBhunga kodwa kunqabile ukuba alawule kwiintlanganiso. INdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi inyulela uMongameli u-Pro-Pempore, oye oyena mde kunabo bonke beqela. Eli gunya lokwenene kwiNdlu yeeNtsimi ze-Ofisi kunye neNkokeli ye-Minoni, abathethana ukumisela izicwangciso zegumbi.
Indima yoMongameli kwinkqubo yoMthetho
Ngeli xesha iBhunga linegunya lowiso-mthetho, uMongameli udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni umthetho. UMongameli uncomela uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le lwamaziko karhulumente yaye ngokufuthi ucebisa ukuba kwenziwe umthetho. Mhlawumbi okubaluleke ngakumbi, amandla okuwisa umthetho anokuchaphazela ityala elidluliswa yiBhunga.
Abalawuli basoloko besebenza ngokusondeleyo neenkokeli zombutho ezisuka kwiqela labo ukuphuhlisa ezona zinto ziphambili kwimithetho yabo. Basenokucebisa ukuba kufakwe iindleko ezithile, amalungu ahlab ’ ihlomelo eeNgqungquthela, benze izibongozo zikawonke-wonke zokwakha inkxaso yezikhundla zabo, kwaye basongele ukuphembelela ulwalamano olukhoyo lomthetho. Ulwalamano phakathi koMongameli noMbutho luchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo oko kunokwenziwa ngumthetho, ingakumbi xa amaqela awahlukeneyo elawula iWhite House kunye namagumbi eBhunga.
Iintlobo zeKhomishini yoLawulo
IBhunga lisebenza kwiintlobo eziliqela zomthetho ezahlukeneyo, nganye ineenjongo ezahlukeneyo:
Umthetho ogunyazisa inkqubo entsha karhulumente, ukwandisa ubomi benkqubo ekhoyo, okanye ukuphinda-phinda iinkqubo ezikhoyo. Ukunika intlawulo yemali ehlawulwayo yeenkqubo ezithile zikarhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo nokugunyazisa umthetho ohlala usebenza iminyaka emithathu okanye ngaphezulu, irejista yomthetho kufuneka ibekwe kumthetho nyaka ngamnye. Unyaka ngamnye, iKhomishini mayidlulise uthothotho lwezikokelo ezili-13 zogcino-mali ukwenzela ukuba kugcinwe amasebe kunye namasebe asebenzayo.
Umthetho woxwebhu uqinisekisa umgangatho othile weengenelo kubantu abafikelela iimfuno ezifanelekileyo ezimiselwe ngumthetho, njengeMidicare, iMedicaid kunye neenkqubo zomfundi okholeji. Iinkqubo zokubolekisa ngemali azifuni kuphinda zivunyelwe, okanye zifune ukucaciswa kwaminyaka le. Ezi nkqubo zisebenza kwi-autopilor, ngokuchitha iinkcitho zemithetho ecwangcisiweyo kunokuba kusetyenziswe izigqibo zonyaka.
Isizathu Sokuba Ingqungquthela Ibaluleke Kubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla
Izigqibo zeBhunga zichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bamaMelika, ngokufuthi ngeendlela ezingacacanga ngokukhawuleza. Ukuqonda olu qhagamshelwano kunceda abemi baqonde ukuba kutheni imicimbi yembutho yengingqi nesizathu sokuba ukuganana kwequmrhu kubaluleke.
Impembelelo Yezoqoqosho Nezemali
IBhunga lilawula imali echithwayo nerhafu karhulumente, lenza izigqibo ezichaphazela ngqo isikhwama sakho semali. Izinga lerhafu ohlawula ngalo, iintengiso onokuzihlawula, kunye neetyala ozifumanayo zonke ezibangelwa ngumthetho wequmrhu. IBhunga likwamisela ukusetyenziswa kwayo yonke into ukususela kwisiseko semfundo ukuya kumgangatho wemfundo, izigqibo ezilawula amathuba oqoqosho nomgangatho wobomi kulo lonke ilizwe.
Ngegunya layo lokuchaza, iNkqutyana yeMali yeNkcubeko imisela ukusetyenziswa kwemali yasemkhosini, imisela imali yophando lwenzululwazi, ixhasa iinkqubo ezisuka kwiipaki zesizwe ukuya kuhlolo lokutya. Ezi zigqibo zemali zichaphazela imisebenzi, inkqubela yezoqoqosho neenkonzo ezikhoyo kubemi.
ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo
Iinkqubo zonyango olukhulu njengeMedicare neMedicaid zikho ngenxa yomthetho wequmrhu. IBhunga limisela iimfuno ezifanelekileyo, imigangatho eyingenelo, kunye nemali exhaswayo kwezi nkqubo. Umthetho ochaphazela i-inshorensi yempilo, amaxabiso eziyobisi zoogqirha, inkxaso-mali yezonyango, kunye namanyathelo onyango oluntu onke ahamba kwiiBhunga.
Ukhuseleko loluntu, i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, iinkqubo zoncedo lokutya, kunye neengenelo zamava ahlukeneyo zonke zibunjwe zizigqibo eziququzelelweyo. Ukutshintshwa kwezi nkqubo kungachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ukhuseleko lwemali nexabiso lobomi bamaMelika.
Imfundo Namathuba
Inkqubo yemfundo yomanyano, ukusuka kwimigangatho yeK-12 ukuya kwinkxaso yemali yasekholeji, inqunyanyiswa yiNkqutyana. Iinkqubo zabafundi zokuboleka imali, uPell Grants, inkxaso yophando kwiiyunivesithi, kunye nenkxaso kwimimandla yesikolo yasekuhlaleni zonke ezi zixhomekeke kumthetho wequmrhu kunye neengxoxo. Ezi zigqibo zichaphazela amathuba emfundo noxanduva lwabafundi kwizigidi zamaMelika.
Ukhuseleko lwesizwe nomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle
IKhomishini inika iKhomishini igunya elikuphela kwalo lokuvakalisa imfazwe. IBhunga liye lavakalisa imfazwe ngezihlandlo ezili-11, kuquka isindululo salo sokuqala semfazwe neBritani enkulu ngo-1812. IBhunga lavuma ukubhengezwa kwalo kokuphela kwemfazwe ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ukususela ngelo xesha iye yavuma ukugunyazisa izigqibo zokusetyenziswa komkhosi kwaye iyaqhubeka ibumba inkqubo yomkhosi wase-U.S.
Ngaphandle kwamagunya emfazwe, iKhomishini iphembelela inkqubo yamanye amazwe ngolawulo lwalo loqingqo-mali lweSebe leSebe leMveli, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zoncedo kwamanye amazwe, namandla esivumelwano seNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi. Ulawulo lweBhunga loorhulumente lwamaqumrhu oomaquququzeleli bobuntlola kunye nemisebenzi yomkhosi inikela uphando kumandla olawulo oluphezulu kwimicimbi yokhuseleko yesizwe.
Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wamandla
Imithetho yokukhusela umoya namanzi, ukulawula ungcoliso, ukugcina amazwe kawonke-wonke, kunye nokulungisa iinguqulelo zemozulu yonke ivela kwiNgqungquthela. Inkqubo yamandla, kuquka ukuxhasa amandla avuselelwayo, i-oyile, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwegesi, namandla enyukliya, zenziwe ngomthetho wengqungquthela. Ezi zigqibo zichaphazela impilo yoluntu, ubuncwane bendalo, kunye nokulondolozwa kwemekobume yethu kangangexesha elide.
Amalungelo Karhulumente Nokusesikweni
Umthetho weKhomishini ubunendima ephambili ekuhambiseleni amalungelo abantu, ukusuka kuMthetho wamalungelo abantu ukuya kuMgaqo-nkqubo wesiZwe waseMelika oNxibelelwano. IMithetho echaphazela amalungelo okuvota, ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye namathuba alinganayo onke aqukunjelwa yiKhonkxa-mthetho. Ukwenziwa kwemithetho yecawa yesizwe yenziwa ngamandla egunya leNdluneli elawulayo.
Indlela Abahlali Abanokuzibandakanya Ngayo Neengxubakaxaka
Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo iBhunga lelona nyathelo lokuqala. Ukuba ngummi okhutheleyo kufuna ukuba udibane nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ngethamsanqa, zininzi iindlela abemi abanokuwenza ngazo amazwi abo aviwe kwaye aphembelele ukuqulunqwa kwengqungquthela.
Izandi: Isiseko Somelo
Eyona ndlela isisiseko yokuphembelela iBhunga kukuvota. Yonke iminyaka emibini, zonke izihlalo zeNdlu kunye nezihlalo zeNdlu yeNtlanganiso zibekwe ukuze zinyulwe. Olu nyulo lugqiba ukuba ngubani omele wena kwiBhunga naliphi iqela elilawula igumbi ngalinye. Iindawo zophando, iirekhodi zokuvota, nezinto eziphambili zikunceda wenze ukhetho oluvumelana nomgangatho nezilangazelelo zakho.
Unyulo lokuqala lubaluleke kakhulu kuba lugqiba ukuba ngoobani abathathi-nxaxheba abavela kukhetho oluqhelekileyo. Kwizithili ezininzi nakumaphondo, oyintloko umisela ngokunempumelelo ophumeleleyo, ukwenza ukuba ukuba nenxaxheba kwizindlu zabantwana kubaluleke kakhulu ukulungiselela ukubumba.
Ukunxibelelana Nabameli Bakho
Amalungu eKhonklane afuna ukuva kwimibutho yawo. Ukuqhagamshelana nabameli okanye abaququzeleli bakho kungaphembelela izikhundla zabo kunye namavoti. Unxibelelwano olunempumelelo neKhonkxane luquka:
- umnxeba wePhone: Ii-ofisi zokubiza ze-odokisi zenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo ukwenza ukuba ilizwi lakho liviwe. Amalungu eqela lomsebenzi alandela unxulumano kwaye axele intsingiselo yelungu.
- Uthumelo olukwindawo: iileta nee email zikuvumela ukuba uchaze indawo yakho ngeenkcukacha. Yibanolwazi olucacileyo ngembambano, chaza ngokucacileyo indawo yakho, kwaye chaza indlela ekuchaphazela ngayo wena ngokobuqu.
- Iiholo ze-Towen kunye neentlanganiso zikawonke-wonke:[ Amalungu amaninzi aba neentlanganiso zeholo zedolophu kwisithili sawo apho abaxhasi banokubuza imibuzo kwaye bavakalise inkxalabo ngqo.
- [[Uhambo lomsebenzi: 0] Ukudibana nommeli wakho okanye abasebenzi babo ngokobuqu, mhlawumbi eWashington okanye kwiiofisi zesithili, kungaphumelela kakhulu, ingakumbi xa kucwangciswe njengeqela.
Ukuhlala Usazi Ngemibandela Engomthetho
Ukuzikhusela okunempumelelo kufuna ukuqonda oko kuqwalaselwa yiBhunga nendlela umthetho osenokukuchaphazela ngayo wena nebutho lakho.
- .gov: Iwebhsayithi esemthethweni inika ulwazi olubanzi ngetyala, iirekhodi zokuvota, imisebenzi yeekomiti, kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho.
- Ii-website ezikwiNqanawa: lungu ngalinye ligcina i-website inenkcazelo ngezikhundla, izabelo zeekomiti, kunye nemisebenzi yowiso-mthetho.
- imithombo yeNews: Ngokulandela iziphumeleli zeendaba ezithembekileyo ezigquma inyathelo lengqungquthela ekukunceda uqonde umongo kunye nentsingiselo yengxoxo yowiso-mthetho.
- [[UMTL:0] Amaqumrhu acacileyo: Amaqela ajoliswe kwimiba ethile asoloko enika uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lomthetho ofanelekileyo kunye namathuba okubhalisa.
I-Grasroots Advocation kunye nokuLungisa
Kubalulekile ukuba umntu ngamnye athethe, kodwa ukulungelelaniswa kobuchule kusenokuba luncedo ngakumbi. Ukunxulumana nabanye abantu abathetha ngeengxaki zakho kukwenza ube nempembelelo engakumbi. Oku kusenokuquka:
- Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiintlangano ezikhuthaza iNkqutyana kwimibandela oyikhathaleleyo
- Ukulungiselela amaphulo okubhala amagama okanye iibhanki zemfonomfono ukuvelisa uqhagamshelwano oluququzelelweyo
- Ukuya kwiintlanganiso okanye imiboniso yokubonisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke okanye ukuchasa umthetho
- Ukusebenzisa amajelo okunxibelelana ukuze kuphandwe ngemibandela nokukhuthaza abanye ukuba baqhagamshelane nabameli babo
- Ukungqinelana nokuchongwa kwamaqumrhu xa kuvela amathuba
Ukuxhasa Amaphulo Nephulo
Ngaphandle kokuvota, abemi bangaxhasa abo baza kufumana imilinganiselo efana neyabo ngokusebenza ngokuzithandela kumaphulo, ngokwenza iminikelo, okanye ngokuncedisa ekubhaliseni ivoti kunye nemigudu yokuyivula.
Ukuqonda Iimeko Neengxaki Zokungalawuleki Kweengqungquthela
Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kunceda abemi balapha balindele ukuphucula izinto yaye bawabone amathuba okuba baphucule.
Icandelo kunye nokwenziwa kwelanga
Ukwanda kokudityaniswa kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo kwenza uhlengahlengiso lube nzima kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Amalungu asoloko ejamelana noxinzelelo olusuka kwisiseko seqela lawo lokuthatha izikhundla ezingayekeleliyo, okwenza intsebenziswano ye-bipartisan ibe lucelomngeni. Oku kudityaniswa kunokubangela ukuba i-grid lomthetho obalulekileyo uvale kuba akukho namnye umbutho onokuthi aqokelele amavoti afunekayo ukuze awudlulise.
Noko ke, intsebenziswano yebhipartistan isesenzeka, ingakumbi kwimibandela engawiyo kwimigca yesithethe yetheko okanye xa kufuneka isenzo esingxamisekileyo. Ukuqonda ukuba intsika ivela nini kwaye njani inceda abemi basekuhlaleni bakhuthaze intsebenziswano kwimicimbi abanomdla kuyo.
Indima Yemali Kwezobupolitika
Ukuqokelela iphulo kuthabatha ixesha elibalulekileyo nengqalelo evela kumalungu eBhunga. Imfuneko yokunyusa imali yokunyulwa kwakhona inokuba nempembelelo kwindawo yokuqala yowiso-mthetho kwaye ibangele inkxalabo ngempembelelo yabanikeli abazizityebi nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo. Ingingqi ezixhalabele le mbambano ingaxhasa imigudu yezemali yotshintsho lwemali kwaye inike ingqalelo kwimithombo yemali yamalungu afuna ukuvota xa enza izigqibo.
Urhulumente Owahluleleneyo
Xa amaqela awahlukeneyo elawula iNdlu yeNdlu, iNdlu yeNtlanganiso, ukudlulisa umthetho kuba nzima kakhulu. Urhulumente owahluleleneyo unokukhokelela kwintambo ephezulu kodwa usenokunyanzela ukulalanisa kunye nentsebenziswano ye-bipartisan. Ukuqonda indlela urhulumente owahlulele inkqubo yowiso-mthetho echaphazela ngayo imigaqo kunceda abemi balungise iindlela zabo zobuchule kunye nolindelo lwabo.
Ukuntsonkotha Komthetho Wanamhlanje
Amatyala akhoyo adla ngokuba namakhulu okanye amawaka amaphepha, athetha ngemiba enzima efuna ubuchule bobugcisa. Oku kuntsonkotha kunokwenza kube nzima kubemi . kwaye kwanamalungu eBhunga-ngqungquthela kuqonde ngokupheleleyo oko kuthethwa ngumthetho. Ukuthembela kwiingcaphephe ezithembekileyo, kwimibutho yezentengiselwano, kunye nezibonelelo zenkcubeko ezinceda ekuqhubeni phambili kobu buntsonkothileyo.
Ukubaluleka Kokunyamekela Ingqungquthela
Omnye wemisebenzi yeBhunga ebaluleke kakhulu kodwa engabonakaliyo kukungamela isebe eliphetheyo. Ngokuva, uphando, neengxelo, iKhomishini iqwalasela indlela amaziko karhulumente amisa ngayo imithetho kwaye achithe ngayo imali yokuhlawula irhafu. Oku kujolise kuvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla alawulayo kwaye kunceda urhulumente aqinisekise ukuba uya kuphendula.
Ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna ukuba iKhomishini inike ixesha kunye nobuncwane bokuhlola imisebenzi yesebe, kwanaxa ukwenjenjalo kungavelisi mixholo ephambili okanye izinto eziphambili ezifuna ukuchongwa kwabantu. Inginginya ingaxhasa ulawulo olunamandla ngokunikela ingqalelo kumsebenzi weekomiti, hayi nje kwivoti ezisemgangathweni, nangokugcina amalungu ejongene neembopheleleko zawo.
Ingqungquthela Kwixesha Lokusetyenziswa Kwamanani
Ubugcisa buye batshintsha indlela iCongress esebenza ngayo nendlela abemi abanokubandakanyeka ngayo kuyo. Iiwebhsayithi zeKhongraneti, i-media, kunye nezixhobo zokunxibelelana ngekhompyutha ziye zabangela ukuba inkcazelo ifikeleleke ngakumbi kwaye zavelisa iindlela ezintsha zokunxibelelana nabantu. Ukuthontelana kwemicimbi nemithetho yekomiti kuvumela abemi ukuba babuke iNgqungquthela yeNtlanganiso besebenza naphi na.
Noko ke, ixesha lamanani likwanika imingeni. Ubuninzi bonxibelelwano lwezibonelelo buye banda ngokuphawulekayo, nto leyo ebangela kube nzima ukuba amalizwi abonakale. I-Misformation inganwenwa ngokukhawuleza, iyenze ibe yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kunanini na ngaphambili ukuthembela kwimithombo enegunya ukuze ufumane ulwazi malunga nenyathelo lengqungquthela.
Ukukhangela Phambili: Ikamva Lengqungquthela
IBhunga liyaqhubeka liphendula ngokuguquka kweemeko, ubugcisa, kunye nolindelo lukawonke-wonke. Iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nengxubusho yotshintsho lwequmrhu njengentetho yentshontsho, isakhiwo sekomiti, imithetho yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kunye nokulungelelana kwamandla phakathi kweKhonkxane nesebe eliphetheyo.
Ukusebenza kweKhonkxamente ekugqibeleni kuxhomekeke ekuthembiseni abemi abanolwazi. Xa abantu beyiqonda indlela esebenza ngayo iBhunga, benikela ingqalelo koko likwenzayo, yaye beba nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, iBhunga lisenokusabela kwaye libe netyala. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa abemi bengakhange bangenele okanye bengaziqondi, izilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo kunye nokuqwalaselwa yimibutho elawulayo kunokwenza izigqibo zemithetho.
Isiphumo: Indima Yakho Kwinkqubo Yomthetho
IKhomishini ayisosi sikomkhulu, esingabonakaliyo, esisiko--isebe likarhulumente elinxulumene ngokungqalileyo nabemi ngonyulo oluthe rhoqo nangomelo olumelwe yiqumrhu. Wonke umthetho ochaphazela ubomi bakho, ukusuka kwindlela yakho eqhelekileyo ukuya kwimo ephambili, udlula kule nkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ukuqonda indlela iBhunga-mthetho elikunika amandla ngayo ukuba ube nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ekulungiseni loo mithetho.
Abenzi beBhunga bacebe ukuba bamkele abantu ngeli xesha benika izinzo nokuzinzisa. Olu lungelelaniso lufuna ukuba abemi abakhutheleyo. Ngokuvota, ngokuhlala benolwazi, ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli bakho, nangokubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, niyayifeza indima yenu kwinkqubo yethu yedemokhrasi kwaye nincede urhulumente aqinisekise ukuba ubonakalisa izilangazelelo nexabiso labantu abakhonzayo.
Nokuba uxhalabele ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, imekobume, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, okanye nawuphi na omnye umcimbi, iBhunga kulapho ezo zinto zixhalabisayo zinokubhekiswa khona ngomthetho. Imicimbi yakho yokuganana. Ilizwi lakho libalulekile. Kwaye ukuqonda kwakho indlela iBhunga elisebenza ngayo kusisiseko sokusebenza ngokunempumelelo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika.
Inkcazelo eninzi ephathelele umthetho wangoku kunye nemisebenzi yequmrhu, tyelela .gov, iwebhsayithi esemthethweni ye-U.S. Congress. Ukufumana nokuqhagamshelana nabameli bakho, tyelela iNdlu yendlu.