Table of Contents
Ukuqonda Imiphumo Efikelela Kude Yokuzivalela Urhulumente
Urhulumente womanyano azibangeli nje iziphumo zokuvalwa kwemibhobho yemali ekwi Washington, D.C. .Qalisa isiphumo esichaphazela abantu abahlala phakathi kwengingqi, amashishini, kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla bezigidi zamaMelika. Ngelixesha iingxoxo zezobupolitika zigqugqisa kwikomkhulu, iintsapho zifumana iiplani zazo zekhefu, abaninizo bamashishini abancinane bebukela ingeniso ishyubhubhu, kwaye amaziko enkcubeko avala iminyango yabo enomdla. Phakathi kweziphumo ezibonakalayo nezinxunguphazamisi zichaphazela [ iipaki zamazwe ngexesha lokuvala urhulumente, , [FLT]SM].SMITYSD isakhiwo semith commast translate trans tray , kunye neenkonzo ezigxeka iinkonzo zokukhenketho ezixhomekeke kunyaka wonke.
Ukuqonda indlela [[FLT: 0] esetyenziswayo ukuvala ukhenketho luchaphazela ngayo ukhenketho kunye neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke zinceda amaMerika alungiselele ukuphazamiseka, enze izigqibo zohambo ngolwazi, kwaye aqonde iziphumo zehlabathi ze-throck yezobupolitika. Le ndlela ibanzi ihlola oko kwenzekayo kwezona ndawo zikawonke-wonke ezixabisekileyo kunye neenkqubo zohambo xa urhulumente evala iminyango yakhe, enika icebiso eliluncedo lokuqhuba lamaxesha anzima.
Undoqo Wokuphela Kwesithuba: Isizathu Sokuba Izithuba Zivaleke
Into Ebangela Ukucinywa
Umthetho uvala imiqobo xa iBhunga lisilela ukukhupha umthetho wokuxhasa imisebenzi karhulumente kunye namaqumrhu. Ngaphandle koqingqo-mali oluvunyiweyo, amasebe esebe kufuneka aphelise yonke imisebenzi engokwasemthethweni, echaphazela malunga nama-800,000 abasebenzi besizwe neenkonzo ezingenakubalwa zama-Melika axhomekeke kuyo yonke imihla.
Umahluko phakathi "kwe-esteential" kunye "neenkonzo ezingezona ezibalulekileyo" uyabaluleka kula maxesha. Ngelixesha imisebenzi ebalulekileyo efana nokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye nolawulo lwenqwelo-moya iyaqhubeka, amasebe amaninzi alawula [[FLT: 0] iipaki, iimyuziyam, kunye neenkonzo zokuhamba [[[FLT: 1]] ewela kwicandelo elingeyondawo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimiqobo esasazekileyo kunye neziphithiphithi-nkonzo.
Imeko yembali nobuninzi
Ukususela ngowe-1976, iUnited States iye yafumana amakhefu angama-22 emali karhulumente, okuye kwaphumela kwimimandla elishumi yabasebenzi besebe. Ukuvalwa kwemiqathango emide kwimbali yase-United States kwenzeka ukususela ngoDisemba 2018 ukuya ngoJanuwari 2019, iintsuku ezingama-35 ezihlala ixesha elide kwaye ibonisa impembelelo enkulu aba basebenzi bezobupolitika abanokuba nayo kwiinkonzo zikawonke wonke nakwezoqoqosho.
urhulumente ongenakuthintelwa uvala/uphelisa i- kunye neziphumo zayo ziquka:
- (1995-19996: Iibrashi ezimbini ezipheleleyo iintsuku ezingama-26, zivala zonke iipaki nemyuziyam zesizwe
- 2013: Ukuvalwa kwemini ezili-16 okubiza uqoqosho oluqikelelwa kumawaka ezigidi zee-$4 ezigidi
- 2018-2019: Ukuvalwa kweentsuku ezingama-35 okushiye iipaki zesizwe zivulekile kodwa zingasetyenziswanga, okuphumela kumonakalo omkhulu
ISizwe samapaki namaMonuments: Ubuncwane bendalo beMelika eLimbo
Impembelelo Ekhawulezileyo Kumsebenzi Wopaki
Xa [[NT.1] i-pacleeval ichaphazela iipaki zesizwe , iziphumo ziyahluka kuxhomekeka kwipaki ethile, kwinxaxheba yorhulumente, kunye nexesha lokuvalwa kwemiqathango. Inkonzo yeSizwe yePaki isebenzisa iindawo ezingaphezu kwama-420 kulo lonke elase-United States, kuquka ama-636 amiselweyo eepaki, amacwecwe embali, iindawo zembali, kunye neendawo zokuzonwabisa.
[[FLT: 0] uvalelo olupheleleyo lumela eyona ndlela ilula, apho iipaki zitshixa amasango azo zize zijike iindwendwe. Le ndlela, ngelixesha idinisayo abahambi, ikhusela ugcino-lwazi lwepaki kwaye iqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabakhenkethi. Iimiphakamo efana neYellowstone ne Grand Canyon ikhethe ngokwembali olu khetho ngexesha lokuvala ezibanzi.
Imisebenzi ye- yenza imeko entsonkothileyo. Ezinye iipaki zihlala zifikeleleka ngokwasemzimbeni kodwa zingasebenzi ngaphandle kweenkonzo ezibalulekileyo. Amaziko abakhenkethi akufuphi, iintambo ezinyamalalayo, isitshixo sendlu yembutho, neenkonzo zongxamiseko azifumaneki. Le ndlela isetyenziswa ngexesha lokuzinziswa konyaka ka-201818-1919, ikhokelela kwiingxaki ezinkulu eziquka ukumisa intente okungekho mthethweni, ukonakalisa izinto zobutshitshini, kunye nokuqokelela inkunkuma yomntu.
Imisebenzi yesizwe ephakanyisiweyo inika isisombululo sokwexeshana xa oorhulumente be-orhulumente bengena kwimisebenzi ye-paki. Ngethuba lokuvalwa komhlaba ngo-2018-2019, amatyala anjenge Utah, Arizona, neNew York anika izigidi zemali kurhulumente ukugcina iindawo ezisingisele kuvulwe abakhenkethi, ukuqonda ukubaluleka kobukhenketho bepaki kuqoqosho lwazo lwengingqi.
Iziphumo Zokwenene Zehlabathi Zezivalo Zomhlaba
Isivumelwano sokuvalwa koburhulumente kwiipaki zesizwe sinwebe kakhulu ngaphaya kwamasango atshixiweyo. Ngexesha lokuvalwa konyaka ka-2018-2019, uJoshua Parw National Park wafumana umonakalo omkhulu xa iindwendwe zadala iindlela ezingekho mthethweni, zatshabalalisa imithi yendabuko uYoshuwa, zashiya ngasemva iintaba zenkunkuma. Ipaki yaqikelela ukuba kuthathe iminyaka ukubuyela kubomi bemihla engama-35 ngaphandle kokuba abasebenzi bagqibele.
Umonakalo we-Environmental ngexesha lokuvala uquka:
- Ukukhathazwa kobomi: Ngaphandle kwabalawuli abakhoyo, abanye abatyeleli baphazamisa okanye bafumbe izilwanyana zasendle
- Ulophu lwendlela engamkelekanga: ukuqhuba ngaphandle komkhondo nokudala iindlela zoluntu
- I-Vendalism: ifrafiti, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezakhiwo zembali, nobusela bezinto zobugcisa
- Ingxaki yonyuso [: Ukuphuphuma komgqomo nenkunkuma yomntu edala iingozi zempilo
- Imveliso yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo : ukuzingela okungekho mthethweni, ukuloba, kunye nokuqokelelwa kwezityalo
Impembelelo Yezoqoqosho Kuluntu Oluneengcambu
Ingingqi ekufutshane neepaki zesizwe, ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-"gateasy zoluntu," zixhomekeke kakhulu kwiipaki ukuze zifumane uqoqosho. Xa [[FLT: 0] iipaki zamazwe ngamazwe zikufuphi ngexesha lokuvalwa kwemijelo , ezi dolophu zifumana ubunzima obukhawulezileyo bemali.
Qwalasela idolophu yaseGardiner, eMontana, ekungeneni kweTrountain's kumntla. Kukho abantu abangaphantsi kwama-90 000, uqoqosho lwedolophu luxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kukhenketho lwasepaki. Ngexesha lokuvalwa kwezakhiwo, iihotele ezingenanto, iivenkile zokutyela ezikufuphi, nabakhenkethi abakhenkethi bacima iincwadi. Ukuzicima konyaka ka-2013 kuphela kwabiza abantu abahlala kwisango ngexabiso eliqikelelwa kwimali elahlekileyo.
Amashishini amancinane kufutshane neepaki zesizwe ajongene nocelomngeni oluthile:
- Abakwazi ukufaneleka ukuba bafumane uncedo lwentlekele nangona kukho iziphumo ezifanayo zezoqoqosho
- Idla ngokusebenza kwiincam ezibhityileyo ezingenakumelana nokuvalwa
- I-OF i-ICC i-ICC i-IP i-IP i-IP i-IP
- INGXELO ENGOKUQATSHELWA KWEEMFUNO ZOKUSEBENZA
IZiko loLondolozo lweMbali iSmithsonian neNkcubeko: Xa Ukufunda Kusimi
Umqokoshe WeSmithsonian Nesivalo Sawo
I-Smithsonian Institution imela eyona myuziyam inkulu yehlabathi, imfundo, kunye nesakhiwo sophando, neemyuziyam ezili-19, iimalayibrari ezingama-21, amaziko ophando asithoba, kunye ne-National Zoo. Ngexesha lokuvalwa kwezakhiwo, la maqumrhu, adla ngokwamkela iindwendwe ezingaphezu kwama-30 ezigidi ngonyaka, kufuneka zivale iingcango zazo kuwonke-wonke.
iimyuziyam zeSmithsonian ezichaphazelekayo kukuvalwa kwenqanwa ziquka:
- IMyuziyam yeSizwe yeMicimbi yeMveli
- IMyuziyam yeSizwe yoMoya neMmandla
- IMyuziyam yeSizwe yeMisitho yeMerika
- IMyuziyam yeSizwe yeMisitho neNkcubeko yaseMelika
- Igalari kazwelonke yobugcisa
- IMyuziyam yeSizwe yeMelika
- IMyuziyam yeHirshhorn neSitiya Semibungu
- Igalari Yemifanekiso Kazwelonke
- Yaye ezinye izakhiwo ezili - 11 kulo lonke elaseWashington, D.C., eNew York, naseVirginia
Impembelelo yophando nentsalela
Ngeli xesha iindwendwe zibona iingcango ezivaliweyo, emva kwezibonelo, iziphumo [[FLT: 0] zeziphumo kwimisebenzi yemyuziyam ziveza iziphumo ezihlala zihleli. Uphando lumisa phakathi, ukutshabalalisa iinyanga okanye iminyaka yomsebenzi. Imigudu yokulondoloza ixesha ekhawulezileyo iyeka, enokubangela ukuba izinto ezenziwe ngexabiso elikhulu zingasebenzi. Izivumelwano zemali ezibolekwayo zamazwe ngamazwe zinzima xa iimyuziyam zingenakuqinisekisa ukuba amaziko ahlala evulekile kwimiboniso.
Izazinzulu kwiNational Museum of Natural History azikufumani ukufikelela kwii-specimen kunye nee-laboratori, ziphazamisa uphando kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwimo yezulu ukuya kwindaleko yezifo. Smithson Instruction Research ofological Center [ kufuneka inqumamise imiqathango emide yexesha, idala izithuba kugcino-lwazi olubalulekileyo lwemozulu olungenakufumaneka.
Iinkqubo zemfundo nokufumaneka kwabantu bonke
I- I-Smithsonian yenkonzo yokufundisa inceda izigidi zabafundi minyaka le kuhambo lwasendle, ubuncwane obukwi-intanethi, kunye nemiboniso ehambahambayo. Ngexesha lokuvalwa komsebenzi, ezi nkqubo ziyayeka ngokupheleleyo:
- Uhambo lwendawo yeSkool: Amawaka otyelelo olucwangcisiweyo ayarhoxa, achaphazela ucwangciso lohlelo lokufundisa
- Kwizibonelelo ezingaphakathi: Ukuhlaziywa kwaye inkxaso yobuchule ayifumaneki
- unikezelo lophando: Abaphengululi abafumani ukuqokelelwa kunye noovimba
- Iinkqubo ze-Public: Ii-lectures, indawo zokusebenzela, neziganeko ezikhethekileyo zirhoxiswa ngaphandle kwesaziso
- Imiboniso enika amandla: Iboniswa kwiimyuziyam zelizwe lonke
I-Zoo yesiZwe: Ukunyanyekelwa kwezilwanyana kuyaqhubeka, Ukupheliswa kokufikelela
Ngasemva Kwamasango Avaliweyo
I- yesizwe esivaliweyo sogcino-zilwanyana ngexesha lokuvalwa kwenqanawa inika ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo. Ngelixesha umzi wogcino-zilwanyana usondele kwiindwendwe, inyameko yezilwanyana kufuneka iqhubeke. Abasebenzi ababalulekileyo, kuquka amayeza, abagcini-zilwanyana, nabasebenzi bokulungisa, bayaqhubeka besebenza ngaphandle kokuhlawula, ukuze baqinisekise intlalo-ntle yezilwanyana ezingaphezu kwama-390 emela iintlobo zezilwanyana.
IGant Panda Cam, ethandwayo ngabantu abaninzi ehlabathini lonke, ibangela ukuba abantu bangabi naluvalo xa kuvinjwa i - panda, abantu abaphoxekileyo abathanda ukuxilongwa kwezilwanyana ezincinane ehlabathini lonke baze basuse isixhobo esibalulekileyo kubaphengululi abafunda ngepanda.
Uqeqesho Lwemali Kwimizi Yogcino - zilwanyana
I- yesizwe Zoo ilahlekelwa malunga ne-$600,000-100 000 kwingeniso yosuku ngalunye evalelwe iindwendwe. Oku kulahleke kwengeniso kuchaphazela:
- Umboniso wexesha elizayo
- Ukuxhasa inkqubo yolondolozo
- Inkxaso yemfundo
- Ulungiso nophuhliso
- Ucwangciso lwesiganeko esikhethekileyo
IPasport neVisa: Ukuhamba ngezizwe
Ulibaziseko lokuhambisa udlula
Ipasport iinkonzo ngexesha lokuvalwa korhulumente iyaqhubeka kumsebenzi olinganiselweyo ukususela kwintlawulo yemali yokungena kwimali yentlawulo yemali emininzi. Kodwa ke, ukulibazisa okubalulekileyo kwenzeka:
uqhubekeko lwexesha elifutshane, ngokwesiqhelo iiveki ezi-6-8, zinganwenwa ukuya kwiiveki ezi-10-12 okanye ngaphezulu ngexesha lokuvalwa. ISebe leSizwe, sele lilawula imfuno ephezulu, lisebenza nabasebenzi abacuthiweyo abanokusebenza ngaphandle komvuzo. Iinkqubo zinqwabela phezulu, zidala iintsimbi ezizingisileyo emva kweveki emva kokuvala.
[[UMTL:0] Iinkonzo ezikhutshiweyo zikwajongene nolibaziseko, nangona iSebe leRhulumente libeka imilinganiselo "ubomi okanye ukufa" yongxamiseko. Abahambi abafuna iipasiss zohambo olukufuphi bangafumana iintlanganiso ezingekhoyo okanye iinkonzo ezibekwe kumasebe eencwadi yokundwendwela.
Ukuvuselelwa kwe-Pasport nge-imeyile kuba nengxaki enkulu xa amaziko okuqhubekekisa esebenza nabasebenzi bamathambo omqolo. Ukulahleka okanye ukulibaziseka kwengxaki yodibaniso lweposi, kunye nemigca yenkonzo yabathengi qha esebenzayo(i-"ifose)/face eyandisiweyo yobizo lwevolumente.
Iinkonzo zeVisa kunye neeNdlela zoXhobo
Iva ngexesha lokuvala idala imingeni yezolawulo nezoqoqosho eyandisiweyo ngaphaya kwabahambi ngabanye:
Imvume zokuhamba [iiFLT:1] zijongene nolibaziseko olubalulekileyo, oluchaphazela ushishino lokhenketho lwaseMelika. Iindwendwe zezizwe ngezizwe, ingakumbi ezivela kumazwe afuna iimvume zokundwendwela, zingalurhoxisa uhambo kunokubeka ubomi esichengeni ngaphandle koxwebhu olufanelekileyo. IU.S. Association yohambo iqikelela ukuba i-vhisa ilibazisa ngexesha lokuvinjwa kwemali ixabisa izigidi zemali elahlekelwe yingeniso yokhenketho imihla ngemihla.
Iimvume zoshishino zidala iingxaki zezorhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Iinkampani azinakuzizisa abasebenzi bangaphandle ababalulekileyo, abacebisi, okanye amaqabane. Iingqungquthela kunye nemisebenzi yezorhwebo iphulukana nabathathi-nxaxheba. Iinkampani zobugcisa zibandezeleka kakhulu xa zingakwazi ukwenza iH-1B okanye ezinye iimvume zokusebenza zabasebenzi abakhethekileyo.
[ Imvume zokufumana amaphepha okusebenza aphezulu ichaphazela amaziko emfundo kunye nabafundi bezizwe ngezizwe. Amaqela angalahlekelwa ngabafundi ababhalisiweyo abangakwaziyo ukufumana iimvume zokubhalisa ngexesha le-semester aqala. Imfundo yezizwe ngezizwe, ifak' isandla ngaphezu kwamawaka ezigidi ezingama-4 ezigidi (ii-4 zamawaka ezigidi) ngonyaka kwizoqoqosho, ijongene nokuphazamiseka.
Amabali Okwenyaniso Avela Kubantu Abakhathelelweyo
Ngexesha lokuvalwa kwenqanawa ngo-2018-2019, uSarah Martinez, umfundisi- ntsapho waseKhalifoniya, waceba uhambo lwemfundo lwexesha lobomi bakhe ukuya eYurophu nabafundi bakhe. Nangona sasifaka isicelo sokuyihlaziya kwakhona ipasisport yakhe kwiinyanga ezintathu ngaphambili, ucwangciso lokuvala luye lwazinzeka. "Kwafuneka silucime lonke uhambo," ukhumbula. "Abafundi abangamashumi amabini balahlekelwa lithuba labo, kwaye salahlekelwa ngamawaka kwimishinyana engangeniswanga."
Umnini shishini uDavid Chen wajamelana nolibaziseko lwe visa kubasebenzi abaphambili ngexesha lokuvalwa konyaka ka-2013. "Sineenjineli ezaziza zivela eIndiya ukuza kugqiba umsebenzi onzima. Imvume isongezela ukulahlekelwa yimali enkulu yemali exabisa izigidi ezingama-R3. Imali yokwenene yemali yemali yokubhaliswa kwemali yokuzisela.
Ukuhamba Ngenqwelo - moya Neenkqubo ZeTSA: Ukubhabha Ngexesha Lokungaqiniseki
Ucelomngeni Olunzima
Ngelixesha imisebenzi yeTTA ngexesha lokuvalwa kwenqanawa [[FLT: 1] iyaqhubeka kuba ukhuseleko lwenqwelo-moya lugqalwa lubalulekile, inyani ingqina intsonkothileko. Abameli be-TSA kufuneka basebenze ngaphandle komvuzo, bafumana uhlawulo emva kwesiphelo sokuvala. Oku kudala iingxaki ezininzi:
ukungabikho komsebenzi othe kratya kwenzeka njengenkcitho yemali enyukayo kubasebenzi. Ngexesha lonyaka wama-2019 wokuvalwa kwenqanawa, iTSA egulayo amaza ephinda-phindene xa abaqeshwa bethatha isibini semisebenzi ukuhlawula ityala. Ezinye iinqwelo-moya zanikela ingxelo yokungabikho kwenani elingaphaya kwe 10%, xa kuthelekiswa nelesiqhelo le-3%.
Ukuzikhusela kulibaziseko lwenqanaba lokuhlola lukhula ngokuphawulekayo ngentsebenziswano ezimbalwa ezikhoyo. Inqwelo-moya yeMiami yeNtlanganiso yezizwe yanyanzeleka ukuba ivale isiphelo esinye iintsuku eziliqela. IHartsfield-Jackson, isikhululo senqwelo-moya esinamava aphezulu ehlabathini, iintambo zokhuseleko ezigqithe kwiiyure ezintathu ngexesha lencopho.
Iingxaki ze-Morale kunye nokuzinza ziyaqhubeka ixesha elide emva kokuvalwa kwesiphelo. Abameli abaninzi beTSA, sele besebenza kwiindawo eziphezulu, bafuna omnye umsebenzi kunokuba bajongene nokungaqiniseki ngezomvuzo.
Ukulawulwa Kwenqwelo - moya
[[FLT: 0] Abalawuli bendlela , nabo basebenza ngaphandle kwentlawulo ngexesha lokuvala, bajongene noxinzelelo olungaqhelekanga. Ezi zifundiswa ziqeqeshiweyo ziyakwazi ukukhusela izigidi zabakhweli yonke imihla ngexa zixhalabele imali yobuqu.
Ukuvalwa kwenqwelo-moya kwaphela ngokwenxenye ngenxa yokuba abalawuli bomoya, bechaza inkxalabo yokhuseleko kuxinezeleko nokudinwa, baqalisa ukubiza abantu abagulayo ngamanani amakhulu. Ukulibaziseka kwenqwelo-moya kwizikhululo zenqwelo-moya ezinkulu ezinjengeLaGuardia kwabangela isantya esiphezulu kuyo yonke inkqubo ye-octivess, ebonisa indlela uxinezeleko lwemali lwabasebenzi olubalulekileyo olunokubeka ngayo engozini isiseko sesiseko sezinto esibalulekileyo.
Impembelelo kwimisebenzi yesikhululo senqwelo-moya
Imigca kunye neenqwelo-moya ngexesha lokuvala zijongene nocelomngeni oluninzi:
- Indlela entsha ivunywa [ ukuma, ukukhusela iinqwelo-moya ekuqaliseni iinkonzo ezicetyisiweyo
- Imposiso yesakhiwo soshicilelo yesiqinisekiso libaziseko, libeka iinqwelo-moya ezintsha zilindele imvume yeFAA
- Imisebenzi yolwakhiwo lwe-Airport imisa ukuba ifuna ulawulo lwezwe
- Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe azinakwenziwa ngqinelana okanye zihlaziywe
- Uhlolo olungenaziphene lungamiswa elinye ixesha, kuveliswe ubungozi obunokwenzeka
IAirlines yorhwebo lwaseMerika yaqikelela ukuba ukuvalwa kwenqwelo - moya ngowe - 2019 kwabiza ii - R260 lezigidi ngosuku kwingeniso elahlekileyo, iindleko ezingakumbi zepetroli ngenxa yokulibazisa, kunye nentlawulo yabakhweli.
Imveliso Yoqoqosho Yasekuhlaleni Nemiphumo Yokutyelela Iindwendwe
Impembelelo Ebalulekileyo Kwezoqoqosho
Impembelelo yezoqoqosho yokuvalwa kokhenketho inwebe kakhulu ngaphaya komtsalane ovaliweyo. I-U.S. Association yohambo yaqikelela ukuba ukuvalwa kohambo ngo-2019 kubiza uqoqosho lwezigidi ezingama-R34 ngosuku, kunye neziphumo eziquka:
- Ilahleko: iindleko zemali, imvume yokumisa iintente, kunye nokuthengisa izipho
- Ilahleko engangqalanga: uncwadi lwehotele, ukutya kwekhefi, ukuthenga igesi
- Ilahleko encitshisiweyo: Inkcitho yabasebenzi abahlahliweyo kunye namashishini achaphazelekayo
- Ilahleko yexesha elide: irhoxisiwe iincwadi zexesha elizayo kunye nodumo lwesiphelo somonakalo
Amabali Amancinane Eshishini
Amashishini amancinci achaphazelekayo kukuvalwa komsebenzi karhulumente asoloko engenazo izibonelelo kwimozulu evaliweyo. Qwalasela le mizekelo yokwenene:
[[FLT: 0] Iinkampani zokuhlenga ezikhongozelayo kufutshane neGrand Canyon ziphulukana namaxesha onyaka onke xa ipaki iphela. Ngemvume ebotshelelwe kwimihla ethile, azinakusuka nje zicime uhambo. Enye i-scaffer yaxela ukulahlekelwa ngu-R340 000 ngexesha lokuvalwa konyaka ka-2013, inyanzelisa ukuba abasebenzi abangama-20 baphelelwe lixesha.
[[NTL:0] Iinkomfa kuluntu olukwisango ijongene norhoxiso olukhawulezileyo. Imbali ye-El Tovar Hotel kwiGrand Canyon's South Rim kufuneka ivalwe ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lokuvalwa kwenqanawa, iphulukana ne-R260 000 ngengeniso yonke imihla ngoxa isagcina isakhiwo sembali.
[[FLT: 0] Abasebenzisi abakhethekileyo kumava esizwe epaki abanako ukubuyisela abathengi kwenye indawo. Abaninzi abasebenza phantsi kosetyenziso olukhethekileyo oluba yimisebenzi ngexesha lokuvalwa kwenqanawa, kubathintela ekusebenziseni kwanokuba iipaki zihlala zifikeleleka ngokoqobo.
Utshintsho lwezezoqoqosho
Imimandla eyahlukeneyo ifumana iziphumo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuvala ezisekelwe ekuthembeleni kwayo kwimitsalane karhulumente:
[[NTL:0] I-Yashington, D.C. ijongene nesona siphumo sibanzi, neemyuziyam, izikhumbuzo, kunye nezakhiwo zengingqi eziphela ngexesha elinye. Esi sithili silahlekelwa yimali eqikelelwayo yezigidi ezingama-200 (izigidi ezingama-200) ngeveki ngexesha lokuvalwa kwemiqathango, ichaphazela yonke into ukususela kwiilori zokutya ukuya kwiihotele zobunewunewu.
[[FLT: 0] Amazwana eWestern aneepaki ezininzi zesizwe zibona iziphumo zokhenketho ezisasazekileyo. Utah uqikelelo lokulahlekelwa yi $1,8 yezigidi ngemini ngexesha lokuvalwa kwenqanawa, ngelixesha i-Arizona ijongene nelahleko efanayo kwizinto ezivaliweyo zeGrand Canyon kuphela.
Imimandla ye-Ayatheral kunye nonxweme lwelizwe kunye neendawo zokuhlala zaselwandle zifumana umahluko wonyaka. Ukuvalwa kweendawo ezihlala elunxwemeni ngehlobo. Ukuvalwa kwenqanawa ehlobo kuyingozi kuluntu oluhlala elunxwemeni, ngelixesha ukuvalwa kobusika kusenokuba nempembelelo encinane.
Indlela Abahlali Abanokulungiselela Ngayo: Iingcinga Eziluncedo Zexesha Lokuziva Ulindilile
Isalathisi somsebenzi
Ukulungiselela uhambo ngexesha lokuvala kufuna ubhetyebhetye nokubona kwangaphambili:
- [[UMTL: 0] Iindaba zezobupolitika: Imiqathango yohlahlo yaziwa kusengaphambili. Ukuba uhamba kufuphi nale mihla, lungiselela izinto ezingxamisekileyo.
- [[FLT: 0] I-inshorensi yohambo ye-']: Qinisekisa inkqubo yakho igquma urhulumente ukuvalwa kwemijelo njengosizathu sokwaphula esisemthethweni.
- Isakhiwo sokuhlala esizinzileyo [[FT:1]: Pacha kancinci kancinci kwindawo ezinokufakwa kwibhokisi kufutshane nezinomtsalane zikarhulumente.
- uphando oluthathelwe indawo : chaza iipaki zikarhulumente, izinto ezinomtsalane, okanye iimyuziyam zikamasipala njengeenketho zogcino.
- [[FLT: 0] Amanani oqinisekiso lwexwebhu: Gcina iingxelo zawo onke amathandabuzo xa ufuna ukwenziwa okanye izicelo zobunikazi.
IPasport kunye nobuchule bokuhamba
Ukungasebenzisi ulibaziseko lwepasi sokundwendwela ngexesha lokuvala [[FLT: 1]:
- Xa ubuncinane uchitha iinyanga ezintandathu ngaphambi kokuba uhambe kwamanye amazwe
- Sebenzisa iinkonzo ezilungiselelwe i-exp phambi kwamaxesha okuvalwa
- Qwalasela ukuvuselelwa kwepasipoti
- Gcina iifoto zomshicileli woshicilelo olukhawulezayo
Ukuxhasa Abemi Abachaphazelekayo
Ukunceda amaqela ngexesha lokuvala ibonisa uxanduva loluntu:
- Uluntu oluya kwisango lesango nakuba kunjalo: Izinto ezininzi ezinomtsalane ezifana needrayivi zendalo, iimyuziyam zasekuhlaleni, kunye nokhenketho lwabucala zisekhona
- Ishishini lasekuhlaleni : Yitya kwiivenkile zokutyela zasekuhlaleni, evenkileni, kwaye ngesisa
- khawuleze umva kunokuba ucime: Sebenza namashishini asekuhlaleni ukuphinda ubeke ixesha endaweni yokurhoxisa iincwadi zokurhoxisa
- Wabelanani amava amahle[[FLT: 1]: Sebenzisa i media yonxibelelwano ukugxininisa ubumtsalane obuvulekileyo nemisebenzi ekhoyo
- Lumkela imibutho yasekuhlaleni: Cela ukuxhasa iziseko zoluntu zasekuhlaleni ezinceda abasebenzi abachaphazelekayo
Ukudala izicwangciso zocoselelo
[[UMTL: 0] Izicwangciso zokuvala ezizinzileyo zinceda ukunciphisa uphazamiseko:
[[UMTLL: 0] ukwenzela ikhefu [[UMKCU]:
- Uhambo lweencwadi olunemisebenzi emininzi ngaphandle kwe-
- Uphando lusebenzisa ipaki enye kummandla omnye
- Ukuthengwa kwe-inshorensi yokurhwebelana
- Ukukhuthaza ubuchule bokusebenza
[[UMTHL:0] wohambo lweshishini[[UMTL]]:
- Gcina ipasis yangoku kunye nencwadi yemvume
- Ulwakhelo lonxulumano neenkonzo zokuzinzisa iimfuno zongxamiseko
- Khawucinge ngokungena kwehlabathi okanye ezinye iinkqubo zomhambi ezithembekileyo zokulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza
- Gcina iikopi zamanani zawo onke amaxwebhu ohambo
[[UMTHLWE] wemfundo[[UMGAQO-MKC]:
- Ziqhelanise neenkonzo ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela ezikolo
- Yenza isicwangciso esingaxhomekekanga kwimiqathango yoluntu
- Ukwakha ulwalamano nezorhulumente namaziko enkcubeko asekuhlaleni
- Ukugcina uluhlu lwezinto zokufundisa ezikwi - Internet
Izicombululo zexesha elide kunye nobungqina beBhunga
Ukuqonda Iindleko Zokuziva Uphantsi
Ulawulo lokuvala impembelelo yezoqoqosho lunwebeka ngaphaya kwelahleko yokhenketho olukhawulezileyo:
- Imveliso elahlekileyo: Abasebenzi bomanyano balibazise iiprojekthi kwaye baphazamise uphando
- Ingeniso yerhafu ehlawulwayo: Kushishino nabasebenzi abachaphazelekayo
- [[UMTL:0] Amaxabiso awongezelelekileyo: Ukuvula nokufumana kwakhona ukusuka kumonakalo ovaliweyo
- [[UMTL:0] Umonakalo wokoyisa : uluvo lwezizwe ngezizwe lozinzo lwe U.S.
- Amaxabiso e-: Aphoswa amathuba okukhula kwezoqoqosho nophuhliso
ICongressional Uhlaziyo Iofisi Yoqingqo - mali yaqikelela ukuba iGDP incitshiswe ngo - R2,3 yezigidi zezigidi, yaye ii - R3,4 zamawaka ezigidi akuzange kubuye kubuye.
Ukuchanabeka Ngenxa Yenguqu
Ukuyila ikamva lokuvala inqanawe kufuna ukubotshwa kommi:
- Abameli abahambelanayo: chaza indlela ukuvalwa kwemijelo okuchaphazela ngayo uluntu lwakho
- Icandelo lamabali obuqu: Lungela impembelelo kumava okwenene
- Izibuko izisombululo ezizenzekelayo eziqhubekekayo: Umxhasi wobuchule bokunqanda ukuvalwa kovalo
- [[UMTL:0] Ukufumana ngokobulali: Yiya kwiiholo zedolophu kunye neentlanganiso zoluntu
- Comment=Iindawo ezibucala eziphezulu zolawulo oluphezulu.
Ukwakha Ukukhululeka
Ingingqi zingalungiselela ukuvala ikamva elizayo ngu:
- Uqoqosho lokhenketho olucacileyo: Ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kukhuthuzo lwengingqi
- [[UMTL:0] Ukunika imali yexesha likaxakeka: ukwakha amathala abasebenzi abachaphazelekayo namashishini
- [[UMTHL:0] Umanyano oluthambekileyo: Ukuseka izivumelwano zesizwe nenkxaso yabucala
- [[Unxibelelwano:0] unxibelelwano olujikelezayo: ukwenza iinethwekhi ukwabelana ngolwazi ngokukhawuleza
- [[UMTL:0] iindlela ezisetyenziswayo zokukhetha : Ukuvelisa izinto ezinomtsalane nemisebenzi elungileyo
Ukunyamekela Iintlobo Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zohambo
Iindwendwe Zamazwe Ngamazwe
Abakhenkethi belizwe lonke ngexesha lo-U.S. ukuvalwa kwenqanawa ijongene nocelomngeni olungaqhelekanga:
- Imiqobo yolwimi yenza kube nzima ukufumana ulwazi oluhlaziyiweyo
- Umahluko wexesha wenza kube nzima ukunxibelelana
- Imali ehlawulwayo
- Imiqathango yeVisa ikhusela ukucwangciswa kocwangciso olulula
- I-inshorensi yohambo ayinakugquma ukurhoxiswa okunxulumene nokuvalwa
Abatyeleli bezizwe ngezizwe bafanele:
- Incwadi ngezixhobo zokuvala eziziincwadi ezizizo
- I-inshorensi yohambo ebanzi evela kwilizwe labo
- Yakha ubhetyebhetye
- Ukutyelela ngexesha elingelo-peak karhulumente
- Hlola imithombo yeendaba yaseUnited States ngaphambi kokuhamba
Amaqela Esikolo Nohambo Lwemfundo
Uhambo lweqokobhe ngexesha lokuvala [[FLT: 1] lufuna uqwalaselo olukhethekileyo:
- Iinjongo zemfundo zisenokungabi nokwenzeka ukuhlangabezana ngaphandle kweendawo zolawulo
- Izinga letsheyina kunye neprotocol yokhuseleko yenza utshintsho lokugqibela lomzuzu
- Imali ekhutshiweyo isenokuba nzima ukubuyisela okanye ukubuyisela
- Imvume yokutyibilika ne-inshorensi isenokungagqibi eminye imisebenzi
- Amathuba obomi anokulahleka kubafundi
Abaqeqeshi mabafunde:
- Ucwangciso lokuphepha ukutshintsha konyaka
- Ukuphuhlisa ezinye iindlela zemfundo ezihambelana nezifundo
- Gcina unxibelelwano olucacileyo nabazali ngeengozi
- Qwalasela uhambo lwasentsimini njengendlela yokuzikhusela
- Ukwakha ulwalamano norhulumente kunye neendawo zemfundo zabucala
Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
uphando lwe Academic ngexesha lokuvala ubuso obuphazamisa kakhulu:
- Ukulahleka kokufikelela koovimba neminikelo yorhulumente
- Ukuphazamisa kophando olude
- Irhoxisiwe iinkomfa kunye nongcelele lweentetho
- Ukunikezelwa kwemali nokunikezelwa kwemali
- Iminyaka egqitywe yimpapasho
Abaphandi banokulungiselela nge:
- Yenza izinto xa kunokwenzeka phambi kokuba zivalwe
- Ukwakha iintlanganiso ezisebenzisanayo namaziko angengawo
- Igcina ugcino-lwazi olungekhoyo
- Ukuphuhlisa iingcebiso zophando
- Ukumisa utyelelo lovimba wengingqi wengingqi yengingqi ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo
Iinkonzo zobuxhakaxhaka kunye namanani ngexesha lokuvala
Icebo
ii-website ze-Federal ngexesha lokuvala zisoloko zibonisa imisebenzi ethinteliweyo:
- Ukuyeka ukuhlaziya idatabase
- Inkxaso yobuchule ayifumaneki
- Iziqinisekiso zokhuseleko zisenokuphelelwa lixesha
- Intengiselwano yangaphakathi isenokubekwa
- Ubuncwane bemfundo buphelelwa lixesha
ezichaphazelekayo ziquka:
- I-Catalog yoLwazi lweZiko
- IThala leeNcwadi leKhomishini
- Umfanekiso we NASA
- Ukwenziwa kwemaphu ye-USGS kunye ne-data yenzululwazi ngendalo
- Ubalo lohlaziyo logcino-lwazi kunye nezixhobo
Iinkqubo Ezihamba Ngenqwelo - mafutha Nokhenketho Lwamanani
Izinto ezininzi ezinomtsalane zelo lizwe zinika iiapps ezihambayo ezisenokungasebenzi kakuhle xa zivalwa:
- Isiqulatho se-GPS-ikhuliswe asinakuhlaziya
- Imeko yokwenene ephawulekayo isenokusilela
- Iiseva zokungena zinokuba nzima ukufikelela
- Ukulungisa isiphene nokhuseleko kumisa ukumiswa
- Inkxaso yomsebenzisi ilahlekile
Abahambi mabahambe:
- Layisha ezantsi iinkqubo zekhompyutha kwaye uphumile kwi-intanethi phambi kokukhenketha
- Gcina izikhokelo ze-PDF kunye neemaphu zangaphakathi
- Ulwazi lweskrini
- Yazi ezinye izixhobo zokuqhuba inqanawa
- Ugcino lwamaphepha ogcino lolwazi olugxekayo
Impembelelo Yokusingqongileyo Nokulondoloza Indalo
Imiphumo Yezilwanyana Nenkqubo Yemvelo
Umonakalo we-Environment ngexesha lokuvalwa kwenqanawa unwebe ngaphaya komonakalo obonakalayo:
[[UMTL: 0] Uphazamiseko lwemiphakamo yemizimba [[FLT: 1] yenzeka xa ulawulo oluqhelekileyo luyekile:
- Isalathisi somsebenzi weCandelo
- Iziphumlisi zomjikelo osusiweyo
- Iinkonzo zokuhlangula izilwanyana ezonakeleyo zinqumama
- Ukuthintelwa kwezilwanyana eziphila ngokungenayo
- Ulibaziseko lwenkqubo yokulawula
Iziphumo zenkqubo ziqokelelwa ngokukhawuleza:
- Imimiselo yokuhlola umgangatho wamanzi
- Amanyathelo okuthintela umlilo
- Imisebenzi yolawulo lokuhamba komhlaba iyayekwa
- Imigudu yokulungisa iyabuyiselwa
- Ukuqokelelwa kwe-data yemozulu
Iziphumo zolondolozo lwexesha elide
Isiphumo sokuzinzisa ugcino-lwazi [[FLT: 1] sidala iingxaki ezihlala zihleli:
- Idata ye-Lost: Iimephu kwizifundo zexesha elide azinakufunyanwa kwakhona
- Ukhuseleko olulibazisekileyo: Uluhlu lwezilwanyana ezisengozini lulibazisa
- Ukuthotywa kwerhafu : iindawo ezingalawulwanga ziwohloka ngokukhawuleza
- Inkxaso-mali erhoxisiweyo: Uqingqo-mali lwexesha elizayo lokulondolozwa kwezinto lungancipha
- Ukuqhawula uxhulumaniso: iipaki ezivaliweyo zinciphisa inkxaso yogcino
Imibutho yokulondoloza indalo iqikelela ukuba usuku ngalunye lokuvala lufuna iiveki zokwenza uvuselelo, yaye ezinye iimpembelelo zawo azinakuguqulwa.
Ukuthelekiswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nezifundo Eziye Zafundwa
Indlela Amanye Amazwe Ahlangabezana Ngayo Nobunzima Bemali
Uninzi lwamazwe olawulo-demokhrasi lunenkqubo ezithintela ukuvalwa kwesimbo:
Iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi [ zisoloko ziquka izinto ezizenzekelayo ezibangela ukutshatyalaliswa, zinyanzelisa unyulo olutsha kunokuba zivalwe inkonzo. Amazwe anjenge United Kingdom ne Canada agcina iinkonzo zikarhulumente naxa kukho iingxaki zezobupolitika.
[[NTL: 0] Iziphakamiso ezizenzekelayo kumazwe afana ne-Australia ziqinisekisa iinkonzo eziyimfuneko ziyaqhubeka nakanjani na ukungavisisani kwezobupolitika. Ingxaki yabo yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1975 yakhokelela ekuthinteleni uvingco lwendlela yokuvala iMelika.
Imfuno zeCunionstitution eJamani kunye namanye amazwe agunyazisa ukudlula koqingqo-mali ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kunye negunya lokusebenzisa imali elilungiselelweyo ukuthintela iiphazamiso zenkonzo.
Izenzo Ezisemgangathweni Ezivela Koorhulumente
Iimeko eziliqela zaseUnited States ziye zavelisa iindlela zokuthintela ukunqanda:
- [[UMTL: 0] izisombululo eziqhubekeka ngokuzenzekelayo: Ezinye iimeko zokwandisa ngokuzenzekelayo uqingqo-mali oludlulileyo
- Iinkcazelo zeenkonzo ezizentengiso: Iinkcazelo zobubanzi zigcina iinkonzo ezingaphezulu zisebenza
- Imali yosuku olungenamsebenzi: Izixhobo ezigcinelwe imisebenzi karhulumente
- Izilungiso ze-constitution: Iimfuno zokudlula koqingqo-mali ngexesha elililo
- Ulungiselelo olugqithisileyo: iziphumo zobuqu kubamisi-mthetho abangaluphumezi uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali
Ukuya Phambili: Ukwakha Ikamva Elicinezelweyo
Izindululo neziPhumo zeNkqubo
Ezahluka-hlukeneyo izindululo zokuthintela ukuhlahlela zicetyiwe:
[[UMTL: 0] izisombululo eziqhubekeka ngokuzenzekelayo zizakugcina amanqanaba emali angaphambili de uqingqo-mali olutsha ludlule. Oku kususa ukuvingca njengokuxhathisa kwezobupolitika ngeli lixa kugcinwa uqingqo-mali locwangco.
Ulwandiso lweenkonzo ezizentengiselwano lungahlula-hlula iinkonzo ezingakumbi njengeepakeji, iimyuziyam, kunye neenkonzo zokusebenza ngexesha lezithuba zemali.
[[Umthetho:0] Ukuphelisa imithetho yesohlwayo izakunqumamisa intlawulo yengqungquthela okanye inqande ukunqumama de uqingqo-mali ludlule, idala izikhuthazo zobuqu ukwenzela isigqibo esifike ngexesha elililo.
[[Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lweminyaka emibini] lunganciphisa ubuninzi bokuvalwa kokuvalwa kohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali olujikelezayo, nangona lunganciphisa ujijeko lwengqungquthela.
Ucwangciso lomgangatho woluntu
Uluntu lwasekuhlaleni lungakha ukukwazi ukuvala ukuvala.[FLT: 1] ukutyhubela:
- Urhwebo oluninzi [: Ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kukhenketho lwezwe
- Imali yokwandiswa : Ukudala amaxwebhu agciniweyo abasebenzi abachaphazelekayo
- Umanyano lwePublic-bucala: Ukuphuhlisa enye imithombo yenkxaso-mali
- Iiyunithi zeIntertate: izivumelwano zengingqi zenkxaso yomanyano
- Comment=Ukwakha iintlanganiso ze-'FLT'
Amanyathelo Omntu Ngamnye
Abemi banokuthatha amanyathelo aqinileyo ukulungiselela nokusabela ekuvalweni kwezithuba:
- [[Umthetho:0] Gcwalisa ulwazi: Monitor uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwemeko lwemeko yozwelonke kwimithombo yeendaba ethembekileyo
- [[UMTL:0] phambili: Yakha ubhetyebhetye ube zizicwangciso zokuhamba nezoshishino
- Izibuko elichaphazelekayo kuluntu : tyelela uze uchithe imali kuluntu olusebenzisa isango
- Advocate yotshintsho: abameli boqhagamshelwano malunga neziphumo zokuvalwa kwemiqobo
- Amava okwabelana : nceda abanye baqonde iziphumo zehlabathi lokwenene
Isiphelo: Ilahleko Yokwenene Yemijukujelwa Yezobupolitika
Imasti ye-FEderal imela ngaphezulu kuneholo yezopolitiko ```````'''''''. Zizehlo zokwenene ezineziphumo zokwenene kubemi baseMerika abangamawaka kunye neendwendwe zezizwe ngezizwe. Intsapho ezithi ikhefu layo elidala liyilwa libhaxa-bhungane kumnini weshishini omncinane olahlekelwa yingeniso yexesha, ukusuka kumphengululi ophazamisi oqeqeshiweyo ngobuso bomqeshwanomqeshi osebenza kwilizwe ozama ukuhlawula iindleko ngoxa engasebenzi ngaphandle komvuzo, ithintela ubomi ngendlela ezinzulu nezihlala zihleli.
Ukuqonda [[FLT: 0]] indlela yokuvala ichaphazela iipaki, iimyuziyam, kunye nohambo kunika abemi amandla okulungiselela ezi ngxaki ngeli xesha bekhuthaza izisombululo ezisisigxina. Oku kuchaphazela nangaphezulu kakhulu ngapha nangapha kwamasango atshixiweyo kwaye kuvalwe iminyango. Ukuzabalaza oku kuphazamisa uphando lwenzululwazi, ukonakalisa udumo lwehlabathi lonke, kunye nokuphelisa ukuthemba kukarhulumente.
NjengamaMerika, kufuneka siqonde ukuba iindleko zokwenene zokuvalwa kwezakhiwo azinakulinganiswa kuphela ngee-dola ezilahlekileyo okanye iintsuku ezivaliweyo. Umonakalo kwilifa lethu lesizwe, inkqubela yenzululwazi, kunye nokholo loluntu uneziphumo ezihlala zihleli emva kokuba urhulumente evulile kwakhona. Yonke imithi kaYoshuwa itshabalale, nayiphi na iprojekthi yophando eyalahlwayo, kwaye nayiphi na ishishini elincinane eliye lasilela inkqubo yethu yezobupolitika ukukhonza abantu eliyimeleyo.
Indlela engaphambili ifuna ulungiselelo kunye nesenzo sombutho womntu ngamnye. Ngokuqonda iimpembelelo zokuvalwa komsebenzi, ukulungiselela ukuphazamisa okunokwenzeka, ukuxhasa uluntu oluchaphazelekayo, nokufuna bhetele kumagosa ethu anyuliweyo, singasebenzela kwikamva apho ukungavisisani kwezobupolitika kungaphumeli kwiipaki ezivaliweyo kunye neemyuziyam ezivaliweyo.
De iinguqulelo ezicwangcisiweyo zithintele ukuvalwa kwemitshato kwixesha elizayo, amaMelika kufuneka ahlale ephaphile, elungisele, edilini yakho elandelayo, uqoqosho lwengingqi, kunye neendawo ezixabisekileyo zelizwe lethu zixhomekeke kubuchule bezopolitiko kodwa kubemi abaqonda izibonda kwaye bafune intlukwano ezingcono. Umbuzo asingokuba ngaba enye into yokuvalwa izakwenzeka, kodwa nokuba siza kuba sikulungele xa isenzeka, kwaye nokuba ekugqibeleni siza kuthi "isebe" kwinkqubo ephatha ilifa lesizwe njengesixhobo sokuzingela.
Imibuzo Ebuzwa Ngokusoloko Ibuzwa Ngokuvaleka Nokuhamba
Imibuzo Yokuvala Jikelele
Q: Ingaba iipaki zesizwe zisoloko zisondele ngexesha lokuvalwa kwemali? A: Akusoloko kusithiwa. Ezinye iipaki zisoloko zikhona ngokupheleleyo, ezinye zihlala zivulekile kodwa kungekho nkonzo njengamaziko andwendweleyo, iindlu zangasese, okanye iinkonzo zongxamiseko. Amanye amazwe axhasa iipaki zawo ulungiso lwemali okwexeshana ukuze agcine ingeniso yokhenketho.
[[FLT: 0] Q: Kude kangakanani ukuvalwa kwemivalo kugqibekile? A: Ixesha lokuvala liyahluka-hluka kakhulu. Ukususela ngo 1976, ukuvala kulandelelana ukusuka kusuku olunye ukuya kwientsuku ezingama-35. Umlinganiselo wobude beentsuku ngu 8 kodwa ukuvalwa kwakutshanje kuqheleke ukuba kunde njengoko ukwenziwa kwezobupolitika kunyukile.
Q: Ndingatyelela iWashington, D.C. iisikhumbuzo ngexesha lokuvalwa? A: Izikhumbuzo ze-air njenge Sikhumbuzo se-Lincoln, Jefferson, kunye ne Washington Monument zihlala zifikeleleka ngokwamandla, kodwa ngaphandle kweenkqubo zodweliso, iindlu zengeno okanye ugcino. Noko ke, awunakungena sithuba esivaliweyo njenge Washington Monument okanye iimyuziyam zenkumbulo.
Imibuzo Yokuhamba Nokutyelela Iindwendwe
Q: Ndingabhabha ngexesha lokuvalwa kukarhulumente? A: Ewe, iinqwelo-moya zentengiso ziyaqhubeka kuba abasebenzi be-TSA kunye nabalawuli benqwelo-moya bathathwa njengababalulekileyo. Noko ke, basebenza ngaphandle kwentlawulo ngexesha lokuvalwa kwenqanawa, nto leyo enokuthi ikhokelele ekungabikhoni nakumgama omde wokhuseleko. Ucwangciso lwexesha elongeziweyo kwizikhululo zenqwelo-moya namathuba okulibazisa.
Q: Ingaba iipasss zisakhutshwa ngexesha lokuvalwa? A: Iinkonzo ze-passport ziyaqhubeka kumthamo oncitshisiweyo ngenxa yokuba zidityanisiwe kakhulu, kodwa zilindele ulibaziseko olubalulekileyo. Ulungiso oluthe rhoqo lunganwenwa ukusuka kwi6-8 iiveki ukuya kwishumi elinesibini leeveki okanye ngaphezulu. Iinkonzo zexesha likaxakeka kwiimeko zobomi okanye ukufa zifumana indawo yokuqala, kodwa inkqubo yenkonzo ecwangcisiweyo ikwanolibaziseko.
Q: Ingaba udliwano-ndlebe lwam lwehlabathi lonke okanye lwe-TSA PreCCC luzakurhoxiswa? A: Ewe, olu dliwano-ndlebe lurhoxiswa ngexesha lokuvalwa kwenqanawa njengoko lungaqwalaselwa njengeenkonzo ezibalulekileyo. Ukuba unodliwano-ndlebe oluzayo olucwangciswe ngexesha lokuvala, zama ukuphinda ucwangcise kusengaphambili.
IMyuziyam Nemibuzo Yezoo
Q: Iimyuziyam ze-Do Smithsonian zisoloko zisondele ngexesha lokuvalwa kwemizinzo? A: Ewe, zonke iimyuziyam zeSmithsonian kunye neNational Zoo kufutshane noluntu ngexesha lokuvalwa kolawulo lukarhulumente, nangona inkathalo yezilwanyana iqhubeka kummandla wogcino-zilwanyana. Iimyuziyam zisebenzisa nayiphina imali ekhoyo ekhoyo ngaphambi kweminyaka ukuze zihlale zivulekile kancinci kodwa kufuneka zivale xa ezo mali zidinwe.
Q: Kwenzeka ntoni kwizilwanyana ngexesha lokuvalwa kwemizi yogcino-zilwanyana? A: Inyameko yezilwanyana iyaqhubeka njengomsebenzi obalulekileyo. Abagcini-mikhosi, abagcini, nabasebenzi abagcinayo bayaqhubeka besebenza (ngokufuthi bengenamvuzo) ukuqinisekisa impilo-ntle yezilwanyana. Noko ke, iinkqubo zophando, imigudu yokulondoloza, kunye neenkqubo zikawonke-wonke ziyayeka.
Q: Ndingafikelela i Smithsonian internet desktop ngexesha lokuvalwa? A: Ii-website zihlala zifumaneka kodwa azihlaziywa. Ii-database ze-intanethi azisebenzi kakuhle, inkxaso yobugcisa ayifumaneki, kwaye iinkqubo zemfundo ziyayeka. Layisha naziphina izinto ezifunekayo phambi kokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kumiswe ixesha.
Imibuzo Yezoqoqosho Neyoshishino
Q: Zingakanani iimali zokuvala ezibiza uqoqosho? A: Iimpembelelo zezoqoqosho zahluka ngobude bokuvalwa komgxuma kunye nobungakanani. Ukuvalwa konyaka ka-2018-2019 kwexabiso eliqikelelwa kwi-GDP, kunye ne-$3 yezigidi zezigidi zeerandi ezilahleka ngokusisigxina. I-R3,000) yodwa ilahlekelwa malunga ne-R35-44 yezigidi ngemini ngexesha lokuzicima.
Q: Ayinako ukufumana uncedo lwentlekele ngexesha lokuvalwa kwemiphaka? A: Hayi, ukuvalwa kwenqanawa akufanelekanga njengeentlekele kwiinkqubo zoncedo zikarhulumente. Amanye amazwe ayilethe imali yongxamiseko kumashishini achaphazelekayo, kodwa amaninzi kufuneka axhomekeke kwimithombo yawo okanye kwinkxaso yoluntu.
Q: Ingaba ikontraka zezwe zifumana intlawulo emva kokuvalwa? A: Ngokungafaniyo nabaqeshwa bezwe abafumana intlawulo emva, izakhiwo azihlawulwa ngomsebenzi olahlekileyo ngexesha lokuvalwa kwenqanawa. Oku kuchaphazela amawaka abasebenzi ukusuka kwimisebenzi yokuhlambulula ukuya kwiingcali ze-ITA.
Ukuceba Nokulungiselela Imibuzo
Q: Ndingalicima iholide yam ukuba ikho ngexesha elinokwenzeka lokuvalwa? A: Musa ukurhoxa ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa yakha ujiko kwiinjongo zakho. Cinga ngokuthenga i-inshorensi yohambo, indawo zokuhlala ezinokubhalwa, nokuchaza ezinye izinto. Uluntu oluninzi lunika imitsalane ngaphaya kwamanxuwa olawulo.
Q: Ndifanele ndifake kude kangakanani ukwenzela ipasistiki ukunqanda ukuvaleka? A: Sebenzisa ubuncinane iinyanga ezintandathu phambi kohambo lwamazwe ngamazwe, ingakumbi ukuba uhamba kufuphi nesiphelo sonyaka we-amaqumrhu (September 30) okanye amanye amathuba okuvala. Cinga ngokucwangcisa okuzinzileyo nokuba ubungayi kufuna.
Q: Ndingalufumana phi ulwazi lwangoku ngexesha lokuvala? A: Khangela iiwebhusayithi ezisemthethweni .gov (nangona zingangahlaziyi), iibhodi zokhenketho zasekuhlaleni, iinkonzo zereji yengingqi, kunye nezikhutsheli zobulali. Izixhobo zonxibelelwano zentlalo zinganika uhlaziyo lokwenene ngexesha lokuzinziswa, kodwa ziqinisekise ulwazi kwimithombo esemthethweni xa kunokwenzeka.
