Table of Contents
Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samandla eVito
I-veto engumongameli ime njengenye yezona zixhobo ziphambili kulawulo lwamaMelika, ezifakwe kumGaqo-siseko njengesikhuseli sokwakha nxamnye nokuphambana kwemithetho. Icandelo Icandelo 7, uClause 2 umisela i-veto njengendlela ephambili yokuhlola umongameli kwiKhomishini, efuna ukuba yonke imithetho edluliselwe ngawo omabini amagumbi inikwe umongameli ngaphambi kokuba abe ngumthetho. Le nkqubo yayingeyiyo nje into eqwalaselwayo kwisiseko kodwa yayingumahluko owenziwe ngabomgaqo-siseko kodwa yayinguwo abo babesoyika ukuba ngabasemagunyeni abagqwele ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nabo babexhalabele indlu yowiso emithetho engalawulekiyo.
Abaxhasi bafumana ifuthe kwiveto epheleleyo ye-British, eyayisetyenziselwa ukunqanda umthetho wamathanga, kodwa ngabom balwenza buthathaka uguqulelo lwamaMelika. Endaweni yokungalufuni themba, benza oko uAlexander Hamilton akubiza ngokuba "luphawu olungafanelekanga" kumlawuli weFederal No. 73. Umongameli wayenokuwugatya umthetho, kodwa iBhunga lalinokuwuyeka lo mgaqo wokulahlwa ngokuvumelana okwaneleyo. Le ndlela yayibonisa ukuthandabuza okunzulu kwesizukulwana sokuyila amandla aphakamileyo nokuzibophelela kwabo kwinkqubo apho amabhongo anokulwa neminqweno.
James Madison wacacisa kuMbutho woManyano uNo. 51 ukuba ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kwakubalulekile kuba "ukuqokelelwa kwawo onke amagunya, uwiso-mthetho, ulawulo oluphezulu, kunye nejaji, ngexesha elinye, nokuba ngawanye, ambalwa, okanye amaninzi, kwaye nokuba lifa, limiselwe ngokwalo, okanye linyulwe, ngokusesikweni lingachazwa ngokusesikweni njengenkcazelo yobuzwilakhe". Ngoko ke, amandla aweveto ayengesiso isixhobo sokulawula umongameli kodwa ayeyindlela yokuthintela naliphi na isebe ekubhukuqiniseni umgaqo-siseko.
Ukuqonda IProfente Ebizwa Ngokuba Ngumongameli
Ubuchule Bokutya Okuqhelekileyo
Xa iNkqutyana inika umongameli ityala, umlawuli ujongene neendlela ezine ezahlukeneyo, nganye eneempembelelo ezahlukeneyo zezomthetho nezopolitiko. Eyona ndlela icacileyo kukusayina irejista yetyala kumthetho, egqiba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwaye imisela umlinganiselo ngoko nangoko okanye kumhla ochaziweyo wexesha elizayo. Oomongameli basoloko besenza imibhiyozo yokusayina ukuphuhlisa kwabo umthetho kunye nenkqubo yemiqathango yempatho ephambili kuluntu ngokubanzi.
Ukhetho lwesibini yiveto eqhelekileyo, apho umongameli abuyisela uxwebhu kwigumbi apho luvela khona kunye nomyalezo weveto osemthethweni ochaza ukuchasana. Lo myalezo ungeniswe kwi Congregational Record kwaye ube yinxalenye yembali yowiso-mthetho, ngokufuthi elungisa ingxubusho yexesha elizayo. UmGaqo-siseko ufuna umongameli ukuba achaze iimpikiswano "ekubhaleni," kwaye le miyalezo idwelise ukusuka kungcaciso olufutshane ukuya kungcaciso olusemthethweni olufana neembono zomthetho.
Ukhetho lwesithathu, ukuvumela irekhodi ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi (iiCawa ezigqithileyo) ngelixa iKhomishini ihlala kwintlanganiso, inqabile kodwa iluncedo kakhulu. Maxa wambi oomongameli basebenzisa le ndlela xa bexhasa ityala kodwa befuna ukuzihlukanisa namalungiselelo aphikisanayo, okanye xa beswele nje iimbono ezinamandla ngomthetho. Iwotshi yeentsuku ezilishumi iqala ukususela kwixesha elinikezelwayo kumongameli, kungekhona xa ifika kwiNdlu emhlophe.
Eyesine neyona ndlela inzima yiveto epokotho, eyenzekayo xa umongameli engenzi nto kunye nengxubevange ngexesha losuku olulishumi. Ngokungafaniyo neveto ebuyisiweyo, iveto epokothweni ayinakungaphiliswa yiKhompathiswa kuba umthetho awusoze ubuyele kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Eli gunya lipheleleyo leveto liphikisaniswe kuyo yonke imbali yaseMelika, ngengxoxo emalunga noko kukwenza "indawo yokulungisa ingxowa" ebangela umphako wengxowa.
Ukuqhelisela Ipocket Veto
Ingxowa iveto ivelise igalelo elibalulekileyo lomgaqo-siseko. [Iindawo eziphezulu] amaNdiya e-Okanogan v. United States (1929) kwaye kamva Wright v. United States[[[FLT]] [1938]), iKomkhulu leNkundla imiselwe ukuba ipokotho i-veto ukuze isebenze, ingqungquthela mayife [ i-ine (ngaphandle kokumisela umhla wokubuya) okanye ithathe umngxuma okhusela ukubuya kwentengo. Umgama omfutshane okanye ulwaphule ulwano olungasamkeleki ngenxa ye-'i- propatialgion.
Umongameli uJames Madison wasebenzisa ipokotho kuqala ngo1812, ekwala ityala elimalunga nomhlaba onika imali kwingingqi yeLouisiana. Ukususela ngoko, oomongameli banengxowa ekhulu efakweyo yemali, kunye Franklin D. Roosevelt abaphethe ingxelo engxowa-malini yama-mayela ngexesha leminyaka yakhe elishumi elinesibini eofisini. Ingxowa ihlala iyisixhobo esinamandla ebudeni beentsuku zokugqibela zentlanganiso yengqungquthela, ivumela oomongameli ukuba babulale umthetho ngaphandle kokuziveza ngokwabo kwipokotha engaphezulu.
Igunya leVeto ngaphaya kolawulo loomongameli
Imizekelo Engokwembali Ethetha Ngemikhwa
Ukuphinda-phinda nokusetyenziswa kwe-veto kubuchule kwahluka-hlukene ngokuphawulekayo kulawulo lwamaqumrhu ahlukeneyo. UGeorge Washington wakhupha kuphela amatyala amabini, ekholelwa ukuba amandla afanele agcinelwe iimeko apho umthetho umele ulwenze ngokucacileyo umgaqo-siseko. Lo mzekelo wokuthintela ugcinwe kubaphathi abaliqela de uAndrew Jackson wandisa ngokuphawulekayo umlinganiselo weveto ngokukwala ukuphinda kuqulunqe kweBhanki yesibini yaseUnited States ngo-1832, ephikisa ukuba ibhanki yayingeyiyo eyahlukileyo kwimigaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko.
Oyena msebenzisi uninzi weveto emandla uhlala Franklin D. Roosevelt, okhupha amavete angu-635 epheleleyo, kuquka 372 rhoqo ivetoes kunye nama-263 epokotho. Ingxelo yakhe ibonisa ulwandiso lwemithetho yesizwe ngexesha lexesha elitsha neloMkhosi we Roosevelt, ukuzimisela kokufaka igunya lomongameli phezu kwenkqubo yomthetho womthetho. Ngokwahlukileyo, abanye oomongameli baye basebenzisa ulawulo oluphawulekayo. uJohn John, uThomas Jay Genson, uGreylves, uGrey Henry Harrison, James, AGrayfield, kunye noWilliam McFFLD [FTFF3] kunye noWilliam.
Kumaxesha angoku, ukusetyenziswa kwenqanawa kuye kwancipha kakhulu njengoko iNgqungquthela ithe yanda kwaye oomongameli baye bathembela ngokuya befumana imiyalelo yabalawuli kunye neengxelo zokusayina ukubumba inkqubo. Joe Bit unikezele ishumi lamatyala ukuya kutsho ku-2024, uDORM [FLT] TRUmp[FL:3] unikezele u-10 lwe-vestoes, u-Barback Oma[ ukhuphe 12vees, kunye ne-FFLT].GROGeneG]
Izinto Ezibangela Isifo Somphunga
Abalawuli bavavanya oothunywa abaninzi xa begqiba ukuba bafanele bawise umthetho. iziphakamiso zeCunitiostianias zimisela isiseko esiqhelekileyo sevetoes, apho oomongameli baphikisayo ukuba umthetho wegunya lombutho ogqitha okanye uphule amalungelo omntu ngamnye. iingxabano zeProlitiki [[] zimela eyona ngqiqo iqhelekileyo yale mihla, kunye nokwalandula iindleko abakholelwa ukuba azinamkeli bemali, azinakusebenza, okanye ziyaphikiswa ngezamkelo zabo.
ubalo lwezimvo lukwadlala indima ebalulekileyo. Abameli bangarhoxa amatyala ukubonisa ucoceko lwengqondo kwisiseko sabo, kwanaxa bexhasa umthetho ngasese ngasese. Ngokwahlukileyo, basenokuvumela amatyala abe ngumthetho ngaphandle kokutyikitya utyikityo lwezopolitiko lwe-veto ngexa kusabonisa ukuphikisa kwabo. Iveto ingasebenza njenge-dipoccul kwingxoxo ebanzi, kunye nomongameli osongela ukukhupha imvume kwimicimbi engahambelaniyo.
Inkqubo Yengqungquthela Engalawulekiyo
Iimfuno zomGaqo-siseko neenkqubo
Ukuphakamisa ngaphezulu umongameli iveto umele eyona ndlela yokuhlola yeBhunga engqalileyo kumandla omgaqo-siseko olawulayo, kufuna isibini sesithathu somjelo ophezulu kumagumbi omabini. Lo mqobo uphakamisa ukuqonda kweFramers okungalawulekiyo kubekelwe umthetho ngenkxaso engaqhelekanga ye-bipartisan. Inkqubo iqala xa umongameli ebuyisela isigqeba esithe ngqo kwigumbi lemvelaphi, nto leyo emele ibeke umyalezo we-veto phambi kwamalungu ayo kwaye ivote ukuba ingawucingela na umlomo.
UmGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba ivoti ephambili ibhalwe nguewe kunye noonay, ithetha ukuba ivoti yelungu ngalinye ivele kwingxelo kawonke-wonke. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuphendula kobungqina kwaye kuvumela abameli ukuba babone indlela abavote ngayo kwiinzame zokungavumelani nempikiswano. Ukuba igumbi lokuqala lifumana iimfuno zesibini-3, isininzi, isibhengezo, umyalezo weveto, kunye nevoti yegumbi lidluliselwe kwelinye igumbi ukuze liqwalaselwe phantsi kwendlela ekho.
Ukuba omabini amaziko ovota ngama-3 amabini ukudlula iveto, ityala liba ngumthetho ngaphezu kokuphikisa komongameli. Ukuba igumbi lomnyango alifiki kumqobo ophezulu, iveto ima, kwaye ityala life. Yonke inkqubo yemvume egqithiweyo yenzeka kwisakhelo seBhunga langoku; ukuba iBhunga eligqithe isibambiso sokuqala ngaphandle kokugqiba i-deveto limele libe selokugqibela, kwaye isibambi masiphinde sifakwe kwiBhunga elilandelayo.
Umda Oneehendi Ezimbini Ekuqheliseni
Ukufumana uninzi oluzii-3 ezintathu kumagumbi omabini kumela ucelomngeni olunzima lwezobupolitika. Kwindlu yabameli, enamalungu angama-435, umqobo ufuna amavoti angama-290 ukuba onke amalungu akhona kwaye avote. KwiBhunga, enamalungu avota ali-100, umqobo ufuna amavoti angama-67. Ezi mfuneko zikhulu zithetha ukuba ukudlula phantse ngamaxesha onke kufuna inkxaso engundoqo yokunqamleza, njengoko kungekho qela elinye liye lalawula ii-3 ezimbini zegumbi elinye ukususela kwinkulungwane ye-20.
Imbali ibonisa ukuba iKhonklane ingaphezulu kuphela kwe-4 ukuya ku-7 pesenti yee-vetoes. Eli nani liphantsi lempumelelo libonisa ubunzima bokuhlanganisa imibutho emikhulu, ingakumbi kwixesha lokuqukunjelwa kwemimandla ehlukeneyo. Xa ukuwiswa kwemithetho kuphumelela, ibandakanya umthetho ngenkxaso enkulu ye-bipartisan exhaswa ngumongameli ngenxa yezizathu ezingaphumeleliyo ukuphembelela amalungu eqela ngalinye.
Iintyatyambo Ezibalaseleyo Nezingalawulekiyo
UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-18666
Enye yezona ziphumelelo zibalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMelika zenzeka xa u-Andrew Johnson wasusa uMthetho waMalungelo oluntu ka1866, ojolise ekumiseleni amalungelo obumi kubemi baseAfrika. Johnson, iDemocrat yasemazantsi oMntla noLawulo mkhosi emva kokubulawa kwakhe, walwa nomthetho ocalulwe ngokucalucalucalulweyo kubemi abamhlophe kwaye wagqithisa igunya lolawulo lorhulumente. Ingqungquthela yabalatha uJohnson devoto, iphawula ulawulo lokuqala oluphambili kwimbali yeMelika kunye nokuseka kwegunya leRiphabliki elipheli kwimithetho yomthetho yeRiphabliki kunyaka kaRiphabliki kunyaka.
Ukugqitha kwe-veto kaJohnson ukumisela imizekelo egxekayo. Yabonisa ukuba iKhomishini inokuba nempumelelo ekucel ’ umngeni igunya lomongameli kwimicimbi yamalungelo asisiseko kwaye icebo lokulawula lalingaphezulu kunendlela yokuhlola yengcinga. Izixhobo zikaJohnson zomthetho wokulungisa kwakhona, kuquka noMthetho weBreau Bureau yaseFreedmen, zazikwanguMphathiswa, nto leyo eyayikhokelela ekungangeni kwakhe kwiNdlu yeeNdlu ngo-1868.
Imithetho yoMthetho we-Ofisi nomthetho ka-Andrew Johnson
Ungquzulwano lukaJohnson neBhungane lwafikelela kwisiphelo sakhe somqathango woMthetho weOfisi , owawufuna imvume yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso yokususwa kwamagosa athile aphetheyo. Ingqungquthela igqithisa le ndawo, kwaye uJohnson waphinda waphula umthetho ngokususa unobhala weWar Edwin Stanton wakhokelela ekunganyaniseki. Nangona uJohnson wakhululwa yivoti enye kwiNxalabo, isiganeko sibonisa indlela ezithi ngayo ii-veto nezenzo zomthetho-mthetho ezikhombeka ka-mthetho.
Franklin Roosevelt Nenye Imisebenzi Entsha
Umthetho obhaliweyo weRoosevelt u-635 uveza iziphumo ezinkulu zomthetho wonyaka omtsha we-U.Ii-Roosevelt kunye ne-Roosevelt ukuvuma ukusebenzisa iveto njengesixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo. Uninzi lwe Roosevelt's lujolise iindleko zobuqu kunye nokuphengulula okuncinane, kodwa iveto yemithetho yowiso-mthetho [FLT: 0] uMthetho we-1943 we-Rwenueveue's's's wavela ngaphandle njengenkxhulumplatos siseko serhafuthelo. Ingqungquthela engaphezulu kweli thambeko, iRoselt enqabileyo yowiso-mthetho, kodwa kwanolo oluqhelekileyo, umboniso wokuba ulawulo olubalaseleyo lobumongameli wexesha lemfazwe i-njinantilikiyo.
Isigqibo Samagunya Emfazwe Siyathintelwa
Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo eziye zasetyenziswa kumongameli iquka uLawulo lwemfazwe lweSigqibo sika 1973. Umongameli Richard Nixon wawumisela umthetho, ewuphikisa ngokungavumelani nomthetho, wawamisela umlawuli-wongameli oyintloko. Ingqungquthela engaphezulu kwe-veto nenkxaso ye-bixyan, ukuseka isiseko sokunxibelelana nomongameli kunye neBhunga lomkhosi. Isigqibo seWarrogue soMkhosi sihlala siphikisana namhlanje, namongameli wamaqela amabini amabini acel ’ umngeni womthetho-siseko njengangoko kunqabile ukuba iBhunga lifake umthetho-siseko walo.
Uphando Ngeseli Yesinyithi
Ngowama-2006 nowama-2003, uMongameli Gorgoe W. wakhupha [[FLT:]] uphando lweCell Ulwandiso lweseli olukwimo yezulu , oluya kuba lwandise inkxaso-mali yesizwe ye-etheminoloji ye-cell yemveli. I-Bush's ibonise inkxalabo engokokonakalisa iimbumba zomntu, indawo edibeneyo. Ingqungquthela ayiphumelelanga ukuqhubanga nakunye isiseko sakhe esiqhelekileyo. Ingqungqungquthela ayiphumelelanga i-[FLT,3] ebonisa indlela ezinokuxhasa ngayo iinkolelo ezinzulu ze-mogrograintion kwiseli ezikhoyo phantsi komthetho.
Ukugqalwa Kwabantu Ngokwezobupolitika
Iqhinga leVeto eliNkulumbuso
Abalawuli kunye nabaququzeleli babo benkqubo esetyenziswayo ngocoselelo olusekelwe kwiimeko zobupolitika, kwimiqathango yowiso-mthetho, nakulwalamano lobugqeba. Isisongelo esithembekileyo siyakwazi ukuphinda sifake ingxubusho yemithetho, inyanzelisa abalawuli ukuba balungise amatyala ukuze baphephe iveto okanye bamkele ulalaniso lolwimi olugcina iimfanelo zomongameli. "isisongelo [ sisebenza njengohlobo lwamandla akhuthululayo alawula umthetho phambi kokuba ifikelele kwidesika yomongameli.
Imeko yentetho ye-Union kunye nezinye iinjongo zonxibelelwano zomongameli zisoloko zikho, zivumela iKhomishini ukuba ilindele ukuchaswa kwegunya kunye nokuhlenga-hlengiselwa komthetho ngokwendlela. Oomongameli banamhlanje bakwasebenzisa uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke kwiBhunga, ukubeka izisongelo kumntu wonke njengoko zimela uxanduva lwetyala, imigaqo yesiseko, okanye izinto eziphambili zenkqubo.
Iqhinga lokungalawuleki kwengqungquthela
Inkokeli zeKhomishoni eziqwalasela ukukhutshwa kwetyala kufuneka ziqwalasele ukuba zingalukhusela kusini na uvoti olufunekayo oluphezulu. Olu hlolisiso lufuna ukubala kungekuphela nje inkxaso yeqela kodwa kwanokuphambuka kumalungu asenokuba kwicala kunye nomongameli. Iqela locaphulo lidlala indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo, liqhuba amanani okuvota lize lisebenzise uxinzelelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba luninzi olunokwenzeka.
Ixesha levoti ezigqithileyo likwayimibandela ecwangcisiweyo. Iinkokeli zingacwangcisa ivoti xa inani labo liphezulu ukunyusa amandla okufikelela kumda ombini wesithathu. Ngokuchaseneyo, abachasi bemvume yokulawula bangazama ukulibazisa iziphumo okanye ucwangciso lwevoti ngexesha lokuphumla xa amalungu axhasayo engekho. Iindlela zePalamente, kuquka iiNtsimbi ze-Premension kwiBhunga, zingayibangela ibe nzima ngakumbi inkqubo ekhohlayo.
Ingxoxo Ye-Vto Yomgca
Umgca-ophuma-okanye i-FLT vento, oya kuvumela oomongameli ukuba babethe iingcebiso ezithile ezisuka kwimiba yetyala ngaphandle kokukhupha wonke umthetho, ibingumbandela oziphindaphindayo wengxoxo-mgaqo-siseko. IBhunga lidlulise i-Atline Menute Veto Leline Act ka-199, enika uMongameli uBill Clinto igunya lokucima izinto ezithile ezichithwayo neenzuzo zerhafu. Kodwa ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawubetha umthetho v.Clinton. Isixelo saseNew York, siwisa umthetho wokuba igqwethe i-Clactus Clausspous ngokuvumela umongameli ukuba asebenze umthetho ngaphandle kokuyinika umthetho.
Abaxhasi bomgca wento engaphakathi kwiveto baphikisa ngokuthi kuya kunika oomongameli amandla okuphelisa ukuchitha imali nokunciphisa ukuncitshiswa koqingqo-mali. Abachasi bachasa ukuba kuya kutshintsha ulungelelwaniso lwamandla phakathi kwamasebe alawulayo kunye nemithetho, inika umongameli ulawulo oluninzi kakhulu kunokusebenzisa izinto eziphambili. Nangona kunjalo ukulawulwa kwemithetho eqhubekayo evela kwezinye iindawo, akukho mthetho ophumeleleyo oye wamiselwa ukususela ekumiseleni kweNkundla Ephakamileyo.
Iinkalo Kwezobupolitika Zale Mihla
Urhulumente Omanyeneyo Nowahluleleneyo
Ubuninzi kunye nempumelelo yevetos kunye nempumelelo ixhomekeke kakhulu ekubeni ngaba iqela elinye lilawula zombini iiBhunga kunye nomongameli. Ngexesha likarhulumente ogunyazisiweyo, xa iqela lomongameli libamba izinto ezinkulu kuzo zombini iigumbi, iivetoes zinqabile ngenxa yokuba umthetho ubonakalisa izinto eziphambili zomongameli. Xa ii-vetos zenzeka phantsi korhulumente osisigxina, zidla ngokubeka izitheko kwiqela lomongameli eliphambukele kude kakhulu kwindawo yolawulo.
urhulumente owahluleleneyo, apho amaqela awahlukeneyo alawulayo amaBhunga kunye nomongameli, avelisa ii-vetoe kunye nenzame zokugqitha. Oomongameli basebenzisa iveto ukuvala umthetho abawuchasayo, ngelixesha iBhunga lizama ukuvavanya ukuba iimpikiswano zomongameli ziyavumelana na noluntu. Isisongelo seveto siyakwazi ukubumba umxholo womthetho, njengoko iNgqungquthela ifaka ityala ekutsaleni inkxaso kamongameli okanye ukwakha i-supermajority efunekayo ekulaleni ulawulo.
Ukunyuka Kwentetho Yokusayina
Oomongameli bale mihla baye basebenzisa ngokukhulayo iintetho ezityikityayo njengenye indlela yokuchaza umthetho obhaliweyo ozivakalisayo ezingeyomigaqo okanye ezibhengeza ukuba isebe eliphetheyo alizukunyanzelisa iimfuno ezithile. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ukutyikitya kufikelela kumandla angacwangciswanga anokuyiphepha inkqubo ekhomfa, ngelixa abaxhasi besithi imela indlela esemthethweni yokuchaza imithetho ecacileyo.
Umongameli George W. Bush wasebenzisa kakhulu ukutyikitya iintetho, wacel ’ umngeni ngaphezu kwe1,000 yamalungiselelo omthetho ngexesha lemiqathango yakhe emibini. UMongameli uBarack Oma[ wakhupha iingxelo zokusayina, nangona zingekoninzi, kunye no-Trump[FLT waqhubeka noqheliselo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ayiwulawulanga ngokupheleleyo umGaqo-siseko wezimthetho zokusayina, ishiya oku njengendawo yengxoxo eqhubekayo.
Ingqikelelo oluthelekisayo kunye ne-Veto esemgangathweni kaRhulumente
Amandla Okubulala Amanye Amazwe
Iveto engumongameli waseMerika imela kuphela imodeli enye phakathi kwabantu abaninzi abakwinkqubo yedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Iinkqubo zePalamente, ezifana neziseUnited Kingdom naseKhanada, ngokuqhelekileyo azinalo i-veto esesikweni kuba iNkulumbuso kunye nekhabhathi zikhutshwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye zilawulwa ngokwesiko.
Uhlalutyo lwentelekelelo lutyhila ukuba imilinganiselo yesixokelelwano esiphezulu kakhulu saseMelika ekwindawo ephezulu ingaqhelekanga. Inkoliso yamazwe aneevetoes zomongameli ifuna ukuba uninzi olulula okanye isithathu sesithathu se-intshi esiphezulu silawuleke, senza umqobo wemida emibini yesithathu eMelika ube phakathi kowona uphakamileyo kwidemokhrasi.
IiRhuluneli zikaRhulumente kunye neZigunya le-Veto
Amatyala anikela ilebhu ebangel ’ umdla yolwakhiwo olunxulumene ne-veto. Umbuso ngamnye ngaphandle North Carolina unika irhuluneli yayo amandla eveto, kwaye ezininzi zinyuse igunya lolawulo oluphezulu ngaphaya kwemodeli karhulumente. Amashumi amane anesithathu amazwe anika abalawuli i-meta-m-tem-ota, abavumela ukuba babethe izicwangciso ezithile ezisuka kwiindleko zoqingqo-mali. Ishumi eli-nye linika "reduction chutoto" okanye "endication deveto" ebangela ukuba abalawuli banciphise ukuchithwa okanye ukucetyo okuthelekisa okanye ukuchaza intengo yemithetho.
Amanye amazwe aye azama iimfuno eziphezulu zokwanda kwerhafu, efuna iivoti ezintathu okanye ezimbini-ntathu zowiso-mthetho ukuze kunyuswe ingeniso. La malungiselelo omgaqo-siseko asebenzisana namagunya eveto ngendlela entsonkothileyo, edala iingongoma ezininzi kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho abaxhasi bolawulo olulinganiselweyo abaphikisanayo nophuhliso loxanduva kunye nengqeqesho.
Ikamva Lamandla Eveto
Iveto engumongameli ihlala iyinkqubo ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-siseko, kodwa uphawu lwayo luye lwaguquka ngokuphawulekayo ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa. Ukuguqukela kwigunya eliphetheyo lokungangeni mkhosi ngemiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo, i-metalda, kunye neengxelo zokusayina zinciphise ukubekwa phambili kweveto kumandla obungameli. Kodwa iveto igcina intsingiselo ekhethekileyo njengesona sixhobo sisesikweni nesikhankanyiweyo umongameli anaso sokwenza umthetho othintelayo, ufuna ingcaciso kawonke-wonke kunye nokubeka ubomi obusisigxilo kwezobupolitika.
Ukwanda kokubekwa kwezobupolitika zaseMelika kuye kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi, njengokuba ukunyaniseka kweqela kusoloko kuthintela amalungu ekunqamlezeni iminxeba yeqela ukuxhasa ukuma okugqithisileyo. Oku kuxhobisa oomongameli ukuba baxhomekeke kwezinye iindlela zokuyila iziphumo zomthetho, kuquka izisongelo ezisesikweni, ingxubusho esemva, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla olawulo oluphezulu.
Ukuqonda iveto kunye nokuweyisa kusebalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Ezi nkqubo ziquka umgaqo-siseko wamandla ahlukeneyo kunye nezomthetho-siseko wabalawuli wezakhelo ukukhusela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni inkqubo. Njengoko iingxoxo ziqhubeka ngegunya lomongameli, uzimele-mbutho, kunye nolungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kwamasebe, amandla eveto aya kuhlala engowona mgaqo-siseko waseMelika.
Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya ngalo mxholo, jonga isikhokelo somGaqo-siseko oqwalaselweyo [ii-FLT] esigcinwe yiThala leencwadi leeKholare, ezinika uhlalutyo olubanzi olungokwembali nolungomthetho lwamandla eveto. igosa-mthetho eliphetheyo ukukhokela ukuqhuba inkqubo [[ inika iinkcukacha zolwazi olubhaliweyo, ngelixa ibonelela umgaqo-nkqubo wokwenza isakhiwo sendlu.