Idinga Elihlala Lihleli: Indlela Ulawulo lobuMongameli lweNkonkxa ze-ankile zomGaqo-siseko

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla simi njengesona siphumelelo sinye sokwenza isigqibo somlomo kubomi boluntu lwaseMelika. Lixesha xa uloyiso lwezinyulo olukrwada lutshintsha lube ligunya lomgaqo-siseko ($a uwonke, ukhuthuzo, kwaye ubophelelo olusemthethweni lokubeka umthetho ngaphezu kwephulo lobuqu. Ngoxa umsitho unokuba yimizuzwana engamashumi amathathu kuphela, isiqinisekiso sibonakalisa isigqibo ngasinye somongameli esenzayo kwiminyaka emine elandelayo. Esi sifungo asiyosithethe nje; silungu elingundoqo elidibanisa amandla omongameli ngqo nomGawula, ukuqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lisebenza kwimida ebekwe ngabaqululeki. Ukuqonda umbhalo walo, imbali, nobunzima bomhlaliyo buyimfuneko kuye nabani na onqwenela ukuqonda indlela yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa imisebenzi yaseMelika kumgangatho walo ophezulu.

Isifungo sichazwe kwiGatya II, iCandelo 1, u-Claus 8 loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S.

Umbhalo Wengoma Yomongameli: Oko Ikushoyo Nento Okuphazamisayo

Amagama achanileyo, afumaneka ku Article II, Icandelo 1, Clause 8 womGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.[[FL:1], ifundeka ngolu hlobo:

Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ndiza kuphumeza ngokuthembekileyo i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenza kangangoko kobukho bekhono bam, ndigcine, ndikhusele kwaye ndikhusele umGaqo-siseko wase-United States.”

Esi sigwebo siqulethe iinxalenye ezine ezibalulekileyo. Eyokuqala, ukuqinisekiswa okanye ukuqinisekiswa kuvumela izazela zonqulo nezingezonqulo ngokulinganayo, ngokulinganayo, “‘ ukubonakalisa igalelo lokusikilwe koMgqino wokuqala noMseki wesindululi wendlela yonqulo elungele ukumiswa. Okwesibini, ibinzana elithi “ukuphumeza ngokunyanisekileyo” ligunyazisa umsebenzi onzima, umsebenzi onzima [[ kunokuba nje uthotyelwe ngokusemthethweni. Okwesithathu, ibinzana elifanelekileyo “ukuphumelela kwendlela yam yokwenza ubuchule” liyavuma umlinganiselo womntu ngoxa unyanze umgudu omkhulu. Ekugqibeleni, isenzi“ sikhusela, kwaye sikhusela i-oklobokiss ukumelana nomthetho wobugrobhabhabha, nokuba zivela kwiintshabangezo ezi ntlanga.

Ngokucacileyo akukho sifungo sibhekiselele ngqo kubantu, kwiflegi, okanye kuhlanga ngokwalo. Umongameli uthembisa ukunyaniseka kuxwebhu olubhalwe phantsi lwamalungelo kunye namandla, / hayi kumntu, kwiqela, okanye kwingcamango. Oku kukhethwa kombhalo kwakungokwamqukumbelo. Abaxhasi babesoyika ukuba isifungo sobuqu kubantu basekuhlaleni sikhuthaza ukupheliswa kwemithetho ye-ankile, ngoxa isifungo kugunya le-ankile elikwimithetho elawulayo ehlala ihleli.

Ukuguquguquka Kwembali Nomxholo othi “Undincede UThixo” Isithethe

UGeorge Washington wongezelela ibinzana elithi “ngako ke ndincede uThixo” ekunikezelweni kwakhe kokuqala, kodwa umGaqo-siseko awufuni oko. Umongameli ngamnye owalandelayo waphinda waphinda wathi ulwandiso de kube sisithethe, nangona siyinto engokwasemthethweni. Iinkundla ezininzi ziye zasinikela isifungo ngaphandle kwala mabinzana, kwaye oomongameli baye bakhetha ukuquka esi sibhengezo sobuqu kunokuba siseko somthetho-siseko. Ingxoxo yokuba le sithethe ichasene na amabinzana okusekwa ngamaxesha athile, kodwa iinkundla ziye zaqhubeka ziwisa umthetho wokuba ukufakwa kwala mabinzana ngokuzithandela akuthethi ukuba ukuvunywa konqulo ngurhulumente ngenxa yokuba umongameli usebenza njengomntu ngamnye xa esongeza.

Ukubaluleka Kwesifungo: Isizathu Sokuba Sibaluleke Ngakumbi

Isifungo singaphezulu kakhulu kunempendulo ephumayo. Sithwala ubunzulu , ulawulo, kunye nophawu lomfuziselo oluphinda-phindiweyo kulo lonke umongameli.

Ukunxulumana Okusemthethweni: ISifungo njengoMthombo Womsebenzi Ongenakuthengwa

UMgaqo-siseko usiphatha isifungo njengesivumelwano esinento eninzi phakathi komongameli kunye nomthetho-siseko. Xa umongameli ethabatha isifungo, bamkela umsebenzi osisifungo kuhlanga. Ukwaphula loo msebenzi , ngokungavumi ukunyanzelisa imithetho, ukuxolela, okanye ukubhunga ukuvala ubulungisa, kubumba “ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nabalawuli abangalunganga” phantsi kwengxelo yetyala. Imbali ithetha ukuba ityala linguMgaqo-siseko, kuquka lowo uchasene noAndrewrew Johnson, uRichard Nixon, uBill Clinton, kunye noDonald Clove, zonke izifungo zobumongameli njengesiseko sokuziphatha okutyholwayo.

Ngaphezu koko, isifungo sithwala ubunzima obuchasene nomthetho. UMthetho (U.S.C. 76 3331) ufuna ukuba onke amagosa aseburhulumenteni, kuquka umongameli, afunge ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko. Umongameli owenza ngokuchasene nesifungo ajongene neziphumo ezisemthethweni, nangona unyango olungundoqo luhlala luhleli: ukungagunyaziswa nokususwa. Kodwa, isifungo sikwabangela ukulindela kokholo olulungileyo [ kwizenzo zolawulo lwequmrhu, oko maxa wambi xa kuqwalaselwa imiyalelo yezolawulo okanye ilungelo lolawulo.

Umfuziselo: Ukuthuthwa Koxolo Kwamandla

Mhlawumbi owona msebenzi ubonakalayo sifungo kukuguqula umkhosi ubenexesha elifanelekileyo lokudlulisela amandla. Kumazwe amaninzi, iinguqu zokhokelo zibangela ugonyamelo okanye ulawulo lomkhosi. Umsifungo waseMelika, usasazwa emhlabeni wonke, uthumela uphawu olucacileyo lokuba amandla aphuma kwimvume yabalawulwa eboniswa ngoMgaqo-siseko, hayi kumphandle wompu. Lo mboniso womfuziselo ungqineke ubalulekile ngexesha loxanduva lwemiba yezobupolitika, njengonyulo lonyaka we-1876 okanye emva kwe-January 6 kuguqulo lwasemva konyaka wama-201.1

Indima Yesifungo Ekulondolozeni Imigaqo YomGaqo-siseko

Ukufunga asisosiganeko sexesha elinye. Inyanzela umsebenzi oqhubekekayo obumba yonke inyathelo elingundoqo lomongameli.

Ukulondoloza Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Omnye wemigaqo ephambili yomGaqo-siseko kukukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nxamnye nokuphangwa korhulumente. Isifungo sikamongameli sibabophelele ukuba bakhusele la malungelo ngokungeniswa komthetho womthetho womthetho (ngokugatya amatyala angekho mgangeni) kunye nokuqhatha (ngokungavumi ukunyanzelisa imiyalelo engekho mthethweni). Umzekelo, uMongameli Harry S. Truman wangonyaka ka19522 wokuthathiswa kwezigalelo zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yaseKorea kwabethwa yiNkundlalelo ePhakamileyo ngenxa yokuba isenzo sidlulele kwegunya elinguMgaqo-siseko kamongameli (ngokwakwahlukana nomoya wesifungo sokukhusela ukwahlulwa kwamagunya.).

Kumaxesha anamhlanje, esi sifungo sifuna ukuba oomongameli banyanzelise imithetho yamalungelo abantu, bakhusele inkululeko yokuthetha nonqulo, baze baqinisekise ukuba imigaqo efunekayo kwimicimbi yokufuduka neyolwaphulo - mthetho. Xa oomongameli benikela imiyalelo elawulayo emisela ukukhenketha okusekelwe kunqulo okanye kubantu abavalelweyo ngaphandle kokuvavanywa, iinkundla zidla ngokuhlolisisa enoba ezo zenzo zivumelana nokuzinikela kwesifungo kwimigaqo - siseko.

Ukugcina Umthetho

Umongameli, njengentloko yesebe eliphetheyo, ubekwa ityala “lokukhathalelwa [ukuze] imithetho ifezwe ngokuthembekileyo” (Artle II, Icandelo 3). Isifungo siqinisa lo msebenzi ngokufuna ukuba umongameli aphumeze iofisi ngokuthembeka[. Oku kuthetha ukuba umongameli akanakuyinyanzelisa ngokusesikweni imithetho esekelwe kukhetho lobuqu, kwaye akanakukhupha “imiyalelo ejikayo". Umthetho ufuna ukuba kwanegosa eliphezulu lithobele umthetho osemthethweni obekwe kwi-clices.

Ukukhusela Izisongelo Zamakhaya Nakwamanye Amazwe

Isenzi “defend” kwisifungo siyasebenza kwaye sikwasetyenziswa. Inyanzela umongameli ukuba akhusele umGaqo-siseko kwiingozi eziziqikelelo ezinjengemvukelo, ukuhlasela kwamanye amazwe, okanye imigudu yogonyamelo yokubhukuqa urhulumente. [ Umthetho wokhuphiso [[FULT:3] ka-1807] unika umongameli amandla okuphelisa imvukelo yasekhaya xa amagunya asemthethweni engakwazi ukugcina umthetho (*) kodwa ngenxa yokuba isifungo somongameli sifuna isenzo esinjalo sokulondoloza ulawulo lomgaqo-mGaqonga. Ngokunjalo, isifungo sikhuthaza igunya lomongameli njengomlawuli wesizwe ukuba agxothe.

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, isifungo siye sasetyenziswa ukuthethelela izenzo ezisuka kukhuseleko olungakumbi emva ko-9/11 ukuya kusetyenziswa komkhosi nxamnye namaqela abanqolobi. Abahlalutyi bathi abanye oomongameli baye basebenzisa isifungo sokwandisa igunya eliphakamileyo ngaphaya kwemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko, ukuqwalasela ukuxinana okuphakathi kokukhusela ubukho boMgaqo-siseko nokukhusela imida yawo.

Imizekelo Yembali Yesilili Ngamaxesha Entlekele

Imbali yaseMerika izaliswe ngamaxesha xa isifungo somongameli savavanywa, sachazwa ngokutsha, okanye saphinda saqinisekiswa phantsi kwemikhwa ephambili.

UAbraham Lincoln Nemfazwe Yamakhaya

Xa uAbraham Lincoln wathabatha isifungo sexesha lakhe lesibini ngoMatshi 1865, i-Union yayisabhida imfazwe yamakhaya eyayisongela ukutshabalalisa umGaqo-siseko ngokwayo. Ukumiswa kokuqala kukaLincoln kwagxininisa umsebenzi wakhe “wokukhusela nokukhusela” i-Union, awayichaza njengegunyazisayo amanyathelo angaqhelekanga: ukunquma amazibuko enqanawa asezantsi, ukuvala amazibuko eenqanawa, nokukhupha iEmancipration ngokwawo. Abagxeki bawuchasayo lo myalelo wakhe wokulwa nokhuseleko lwemithetho-siseko, kodwa uLincoln wathi kufuneka athathe nasiphi nasiphi na isenzo esiyimfuneko ukukhusela ukutshatyalaliswa komGatho-siseko. Kwimbono yakhe, imbopheleleko yesifungo sokukhusela ubukho boxwebhu idededele ukuba imo yemeko olukhethekileyo kuxokiswe ngenye indlela ekwayayo kwimfazwe yemfazwe. Kodwa uLincoln ugxininisa umgaqo esiqhelekileyo esingumthetho osemthethweni xa sisongelo esinguwo.

Umkhosi weroosevelt nobunzima obukhulu boqoqosho

Franklin D. Roosevelt wathatha isikhundla sobuso ngekhulu lemali ewileyo ngo1933. Intetho yakhe yokuqala yabhengezwa ngokuba “kuphela kwento esimele siyoyike yiyo uloyiko ngokwayo,” kodwa engakumbi yayisilumkiso sakhe ukuba ukuba iNgqungquthela yeSigunya eliPhezulu yasilela ukulwa nemfazwe yongxamiseko, ngamandla amakhulu anokuthi anikwe mna ukuba besihlaselwe lutshaba lwasemzini. Ucaciso lukaRosevelt lwamvumela ukuba anyanzele umthetho omtsha we-Irac eyandisa kakhulu igunya lorhulumente kunye ne-Punigastien. Ekuqaleni iNkundla Ephakamileyo yahlasela uninzi kwezi nkqubo, kodwa uRoselfvelt walwa nokufundwa kwemisholo-ukumanyana kwe-gropult.

UGeorge W. Bush nemfazwe yoloyiko

Emva kohlaselo lukaSeptemba 11, 2001, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wacela isifungo sakhe ukuba agunyazise ukuqwalasela okungenagunyazi, iinkundla zomkhosi, kunye nobuchule bokuncina amatyala. Ulawulo lwaphikisa ngelithi umsebenzi kamongameli wokukhusela umGaqo-siseko wamvumela ukuba angayisebenzisi imithetho emiselwe yiKhomishini. INkundla ePhakamileyo kamva yakwala ezinye zezi zityholo (umz., [[FLT: 0]] uHamdan v. Rumfeld, 2006), ibambe ukuba isifungo sikamongameli asimniki tyalangawukhangeli phantsi umthetho womthetho womthetho. Isiganeko sibonisa ukuxabana okuqhubekayo phakathi kommiselo woMgaqo-siseko kunye nomyalelo waso wokuqhuba imithetho ngokuthembeka.

UDonald Trump nohlaselo lukaJanuwari 6, 2021,

Uvavanyo oluqatha lwakutshanje lwesifungo somongameli lwenzeka kwiiveki zokugqibela zegama likaDonald Trump. Indlu yabameli yacebisa uTrump ukuba “aphendulwe ngokuvukelwa kwemithetho yesizwe” emva kokuba ihlokondiba lihlasele i-U.S. Capitol ngoxa iBhunga laliqinisekisa iziphumo zekholeji ezinyuliweyo. Inqaku lentlawulo lathi uTrump wasiphula isifungo sakhe somGaqo-siseko ngokuzama ukubhukuqa iziphumo zonyulo kwaye ungakwazi ukuthabatha inyathelo elikhawulezileyo lokukhusela iCapitol. Nangona ekugqibeleni iNsungulo irho yayisisa kakhulu iziphumo zayo zehambo ekhethekileyo, ikhusela kwaye ikhusela i-" igalelo-mthetho. Abaphengululi bezomthetho bahlala besahluliwe, kodwa isenze isiganeko esibonisa ukuba isifungo asifuziselwanga nje kuphela kwaye asiyokuze siphendukumele.

Iinkcazelo Zale Mihla Neempikiswano Ezingokwasemthethweni

Isifungo somongameli siyaqhubeka singumbandela wengxoxo yabaphengululi neyamatyala, ingakumbi njengoko amandla alawulayo esanda.

Intetho yesigqeba esilawulayo kunye neOath

Abaxhasi bengcamango yequmrhu elilawulayo baphikisa ngelithi isifungo somongameli simnika igunya eliphezulu kwisebe eliphetheyo, kuquka amandla okususa iintloko ezizimeleyo, ukunyathela amagxamesi, nokuchaza imithetho ngaphandle kwesizathu. Baphikisa ngelithi isifungo sinyanzelisa umsebenzi wobuqu wokuxhasa umGaqo-siseko ongenakunikwa umthetho owenziwe okanye owabelane noMbutho. Abagxeki baphikisana nokuba isifungo sibopha umongameli kwakhona kwinkqubo yee-cheke-xilongo kunye nemali, ithetha ukuba umongameli umele ayihlole kwaye aphendule ngokuthembeka. Oku kwakungumba ophambili kwizigqibo zeNkulawulo ezinjenge- uMthetho ofana noMthetho. V.[FFFF] [20]

Ngaba UMongameli Unokunyanzelwa Ukuba Athabathe Isigqumathelo?

Akukho mntu unokuthatha umongameli ngaphandle kokufunga. Ukuba umphengululi-wodidi akavumi ukuthabatha, iofisi izakukhutshwa kwisekela lomongameli--wesi-20c. Isifungo yimfuneko engalawulekiyo yokusebenzisa igunya eliphezulu. Ngokwengcamango, umongameli angathintelwa ukuba enze isifungo (umz., ngokushwankathela), apho umongameli ongumxhasi waba ngumongameli osebenzayo. UMgaqo-siseko awuniki msebenzi kufutshane: ngaphandle kwesifungo, akukho mongameli.

Ngaba Isigqumo Sibangela Indima Yobuqu Engenelela Kwizenzo Ezingavumelaniyo Nemithetho?

Umbuzo ochuliweyo kodwa obalulekileyo kukuba ngaba isifungo sibophelele umongameli ukuba axhathise ngokungakhathaliyo izenzo ezingekho mthethweni kwamanye amasebe. Umzekelo, ukuba iBhunga lidlulisela umthetho oweyisa ngokuphandle uMphetho wokuqala, kufuneka umongameli awudlulise? umongameli umele avume, kuba ukusayina umthetho ocacileyo ongekho semthethweni uya kungqubana nesifungo sokukhusela uMgaqo-siseko. Ngokunjalo, ukuba isebe elikwi-computha (umz., i-judiary) lidlulise amandla alo, umongameli unokuba nomsebenzi wokuxhathisa.gxa wakwa kokungagunyaziswa okucacileyo. Imida yalo yalo ixanduva kakhulu, ingxwa nakumasebe emfazweni.

Ioli Nekamva LomGaqo-siseko

Njengokuba iUnited States ijongene neengxaki ezintsha ```inkcenkceshelo''', amaphulo okungavumelani kwezopolitiko, ukuhlaziywa kwezobupolitika, kunye neemeko zomGaqo-siseko) esifuno sobumongameli siza kuhlala singqinelana nokulawula. Isifungo sodwa asinakuqinisekisa ukuthembeka komGaqo-siseko, kodwa sinikela umlinganiselo ocacileyo wokuba ihambo yobumongameli inokulinganiswa kuphi. Xa umongameli ephula isifungo, isifungo asikho kwiinkundla kuphela kodwa kwinkqubo yezobupolitika: ukungagunyazi, unyulo, nogwebo, kunye nogwebo lwembali.

Kwiminyaka emine, izigidi zabantu baseMerika zibukele ukunikezelwa kwaye zive umongameli ozayo ephinda amazwi afanayo athethwa okokuqala nguGeorge Washington. Oko kuqhubeka ngokwako kuyindlela yokulondolozwa komGaqo-siseko. Isifungo sisenokuba sifutshane, kodwa isandi saso sihlala sikho lo gama iriphabliki iqhubeka.

Imithombo Yangaphandle Yokufunda Kwakhona