Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya: Isiseko Solawulo - melo LwaseMerika

Urhulumente waseUnited States usebenza kumgaqo owahlulayo kwezinye iinkqubo zokulawula ehlabathini jikelele: ukwahlukana kwamagunya. Esi sakhiwo, esifakwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., sahlula igunya likarhulumente phakathi kwamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: iSigqeba, iSilawuli, kunye neSigwebi. Injongo engundoqo yalo candelo kukuthintela ukubekwa kwamandla nakweyiphi na into ekhoyo, ukukhusela ooTata abaFunyaniweyo abagqalwa njengabayimfuneko ekukhuseleni inkululeko. Ngokunika imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kumasebe ohlukeneyo kunye nenze iindlela zokwenza ezinye izinto: ibangela uxinzelelo olunamandla olukhuthaza ukucalula, ukulala nokuphendula. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka okukhethekileyo kwesebe ngalinye nendlela abasebenza ngayo kunye nendlela ekufuneka ngayo i-demokhrasi.

Imvelaphi yembali kunye noyilo lomgaqo-siseko

Uyilo lukarhulumente wase-U.S. aluzange luphumele kwi-athom. Abaseki, ingakumbi uJames Madison, uAlexander Hamilton, noJohn Jay, bachaza ingqiqo yamagunya awohlukeneyo . IMadison yaphikisana noLuhlu lweziNtlalo-ntle zeNtshona Koloni. I-Madison iphikisana no-Federalist No. 51 ukuba "isigqibo kufuneka senziwe ukulwa nephulo lobugqhinga. Le nkqubo yenziwa njengempendulo yamagunya acingelwayo ekusileleni kwemiqathango yeNteko, eyadala urhulumente ophakathi obuthathaka, kunye nezifundo zembali ze-Riphabliki ezazidebetho-devod isuka kwigunya. Ngoko ke iyila urhulumente olinganiselweyo, kunye nesebe ngalinye elifumana ngolwanoxwebhu olugunya-Melika, ulawulo olungqinekeneyo lweenkulungwane ezimbini ze-Melika.

Isebe Lomthetho: Ilizwi Labantu

Isebe loMgaqo-siseko, elimiselwe kwiGatya I loMgaqo-siseko, libekwe ityala ngomsebenzi oyintloko wokwenza imithetho. Lisebe elenzelwe ukuba libe kufuphi nabantu, namalungu alo anyulwe ngokuthe ngqo ngabemi. Isakhiwo seBhunga eliyibhiya-meral, esibunjwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNtsimi, sasingulalanisa phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane, kodwa kwakhona lifeza injongo enzulu: ukufuna umthetho ogqitha kwimizimba emibini eyahlukeneyo kunye nemithetho ebanzi eqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iqwalaselwe ngokucokisekileyo phambi kokumiswa kwesivumelwano.

Indlu yabameli: Ikomkhulu Labantu

Indlu yabameli, enamalungu ayo angama-45 ahlukeneyo, yenziwe ukuba ivume ukuthanda kwabantu okukhawulezileyo. Abameli basebenzisa amagama amabini eminyaka edlulileyo, okuthetha ukuba bajongana nonyulo rhoqo kwaye kufuneka bahlale benxibelelane nezopolitiko zesithili sabo. Indlu inamandla apheleleyo okumisela ingeniso, ebonisa ukuba irhafu ifanele ivela kwisiqu esimele siphendulwe ngokuphandle. Ngaphezu koko, iNdlu inegunya lokungagunya lokungaqeqeshwa, ivumela ukuba izise izityholo kumagosa asekuhlaleni, kuquka uMongameli, "Ityala, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izigebetho eziphezulu ze-Crimes kunye neMisdega yoo ." Isakhiwo sendlu sidala umzimba osoloko ulungele ukudibana nolwanolwazi, ukusebenzela ngokubhekiselele phambili kwemithetho karhulumente kawonke.

ICanon: Umzimba Onetyala

IBhunga leNtlanganiso lenziwe njengendlela yokuzikhusela ngakumbi kwindlu. Imo nganye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abemi, ithumela amagunya amabini akhethekileyo ukuba asebenze ii-projekthi ezineminyaka emithandathu, nesinye sesithathu somzimba wequmrhu ukwenzela unyulo naliphi na ixesha. Esi sakhiwo sasicetyelwe ukwenza iBharte ibe yenzelwe ukungenzi buthathaka ekuphelelisekeni kwengqubano kawonke-wonke kwaye ijongene ngakumbi kwimibango yelizwe. Amagunya akhethekileyo eNdlundlwane eCatherame aquka ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa koomongameli, njengoomabhalane, abagwebi bephondo, abagwebi abaphezulu, kunye neenkundla eziphakamileyo zenkundla, kunye nezivumelwano eziqhutywa ngeGavelb. Indlu yesizwe ikwasebenza njengenkundla yokungaquququzeli ekunga ityala, ifuna ii-35 ze-ovotine ukuba ikhuphe i-empempempele.

Inkqubela Yomthetho Esebenzayo

Le ndlela ithathwa yiBhunga elineenkcukacha ibonakalisa ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo. Imithetho mayidlulise omagumbi omabini eluhlobo olufanayo ngaphambi kokuba inikwe uMongameli. Kwigumbi ngalinye, ityala lihamba ngokuhlola ikomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, kunye nokuvota. Le nkqubo, ngexa igxekwa ngokucothayo, inyanzelisa: inyanzelisa, ibhenca, ikhusela umthetho ongxamisekileyo. Inkqubo yemithetho yowiso-mthetho idityaniswa nokuva kwekomiti, uphando, kunye nolawulo oluvumela iBhunga ukuba lijonge ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho lisebe eliphetheyo. Lo msebenzi, nangona ukujonga okungeyo kungabonakalingabonwangawumthetho, kungunobangela uphakaliso olubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulinganisa.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: Unyanzeliso nolawulo

Inqaku II lezakhono eziphezulu zomGaqo-siseko kuMongameli waseUnited States. Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu linoxanduva lokuqinisekisa nokusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Ngoxa uMongameli engoyena mntu ubonakalayo, isebe elilawulayo langoku lisixhobo esikhulu esiquka uMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, amasebe amaninzi nezigidi zabasebenzi borhulumente kunye nabasebenzi basemkhosini. Umlinganiselo wamandla alawulayo uphangalele ngokuphawulekayo kwimbali yaseMerika, eqhutywa kukuntsonkotha kokwanda kokulawula kohlanga olukhulu nokusabela kwiziganeko zehlabathi lonke.

UMongameli: Umphathi kwiNtloko nakwiNtloko kaRhulumente

UMongameli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente, edibanisa imisebenzi yesithethe kunye nomsebenzi. Amandla omgaqo-siseko kaMongameli aquka ukusebenza njengoMlawuli kwiNtloko yemikhosi exhobileyo, ukuxolela amatyala karhulumente, ukudibanisa izivumelwano (ngemvume yeKhonte), ukumisela amagosa karhulumente, nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphumele ngokuthembekileyo. Amandla eveto angomnye wezona zixhobo zomthetho zibalulekileyo zikaMongameli, avumela umlawuli ukuba angavumi ukuphelisa iindleko ezidluliswa yiBhunga ngaphandle kokuba amavoti amabini-3 amagumbi okuvota kuwo omabini amagumbi. Ngaphandle kwala la mazwe, uMongameli uphembelela izicwangciso zesizwe ngentetho yeSizwe, imiyalelo yabalawuli, imiyalelo yolawulo, kunye nobuchule bokulungisa uluvo lwangaphandle. Indima yomgaqo-mthetho womthetho wamanye amazwe ibalulekile, njengezenzo zemikhosi yezizwe zezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe.

Umongameli noMphathiswa weKhabhinethi

UMongameli ongumongameli ongumongameli uneziqu ezibini eziphambili zemisebenzi yomgaqo-siseko: ukuphumelela kukaMongameli ukuba kuyimfuneko nokukhonza njengoMongameli weNdlu yeeNtsimbi. Ngelixesha uMongameli ongumongameli angaphosa ivoti edibanisa iqhina kwiNdlu yendlu yemikhosi, indima iye yatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Oomongameli bale mihla basebenza njengentloko-mikhosi engundoqo, bathatha i-portfolios, baze bamele ulawulo lwezo zezo zinto zombini ezikhoyo emakhaya nakwamanye amazwe. IBhabhinethi, eyakhiwe ziintloko zamasebe olawulo anjengeSizwe, iRhulumente, iSizwe, iMasipala, neJaji, isebenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuqulukelo lorhulumente omkhulu. Oobhanyaziweyo bamiselwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswa nguMphathiswa yiBhunga-Cate-omatilam, balungiselela imicimbi yabo yoomatiswanowabo, kunye noomatisigqeshoshoshoshoshoshoshold.

Imiyalelo yegunya neLizwe loLawulo

UMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo yokwalathisa imisebenzi karhulumente wesizwe. Le miyalelo inamandla omthetho kodwa iphantsi kohlolo lomthetho kodwa ingatshintshwa ngoomongameli abalandelayo okanye ithathelwe indawo ngumthetho wolawulo. Ulwando lwezwe lolawulo, oluquka amaqumrhu afana ne-Entevironmental Provice Agency kunye neKhomishoni yeNkqutyana yezoLawulo, ikhulise impembelelo yegunya. La maqumrhu, esungulwe yiKhomishini yeBhunga, i-produl, imigaqo ethwala amandla omthetho.

Isebe lezeejaji: ukutolikwa nokhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko

Inqaku III elimisela iSebe lezeejaji, ifakela igunya lokugweba kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla eziphantsi zephondo. Umsebenzi oyintloko wejaji kukuchaza imithetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba isebenza kakuhle kwaye isebenza ngokungaguquki. Noko ke, amandla amakhulu esebe kukuhlola okulawula: igunya lokuvakalisa imithetho nezenzo zolawulo ezingavumelaniyo. Eli gunya, elimiselwe kwityala elingu-1803 [marbury v.Madison, alichazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa liye laba ligumbi lolawulo lwaseMelika. IGawula lisebenza njengomgcini-mthetho opheleleyo, ukhuseleko amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nemidaba phakathi kwamasebe orhulumente.

INkundla Ephakamileyo: INkundla Yesigqibo Sokugqibela

INkundla ePhakamileyo ineejaji ezisithoba ezisebenza ekumiselweni ubomi bonke, ukhetho lwesakhiwo olucelelwe ukuba zikhusele kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika nokuqinisekisa inkululeko yokugweba. Ulawulo lweNkundla luye lwafumana imvume, ithetha ukuba luhlola izigqibo eziphuma kwiinkundla ezisezantsi. IiJaji zisebenzisa ubulumko obubalulekileyo ekukhetheni iimeko, ngokubhekiselele kwimibandela yokubaluleka komgaqo-siseko okanye apho iinkundla ezisezantsi zifikelele izigqibo eziphikisanayo. Izigqibo zeNkundla zeNkundla ziba yiyo ekwakheni imizekelo, ukubumba kwemimiselo yezezomthetho ukwenzela izizukulwana. Amandla okuhlola inkundla abangela ukuba inkundla ingakwazi ukuphelisa umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga nokutyotywa nguMongameli, okanye ukuwisa phantsi izenzo zolawulo ezingaphaya kwegunya elisemthethweni. Eli gunya lenza ukuba inkundla likwazi ukuvavanywa kweminye imiqatha kwemiqatha kweminye imiqatha yamasebe amabini.

IiNkundla zoMasipala ezisezantsi

Ngaphantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kukho iiNkundla zezibheno neeNkundla zeSithili. IiNkundla zeSithili 94 zisebenza njengeenkundla zamatyala enkqubo karhulumente, ziphulaphula amatyala oluntu nawolwaphulo-mthetho phantsi komthetho karhulumente. IiNkundla ezili-13 zezibheno ziphulaphula izibheno ezivela kwiiNkundla zeSithili zeSithili zize zihlole izigqibo zamaqumrhu alawulayo. Ezi nkuntlukwano zisezantsi zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala karhulumente, ukutolika imimiselo, ukucombulula iimbambano, nokuphuhlisa imfundiso esemthethweni. Ikomiti yezomthetho yezomthetho imiswa ngoMongameli ngoqinisekiso lweNkuqinisekiswa kweNkundla, kwaye isebenza izindululo zolawulo lwexesha lonke.

Ukucaciswa Kwejaji Nenkqubo Yenkqubo Yenkqubo Yomgaqo - siseko

Indima yejaji etolika umGaqo-siseko inika inkqubo yokulungisa uxwebhu ukuze lulungelelanise iimeko ngaphandle kokutshintsha okusesikweni. Ngezigqibo ezikwimibandela esukela kumalungelo abantu ukuya kurhwebo, iinkundla ziye zabumba intsingiselo yamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. Iintanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo, njengenkqulo, i-recustolisism, kunye nomthetho-siseko, zibonakalisa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nendlela abagwebi abamele bayichaze ngayo imigaqo-siseko. Ngokunganjalo indlela yokutolika i-mthetho, ukuzimela kwejajiko lomthetho kunye namandla awo okuchaza oko kukuthi umthetho ube lilungu elibalulekileyo lenkqubo karhulumente waseMelika. IBhulumente isebenza njengomgwebi wokugqibela wentsingiselo yentsingiselo yomthetho-siseko, iqinisekisa ukuba amanye amasebe asebenze kwimidabi elisemthethweni.

Inkqubo yeepeyinti nolungelelwano

Ulwahlulo lwamagunya lungaphelelanga ngaphandle kwesixokelelwano sokhangelo nolungelelwaniso oluvumela isebe ngalinye ukuba lisikelele izenzo zezinye. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba amandla akahlukani kuphela kodwa akwahlulana. Isebe ngalinye linamagunya okhuselo nocaphucayo anxulumene namanye, lidala uthungelwano olukhuthaza intsebenziswano kwaye luthintela ukuqhatha.

Ingqwalasela yoMthetho kwiSebe eliphetheyo neSikolo

IBhunga linegunya elikhulu kwiSebe eliLawulayo. Lilawula uqingqo-mali lwesizwe, lithetha ukuba uMongameli akanakuchitha imali ngaphandle kombutho wombutho. Ingqungquthela ingalawula i-vetoes yomongameli kunye nezininzi ezibini ezithathu. IBhunga liqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nokudityaniswa kwezivumelwano. IBhunga liyakwazi ukuphelisa uMongameli kunye namanye amagosa orhulumente. Lingakwayila nokuphelisa amasebe olawulo oluphezulu kunye namaqumrhu. Ngokuchasene nejaji, iKhonkqu inegunya lokumisela isakhiwo kunye nolawulo lweenkundla ezisezantsi zesazulu, ukumisela ukupheliswa komgaqo-mthetho osemthethweni, ukuqulungela ukubhukuqa ngokunelo olufanelekileyo, nokususa iijajinga-jaji zesizwe.

Icandelo elilawulayo lihlola iMithetho neSikolo

Umthetho kaMongameli ungawudlulisa ngeNgqungquthela, enyanzelisa ukuba kungenelwe ingcebiso. UMongameli angabiza ingqungquthela ukuba ibe kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo. NjengoMphathi kwiNtloko, uMongameli ulawula umkhosi. Amandla oMongameli okukhupha imiyalelo yolawulo avumela ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho okhawulezileyo. Amandla okuxolela anika uvavanyo kwijaji, avumela uMongameli ukuba avumele abantu abagwetyiweyo betyala urhulumente. UMongameli ukwaphembelela umlawuli wejaji ngokumisela abagwebi besizwe, kuquka iinkundla eziphakamileyo, abamele ukuqinisekiswa yiNkundla yeNtlanganiso.

Ukuhlolisisa Umthetho Nolawulo

Amandla ejaji ewonga-mthetho angowona ubalulekileyo wokuhlola okusemthethweni. Iinkundla zingayivakalisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga zisayinwe nguMongameli ukuba ingaququzeli, iyenze ibe lilize. Iinkundla zisenokubetha izenzo zolawulo ezigqitha kwigunya lomgaqo-siseko okanye lomthetho. Ngokutolikwa kwemithetho, iinkundla zinokuyibumba indlela esetyenziswa ngayo imithetho. Imfuneko yokuba amatyala anikele "isicangca okanye impikiswano" athintele iinkundla ukuba ziphumeze iinkundla ziphumeze iimbono zomthetho, kodwa xa ityala libekwe kakuhle phambi kwazo, iinkundla zinegama lokugqibela kwisigqibo sazo somgaqo-mthetho, zimele zilawule ukulawulwa komgaqo-siseko okanye ukuqwalalw'intloko-mthetho.

Umatshini wokusebenza osetyenziswayo

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela idala uxinzeleleko oluqhubekayo kunye nengxoxo phakathi kwamasebe. Umzekelo, xa uMongameli efaka umthetho, iKhomishini kufuneka igqibe ukuba ingawulawula umthetho okanye ithethe ngokunye. Xa iinkundla ziwisa umthetho, iKhomishini ingaphendula ngokugqithisa inguqulelo ehlaziyiweyo ethetha ngemibandela yomgaqo-siseko. Xa iCantenet ingavumi ukuqinisekisa umongameli, uMongameli kufuneka abeke phambili omnye umlandeli. Le ngxoxo, ngelinye ixesha ivelisa i-gridlock, ibonisa indlela ecetyikisiweyo yenkqubo: ukunyanzela, ukwakha, ukuvumelana, nokuthintela naliphi isebe elinye ekulawuleni abanye.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Lokwahlukana Kwamandla

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ijongene neengxaki ezininzi zanamhlanje. Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo kunye nezenzo zolawulo maxa wambi zingawufiphaza umahluko phakathi kokunyanzelisa imithetho kunye nokwenza entsha. Ulwando lwezwe lolawulo luphakamisa imibuzo ngegunya lowiso-mthetho kumaqumrhu alawulayo. Ngaphandle kwale mingeni, ukuhlaziywa kwemimandla yezobupolitika kungandisa ukungqubana phakathi kwe-branch, kukhokelela ekubonakaliseni ukuxhasa ngemali, ukumiswa, imida, nemida yemithetho-siseko. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Dicialbuster kwiBhathers kutshintshile amandla esenzo somthetho kunye nesiqinisekiso sokugweba. Ngaphandle kwale mingeni, isakhiwo esisisiseko samagunya ahlukeneyo sihlala sihleli sihleli siqinile, kwaye amasebe ayaqhubeka ekhuphisana nokuxoxa nabasemagunyeni bawo.

Ukujongwa okunzulu kumGaqo-siseko, tyelela i-website yoovimba bohlanga kwi-Gaqo-siseko. Ulwazi malunga neNgqungquthela yangoku, kuquka umsebenzi wewiso-mthetho kunye noovimba beefayili abangamalungu, i-] Coneral.gov[ nguvimba onegunya. Iwebhsayithi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo inika unikezelo ku [[FLT: 4.] iimpikiswano zomlomo, kunye nolwazi [[FLT]].

Ukuphakamisa Amandla Ahlukeneyo Ezakhamuzi

Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwesebe ngalinye kungaphezulu kunokulandela imfundo yabafundi bephondo. Olu lwazi lunika abemi amandla okubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo kurhulumente wabo. Ukwazi ukuba iNdlu iqalisa amatyala erhafu kunceda abemi balapho babhekiselele kwinkxalabo yabo kubameli abafanelekileyo. Ukuqonda ukuba uMongameli umisela abagwebi kucacisa intsingiselo yonyulo lomongameli. Ukuvuma indima yeNkundla Ephakamileyo ekuchazeni amalungelo kuzisa ingxubusho kawonke wonke ekwahlulelene nayo. Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akuyo nje imbali, kodwa inkqubo ephilayo elawulayo imihla ngemihla nekhusela inkululeko ekhokelwa yiMerika.

Abahlali banokuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo ngokuvotela abameli babo kunye namaqumrhu abo, banxibelelane namagosa abo anyuliweyo malunga nomthetho, balandele izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, baze baphendule urhulumente ngokuvavanywa nguwonke-wonke. Inkqubo isebenza kakuhle xa uluntu luqonda indlela esebenza ngayo kwaye lufuna ukuba isebe ngalinye liphumeze indima yalo engokomGaqo-siseko. Ukuthenjiswa kwabemi kunguvavanyo olupheleleyo kumandla karhulumente.

Isiphelo

Isebe Elilawulayo lisebenza imisebenzi eyahlukileyo nengenakubekwa endaweni kwinkqubo karhulumente waseMerika. ISebe leMithetho lenza imithetho, limela izilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo zabantu baseMelika kwaye lilawula uqingqo-mali lwesizwe. Isebe elilawulayo linyanzelisa la mithetho, liqhuba urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kunye nokuqhuba inkqubo yelizwe yamanye amazwe phantsi kolwalathiso loMongameli. Isebe leMigaqo-mthetho lichaza imithetho, liqinisekisa ukuba isebenza kakuhle kwaye lisebenzisanamGaqo-siseko. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela idityanisela la masebe kwisiseko solawulo olunye, likhusela naliphi na isebe ekuquququzeleni igunya eligqithisileyo. Eli lungiselelo, elenzelwe ukulungiselela isiseko solawulo-demokhrasi, ukukhusela amalungelo nenkululeko yoluntu ngexesha elifanelekileyo lorhulumente ngamnye.