Isebe eligwebayo lorhulumente linesikhundla esisisiseko kulo naliphi na ibutho lolawulo-bume, lisebenza njengommeli womthetho, umkhuseli wamalungelo omntu ngamnye, nommeli wobulungisa. Imbopheleleko yalo eyintloko kukuchaza nokusebenzisa umthetho, ukucombulula iimbambano, nokuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zamasebe alawulayo zihambelana nemigaqo-siseko. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa isakhiwo, imisebenzi, nokuhlala kukwintsingiselo yesebe eligweba, lihlola indlela elixhasa ngayo okusesikweni nokusesikweni ngeenkundla zalo, abagwebi, nokuzibophelela kumthetho.

Isakhiwo Sesebe Eligwebayo

Isebe lejaji lenziwe ngemigangatho yeenkundla esebenza kumgangatho worhulumente norhulumente. Inkundla nganye inegunya elichaziweyo, elinegunya lokuphulaphula iindidi ezithile zamatyala, kwaye zisebenza kunye ukudlulisela okusesikweni ngokuphumelelayo. Esi sakhiwo sibini sivumela inkqubo ukuba ikwazi ukusingatha uludwe oluninzi lwemibandela engokwasemthethweni, ukusuka ekungquzukeni kwemiqathango emincinci ukuya kucelomngeni oluntsonkothileyo lwemithetho-siseko.

Iinkundla Ezimanyeneyo

Iinkundla zoManyano zimiselwe phantsi kweGatya III lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Zisingatha amatyala abandakanya imithetho karhulumente, imibuzo yomGaqo-siseko, iimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe, kunye nemicimbi apho iUnited States ililungu. Ijaji yesizwe ilungelelaniswe yaba ziithala ezintathu:

  • IiNkundla zephondo: Kukho iinkundla zesithili ezingama-49 kulo lonke ilizwe, zisebenza njengeenkundla zamatyala apho kuvela khona amatyala amaninzi karhulumente. ABagwebi bongamela iityala zamakhaya nezaphuli-mthetho, baphulaphule ubungqina, kwaye benze nemithetho.
  • IiNkundla zesiphatho: Iinkundla zesiphaluka ezili-13 zihlola izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili. Aziqhubeli matyala amatsha kodwa zivavanya ingxelo yeempazamo ezisemthethweni. Izigqibo zazo zimisela umzekelo onyanzelekileyo kwimimandla yazo.
  • Inkundla ephezulu yaseUnited States: Inkundla ephakamileyo, enezigwebi ezisithoba, uhlolo oluvela kwiinkundla zesiphaluka nakwiinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe ngemibuzo ebalulekileyo karhulumente. Izigqibo zayo zigqibele kwaye ziyabophelela kwilizwe lonke.

Amatyala eencwadi afana [[FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison (1803) kunye Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) ibonakalisa amandla eenkundla zezwe ukubumba ibutho lamaMelika. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iqalisela ulawulo lwantlalo lwantlalo [ kumanani alinganiselweyo eemeko, njengeempikiswano phakathi, kodwa ezininzi zomsebenzi wayo zi-appelta.

Iinkundla Zelizwe

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha uninzi oluninzi lweembambano ezingokwasemthethweni eUnited States. Urhulumente ngamnye unenkqubo yakhe yenkundla, edla ngokufuziselwa yinkqubo karhulumente, kodwa ngezahluka-hlukeneyo. Iinkundla zikarhulumente ziva amatyala abandakanya imithetho karhulumente, iingxabano zentsapho, izaphuli-mthetho, imicimbi yempahla, kunye neminye imiba. Inkqubo yenkundla yokoqobo yephondo iquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] IiNkundla eziQuquzelelayo: ezisoloko zibizwa ngokuba ziinkundla eziphakamileyo okanye ezijikelezayo, ezi zezona zibalulekileyo ekungeneni kumatyala amaninzi. Ziva ubungqina, ziqhuba iityala zabachopheli-tyala, kwaye zikhupha imigwebo.
  • IiNkundla ze-Applette: Amazwe amaninzi anemingxuma yeenkundla ezihlola izigqibo zenkundla evavanyayo. Ezi ntena zilungisa iimpazamo kwaye ziqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa okufanayo komthetho karhulumente.
  • Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeSizwe: Inkundla ephakamileyo kurhulumente ngamnye, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yinkundla ephakamileyo okanye inkundla yezibheno (kwiNew York naseMaryland). Iva izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla ezisezantsi kwaye inegama lokugqibela kutoliko lwesizwe nomthetho-siseko.

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zikwayindawo ephambili yomthetho wentsapho, iprobate, kunye nenkoliso yamatyala. Ulawulo olumabini lweenkundla zorhulumente nezorhulumente luphawu lwenkqubo yorhulumente waseMerika, evumela zombini ukuba zisebenze ngaphandle kwentsebenziswano.

Iinkundla ezizodwa

Ngaphandle kweenkqubo zenkundla jikelele, iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zikho ukuze zicombulule iindidi ezithile zamatyala. Ezi ziquka iinkundla ezibonisa ukuwa kwamali (icandelo leenkundla zesithili zephondo), iinkundla zerhafu, iinkundla zezomkhosi, kunye neenkundla zezolawulo. Kumgangatho weli phondo, iinkundla eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • Inkundla yeziyobisi (inikela ingqalelo ekuhlaziyweni kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezisebenzisa kakubi iziyobisi)
  • Iinkundla zephondo (iityala lokuphatha elibandakanya iiprojekthi ezincinane)
  • Iinkundla zentsapho (ukuqhubana noqhawulo-mtshato, ilungelo lokugcina umntwana, nolwalamano lwasekhaya)
  • Iinkundla ezincinane (zichaza into elula, engacwangciswanga kwiimbambano ezincinane zemali)

Ezi nkundla zivumela iinkqubo nobuchule obulungeleleneyo, zikhuthaza ukuphumelela nokufaneleka kweempendulo ezigwebayo.

Indima YaBagwebi

Abagwebi baphambili kwisebe eligwebayo, bayawongamela amatyala asenkundleni, bayawisa imithetho engokwasemthethweni, yaye bawisa imigwebo echaphazela ubomi babantu nenkcazo yomthetho. Ukungakhethi kwabo, ingqibelelo nolwazi lwabo olusemthethweni lubalulekile ukuze bagcine ukukholosa kwabo bonke abantu kwinkqubo yokusesikweni.

Ukutolika Imithetho

Ityala ngalinye lifuna abagwebi ukuba batolike imimiselo, imimiselo, kunye namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukufunda umbhalo, ukuqonda iinjongo zomthetho, nokusebenzisa imizekelo engokomthetho. Iintanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo . "ezifana nokubhalwa kwemibhalo, ukusungulwa komthetho, kunye nokusetyenziswa komgaqo-siseko"inikela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokutolika. Enoba intanda-bulumko, injongo kukusebenzisa umthetho ngokungaguquguqukiyo kwaye ngokuqhingezelelekileyo. Ngokutolika, abagwebi bacombulula iintsingiselo zemithetho, ngaloo ndlela baguqula umthetho ngendlela ekhokela ihambo yabo kwixesha elizayo.

Ukuqinisekisa Izilingo Ezifanelekileyo

Abagwebi banikwe imbopheleleko yokulondoloza ucwangco nokusesikweni enkundlani. Balawula kwiinkalo zokuchophela, bagqibe ngobungqina obunokunikelwa, baze bafundise abagwebi kumthetho. Kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba omabini amaqela , ukutshutshiswa nokuzithethelela, ukuchotshelwa nokumangalelwa, ukwamkela ukuchotshelwa ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kuquka ukukhusela ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, nelungelo lokumangalelwa ngokukhawuleza. Kwakhona abagwebi banegunya lokuvuma impatho engafanelekanga, njengokungqwabalaza okanye ukuphulwa kwemithetho yemithetho esesikweni. Ngokuthobela imithetho ye-proccom, abagwebi balondoloza ingqibelelo yenkqubo yokuchola.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo

Abagwebi basebenza njengabameli bamalungelo abantu. Bahlola imithetho nezenzo zikarhulumente ukuze baqinisekise ukuba abaphulaphuli imigaqo-siseko enjengenkqubo efanelekileyo, ukhuseleko olulinganayo, inkululeko yokuthetha, nenkululeko yonqulo. Kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho, abagwebi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba abamangalelwa baphathwa ngokufanelekileyo, ukuba ukuphengululwa nokuxhuzula kusemthethweni, kwaye isohlwayo sisemthethweni. Kwimiba yasekuhlaleni, baqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano, bathintela ucalucalucalulo, kwaye banika iindleko lokwenza okubi. Ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo: iinkundla ziye zawisa imithetho elwayo, zinciphisa imiqathango yokuvota, ziphakamisa amalungelo amaqela agwetyiweyo.

Ukubaluleka Kokuzihlolisisa Ngeejaji

Uhlolo lwezeejaji ngamandla eenkundla okuhlola ubugqeba bomthetho kunye nezenzo zegunya. Ngelixesha lingakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, eli gunya lamiselwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Marbury v. Madison[[FL:1] [1803]). Ukususela ngoko, iye yaba limbombo lolawulo lwaseMelika, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe ligqitha imida yayo yesiseko somthetho-siseko.

Ukukhangela Amandla Omthetho

Ngohlolo lomthetho, iinkundla zingachitha imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga-siseko okanye yizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ukuba ziyangqubana nomgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lithintela indlu yowiso-mthetho ekumiseleni imithetho echasa amalungelo asisiseko okanye egqitha kumandla ayo asisiseko. Umzekelo, kwi United States v. Lopez [195], igunya leNkundla ePhakamileyo phantsi koMkhosi worhwebo Claine, lilawula ukuba umgaqo weSikolo seSikhulu soMfuno-Sikolo sinegunya lomthetho ulwenze lwangaphezulu kwegunya lesizwe. Izigqibo ziqinisa umgaqo wokubala amandla abekweyo nokulondoloza ulungeleniso phakathi korhulumente negunya.

Ukukhangela amandla olawulo

Isebe lejaji likwahlola izenzo ezithatyathwe lisebe elilawulayo, ukusuka kwimiyalelo yomongameli ukuya kwimimiselo yeziko. Iinkundla ziqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zolawulo zisekelwe ngokusemthethweni kwaye zihambelana neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko kunye nezomthetho. Kwimeko ezifana uValtown shee Comment & Lamp; Tube. v. Sawyer [1952], iNkumbuso ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba uMongameli Truman axhaswe izitshelo zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yaseKorea ngenxa yokuba ingenagunyaziso zomthetho.

Ukukhusela Ubuncinane Bamalungelo

Uhlolo lwezeejaji lubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu kunye namaqela anokuthi agqunywe ngumthetho omkhulu. Iinkundla zingagawula imithetho esekelwe kucalulo lohlanga, ubufana, unqulo, okanye indlela yesondo. Umzekelo, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954]) iphelise ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke, kwaye u-fell v. Hodges (20) iseke ilungelo elilo kwi-yonke lomtshato. Ezi zigqibo zibonisa indima ye-judiary njengendawo yokuyeka ucalucalucalu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo angundoqo awanikelwanganikelwanga kuninzi.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Ukufumana okusesikweni kuthetha ukuba bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bafumana mali engakanani, bafunde ntoni, okanye banemvelaphi enjani, banokufuna unyango olusemthethweni baze amatyala abo aviwe kakuhle. Isebe lezobulungisa linembopheleleko yokunciphisa imiqobo kwinkqubo yenkundla. Nangona kunjalo, kusekho imiqobo emikhulu yokusesikweni.

Iinkonzo zoNcedo olungokwasemthethweni

Imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni inikela uncedo olusemthethweni ngesisa okanye oluphantsi olusemthethweni kubantu abafumana imali ephantsi. Inceda kwimicimbi yamakhaya enjengezindlu, umthetho wentsapho, ukukhusela abathengi, neengenelo. IiNkonzo zezezomthetho (LSC), ingeniso engamiselwa yiBhunga elisemthethweni, iinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni kwilizwe lonke. Noko ke, inkxaso-mali idla ngokunganelanga ukuhlangabezana neemfuno. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba uninzi lwamakhaya afumana imali ephantsi afumana ingxaki enye esemthethweni nyaka ngamnye, kodwa uninzi lwawo alufumani ncedo lwasemthethweni. Ukwandisa iinkonzo zoncedo olusemthethweni kuyimfuneko ekuqululeni umsantsalo wezo wezo.

Abakhuseli Boluntu

Abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke ngamagqwetha amiselwe yinkundla ukuba amele abamangalelwa abangakwaziyo ukufikelela igqwetha kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weSithandathu uqinisekisa ilungelo lokunika icebiso, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yandisa eli lungelo lokumisela abamangalelwa kwi Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963]. Iiofisi zokhuselo zikawonke wonke zisingatha ukuthwalwa kwetyala okukhulu, ngokufuthi okugqithisele kwemilinganiselo yesizwe. Oku kunokukhokelela ekungamelani okungakufanelenga, ekufunyanisweni, nakwizikhundla ezingalunganga.

IproBono Umsebenzi

Amagqwetha amaninzi azimeleyo abandakanyeka kwipro bono (umsebenzi osemthethweni okhululekileyo). Iintlanganiso zezomthetho zikhuthaza amagqwetha ukuba anikele inxalenye yexesha lawo ekukhonzeni abaxhasi abafumana imali ephantsi. Iminikelo ye-projekthi inceda ukugcwalisa izithuba kwiinkonzo ezisemthethweni, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezinzima ezinokuthi ii-ofisi zoncedo olusemthethweni zingakwazi ukuzisingatha. Iinkampani zemithetho zidla ngokuba nenxaxheba kwiintlangano ezingafumani ngeniso ukubonelela iikliniki-kliniki, ukumelisa, ukumelisa, kunye nemigaqo-mthetho. Umsebenzi we-probono uquka imbopheleleko yomsebenzi esemthethweni kwimithetho esesikweni kunye nokusesikweni.

Inkqubo Ye Jury

Ijaji lisisiseko sesebe lejaji, lisebenza njengelungu lokuhlola urhulumente wesizwe. UMthetho-wiso-mthetho weSithandathu uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuba liququzelela ityala lejaji, yaye iSiHlanzi seSendibithi sikwandisa ityala labanye abantu. AmaJulity aquka abantu abaqhelekileyo abagqiba ngemibuzo esekelwe kubungqina obunikezizo. Indima yomgwebi kukuyala abachobi ngomthetho, kodwa abachopheli-mthetho bagqiba ukuba babe netyala okanye batyala.

Inkqubo yabachopheli-tyala ikhuthaza ukuba kubekho inxaxheba kuwonke wonke kwaye ibonise ukuba izigqibo zomthetho zibonisa imilinganiselo yoluntu kunye nesigwebo esiqhelekileyo. Noko ke, inkqubo ijongene neengxaki, kuquka ikhethe, ukudideka, ukudideka ngobungqina obuntsonkothileyo, kunye noxanduva lwenkonzo. Iinkundla ziye zathabatha amanyathelo okuphucula ukhetho lwabachopheli-tyala, njengokuvumela imingeni engakumbi yokuzikhulula nokusebenzisa ii-arhente zokubuza ii-iphaka.

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Nokujongana Nolungelelwano

Isebe eligwebayo lisebenza kwinkqubo yokwahlula amagunya. UmGaqo-siseko wahlula igunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu “‘ alawulayo, aphetheyo, kunye nezomthetho ("ukuthintela naliphi isebe elinye lingalawuli."Ukuhlola kunye nolwamkelo oluyakhiwe kwinkqubo.) Isebe ngalinye livumela ukuba lisikelwe umda amagunya amanye. Umzekelo, isebe lemithetho liyila iinkundla kwaye linokuba lingatyunjwa; umlawuli olawulayo umisela abagwebi besizwe kwaye unyanzelise imithetho yenkundla; kwaye isebe eligweba lihlola imigaqo-siseko kunye nezenzo zempatho.

Le midlalo iqinisekisa ukuba amandla asetyenziswa kwimida esemthethweni. Ukukhululeka kwejaji `ukuzimela geqe). Inkululeko kwingcinezelo yezopolitiko (*) ibalulekile ukwenzela isebe eligwebayo liphumeze umsebenzi walo wokuhlola. Abagwebi bomanyano bahlala bebonke ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, bekhusela ukususwa kwezigqibo ezingathandwayo. Amazwe adla ngokunikela ukhuseleko olufanayo ngokukhetha okufanelekileyo kunye neemeko ezinde. Ijajidiya ezimeleyo inguphawu lomthetho.

Isiphelo

Isebe eligwebayo liyindawo esisiseko yokusesikweni nokusesikweni kwibutho labantu. Ngenkqubo yalo ecwangcisiweyo yenkundla, abagwebi abangakhethi buso, namandla okuhlola ityala, lichaza imithetho, licombulula iimbambano, likhusela amalungelo abantu. Ukuzimisela ukufikelela kubulungisa //ngoncedo olusemthethweni, abakhuseli be-prono, kunye nokusebenza kwe-prono e-odolo. Ngoncedo lwenkundla, inkundla inceda wonke umntu, kungekuphela nje izityebi okanye amandla. Inkqubo yejaji namandla ahlukeneyo iqinisa ubuchule kunye nomlinganiselo worhulumente. Ukuqonda isebe elilawulayo kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela ibutho ledemokhrasi elixhasa ngayo umthetho nenkululeko esisiseko. [[5] [FM.] [F] kunye neZibonelo zeNkungenelelo olusemthethweni lweNkuMburhulumente, inikeza izigwebo-ongo zezomthetho-ongo.[5] [F] [F] [fson]