Ukwazisa: Isebe Eligwebayo Njengentsika Yokusesikweni

Inkqubo yenkundla isebenza njengesebe lorhulumente eligwebayo, ukutolika nokusebenzisa umthetho ukucombulula iingxabano nokuphakamisa okusesikweni. Ityala ngalinye elingena kwinkundla yenkundla lilandela indlela elungelelanisiweyo ukusuka kwisaziso sokuqala ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela. Kubafundi, iingcali zomthetho, kunye nabemi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda le nkqubo kubalulekile ukuze kuqondwe indlela ibutho labantu eligcina ucwangco, likhusele ngayo amalungelo, lize lidlulisele nemiphumo elungileyo. Oku kwandisiwe koku kukhokela kuhamba kumgangatho omkhulu, abathathi-nxaxheba, isakhiwo senkundla yenkundla ephethe, kunye nemigaqo ekhokelayo.

Isiseko senkqubo yenkundla

Phambi kokuhlola amanyathelo okulungisa ityala, kubalulekile ukuqonda isiseko solwakhiwo. Inkqubo yenkundla yakhiwe kwimodeli ezimbini jikelele: inkqubo ye eqheleke kumazwe amaninzi (umz. 1, United States, Canada) kunye nenkqubo ye-inquitorial isetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi aqhelekileyo (umz., France, imodeli ye-adversarial, i-Anglane, i-Canada, kunye ne-'FLT'''iquotiarial's's'inkqubo ye-'indlela---- siseko' esetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi aqhelekileyo (umz., i-Jamani, imodeli ye-magesal, amaqela amabini aphikisanayo anikela izimo phambi komgwebi ongakhethi-mthetho okanye umgwebi; kwimo yokuhlola ii-Abhusayithi.

Uninzi lwamagunya okuthetha amaNgesi alandela indlela yolwazi. Kuloo siseko, iinkundla zilungelelaniswe kwimigangatho emininzi kwaye ziphathe imiba yetyala elicinezelweyo (iziphumo phakathi kwabantu okanye imibutho) kunye amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (iziphumo zemeko zokwaphulwa komthetho). Udidi ngalunye lunemithetho nemigangatho yalo: uxanduva lobungqina (ivil) kunye nolungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni (imbali).

Inkonzo kunye neVenue

Inkundla kufuneka ibe netyala elinobuphengululi, i-'FLT' — igunya elingokwasemthethweni lokuva ityala. i- ibhekiselele kuhlobo lwetyala (umz., ukuwa, ulawulo lwentsapho, umba wolawulo), ngelixesha ulawulo oluzimeleyo [ lubhekiselele kumandla enkundla phezu kwamaqela. ichaza indawo apho kuviwe khona imeko. Le miba iqinisekisa ivakala kwi-um, ukukhusela nokugcina i----e---

Izihlolo Zoqhubekeko Lomthetho: Ukusuka Kwisikhalazo Ukuya Kwisigqibo Sokugqibela

Imeko nganye ihamba ngothotho lwemigangatho echazwe kakuhle. Ngelixesha amanyathelo acacileyo ehluka ngokongamela kwemithetho kunye nohlobo lwemeko, oku kulandelayo kumela indlela eqhelekileyo kumbandela woluntu okanye wolwaphulo-mthetho.

1. Ucalulo: Ukukhalaza okanye ukumangalela

Ityala liqala nge- umba ongxengeleleyo (kwimeko zabemi) okanye ngokwesiko uxwebhu lokucacisa (njengetyala okanye inkcazelo kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho). Isikhalazo sibeka izityholo ezithenjiweyo kummangalelwa kunye noncedo olufunwayo — imali ehlawulwayo, umyalelo, okanye ezinye iindleko. Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente (okanye umphehliweyo) iifayile emva kophendlo kunye, ngokufuthi, ityala elikhulu lolwaphulo-mthetho lobucala.

Xa isikhalazo sibekwe, inkundla ikhupha umthungo okanye ukwabela ummangalelwa ityala lesenzo. Ummangalelwa kufuneka aphendule ngexesha elichaziweyo, ngokufaka ityala [[FLT:] (kwityala lamakhaya) okanye ngokufaka isibongozo (kwimeko yezaphuli-mthetho).

2. Ukuqhubekeka kwangaphambi

Le sigaba sibaluleke kakhulu ukwakha imeko. omabini amacandelo abandakanyeka kwi iziphumo , inkqubo yokunikana ulwazi nobungqina. Izixhobo zokukhangela ziquka:

  • Izithuba — ithungwe ngaphandle kobungqina ngamangqina okanye amaqela, abhalelwe ukusetyenziswa kamva.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Izicelo [ — imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
  • Izicelo zemveliso [ — imfuneko yamaxwebhu, iirekhodi, okanye obunye ubungqina obubonakalayo.
  • Izicelo zokwamkelwa — iingxelo omnye umntu ucela omnye ukuba avume okanye akhanye.

Ngexesha langaphambi kwetyala, inkundla isenokuva iingcebiso, ezifana nentshukumo ukulahla (ukuqinisekisa ukuba isikhalazo asiphumeleli ukuchaza ityala) okanye ukuthatha inyathelo lokushwankathela umgwebo (ekungaqiniseki ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene, ngoko ke ityala kufuneka ligqitywe njengombandela womthetho). Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuthatha inyathelo lokuhlola kungavavanya ukunga kobungqina okanye ukufuna ukucinezela iingxelo ezifunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni.

Iingqungquthela zePrequalial zibanjwa zinqumla imiba, zixubushe ukuhlaliswa, zimisele nemihla yokuvavanywa kwetyala. Amatyala amaninzi amakhaya ahlala ngexesha eliphakathi, ekuphepheni ukuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo.

3. Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba ityala alipheli okanye alipheli, liqhubeka lichotshelwa. Ityala livavanywa ngokusemthethweni phambi kwejaji okanye abachopheli-tyala. Ulandelelwano oluqhelekileyo lolo:

Ukhetho

Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, iqela labemi lincinwa ngabagwebi namagqwetha (amadoda abuhlungu) ukuze likhethe inkundla engakhethi-cala. Icala ngalinye lingacela umngeni abachopheli-jaji abanokuba nesizathu okanye lisebenzise imingeni yokugatya inani elilinganiselweyo ngaphandle kokunika isizathu.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Zombini ezi gqwetha zinikela iingxelo zokuvula ezichaza oko zizimisele ukukungqina. Obu asibobungqina kodwa bubunkoliso betyala.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Ityala lichaza kuqala, ukubiza amangqina nokuzisa imiboniso. Emva kovavanyo ngalunye olungqalileyo, icala elichaseneyo linganqamleza àexamine. Ummangalelwa unikela ubungqina bakhe. Umgwebi umisela imithetho echasene nokungabuchasi ubungqina.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba kunikelwe ubungqina, icala ngalinye lishwankathela ityala lalo lize libongoze abachopheli betyala (okanye abagwebi) ukuba bafikelele kwisigqibo esithile.

Imiyalelo neSigwebo

Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala kumthetho osebenzayo kwityala. Abachopheli-tyala ngoko bagweba ngabom baze babuyisele ityala. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, isigqibo sinokuba sisigqibo jikelele sokufumana okanye ukuphendula imibuzo ethile. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo kufuneka sidibane (kwizigunya-mthetho ezininzi zase U.S.) ukukhupha ityala. Ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abanako ukufikelela kwisigqibo esidibeneyo, sisiba lilungu lejaji [, kwaye ityala lingaphinda lifakwe.

4. Intshukumo yasemva

Emva kwesigqibo, iqela eliphulukana nento lingafakela umva wentshukumo zovavanyo ukuvavanya isiphumo. Intshukumo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[NTL:0] Ukusetyenziswa kwesigwebo phezu kwesigwebo (JNOV) — iphikisa ngokuthi akukho bahluleli abafanelekileyo ababenokufikelela kweso sigqibo sisekelwe kubungqina.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuqulunqa ityala elitsha [ — ithetha impazamo engokwasemthethweni, ukuziphatha okubi kwejaji, okanye ubungqina obusandul' ukufunyanwa obuvumela ukuvavanywa okutsha.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuguqula okanye ukuphelisa umgwebo [[UMTL: 1] — icela utshintsho lwendlela enikezelweyo.

Ukuba inkundla echophela ityala iyayikhanyela le mikhwa, indlela yokubhenela iyavuleka.

5. Izibheno

Isibheno asilotyala elitsha; kukuphinda kuthethwe kwenkundla egwetyiweyo ngeempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezachaphazela isiphumo. Iqela elinomtsalane ([FLT: 0] ipapashi) ifayile zesaziso sesibheno kwaye inikezele iimpazamo ezichaziweyo ezifutshane. Iqela eliphendulayo ( i-applee)) iifayile ezimfutshane zokukhusela isigqibo senkundla. Iimpikiswano zetyala zingavunyelwa.

Inkundla yetyala ephandayo [ ihlola irekhodi — onke amaxwebhu, iikhowudi, kunye nobungqina. Ayivavanyi izibakala ezintsha okanye ukuthembeka kwamangqina. Iziphumo ezinokwenzeka ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Isiqinisekiso - uphakamisa isigqibo senkundla evavanyiweyo.
  • jija — guqula isigqibo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Remand — thumela elityala emva ukwenzela imicimbi ehambelanayo noluvo lwe projekthi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Lungisa[[UMTL:1] — tshintsha inxalenye yomgwebo.

Kwezinye iindawo, isibheno esibhekele phaya singasiwa kwinkundla ephezulu, kodwa iinkundla ezinjalo zidla ngokuqwalaselwa kwaye zive amatyala okubaluleka kukawonke-wonke okanye apho iinkundla ezisezantsi zingavumelani.

Abathathi-nxaxheba Neendima Zabo

Ukuqonda ukuba ngubani owenzayo kwinkundla yenkundla kubalulekile ukuze ulandele ukwenziwa kwamatyala.

ABagwebi

Ijaji ngummeli womthetho ongathathi-nxaxheba. Iimbopheleleko ziquka ukuphatha imiqathango, ukuphatha inkundla yetyala, ukuyalela abagwebi, kunye, kwiinkundla zokuchophela amatyala ezibhedlele (ekuchongeni ngaphandle kwenkundla yokuchophela amatyala), ukugqiba iziphumo zenyani. ABagwebi bamiselwa okanye banyulwe ngokuxhomekeke kulawulo. Igunya labo lisuka kwimimiselo nakumalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko.

Juries

Kwimeko ezininzi, amaJuries asebenza njengeengxelo zenyani. Kwityala lamakhaya, abachopheli-tyala bamisela amatyala yaye maxa wambi bonakaliswe; kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, abonisa ukuba unetyala okanye akanatyala. Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala liqinisekiswe kukuHlaliswa kweMiqathango yeSithandathu neyeSebe-seSibini e-U. IiNkcubeko zenziwa ngabemi abanyuliweyo kwingingqi, kwaye izigqibo zabo zimele zisekelwe kuphela kubungqina.

Iiattorney

amagqwetha aqhelekileyo amele umtshutshisi weqela ozisa elityala; -dentens amagqwetha amela iqela eliphikisanayo. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente umelwe ngumtshutshisi . . U-Attorney umele umsebenzi wokuxhasa ngenzondelelo abaxhasi babo kwimida esesikweni. Balungiselela ii-face, ukuqulusa, ukuquluza, ukuphikisa, kunye nobungqina obukhoyo kwityala.

Abameli nabamangaleli

I-Placts iqalisa ukumangalelana kwamakhaya kufuna isicombululo somonakalo. Abameli bangamaqumrhu ngabantu okanye amaqumrhu athenjiswa amatyala. Kwimeko zakwaphuli-mthetho, urhulumente ungummangalelwa (ukubulawa), kwaye ummangalelwa ngummangalelwa. Abameli banamalungelo omgaqo-siseko, kuquka ilungelo lokuhlala buthule, ilungelo lokunika icebiso, kwana namalungelo okudibana namangqina.

Abanye Abathabathi-nxaxheba Abaphambili

  • IClerk yeNkundla — ilawula iifayile zetyala, ucwangciso lokuchonga, kwaye inika izifungo.
  • [[UMTL:0] BHALIP[[UMQONDISO:1] — ugcina ucwangco nokhuseleko kwinkundla yenkundla.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ikharensi — yenza intetho eshukumayo yendlela.
  • [[UMTL:0] AmaNgqina — abantu abanikela ubungqina phantsi kwesifungo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amangqina angoongcaphephe — izifundiswa ezikwaziyo ezinikela izimvo ngemibandela ekhethekileyo (inkcubeko, amayeza, imali).

Ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yeNkundla: Amanqanaba akwiNtlanganiso

Iinkundla zilungelelaniswe kwithala leenkupho ukusingatha imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yamatyala nezibheno. EUnited States, kukho iinkqubo zenkundla yeli lizwe nezezizwe.

Iinkundla Zelizwe

Iinkundla zikarhulumente zisingatha iimpikiswano ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni.

  • IiNkundla zeQumrhu — ezikwabizwa ngokuba zinkulu, zisithili, okanye iinkundla zesiphaluka. Zinegunya elithe jikelele kwimicimbi yamakhaya, yolwaphulo-mthetho, yentsapho, yeprobate, neyeetyala labantwana.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] IiNkundla eziPhambili — iinkundla eziphakathi ezihlola izigqibo ezicinywe yinkundla yamatyala.
  • Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeSizwe — inkundla ephakamileyo kurhulumente, enegunya lokugqibela kumthetho wesizwe.

Amaphondo amaninzi akwanezikhongozeli ezikhethekileyo, ezifana netyala elincinane elithetha ngetyala (lokuphikisana phantsi komda wemali) kunye neenkundla zezorhwebo (ukuphula umthetho okuncinane).

Iinkundla Ezimanyeneyo

Ijaji yesizwe imiselwe phantsi kweGatya III lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. yaye isingatha amatyala abandakanya umthetho wesizwe, imibuzo yomGaqo-siseko, iimbambano phakathi kwamazwe, kunye namatyala angenabumi obahlukahlukeneyo (iicandelo elisuka kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nomlinganiselo wempikiswano engaphezulu kwee-R345 000).

  • Inkundla yeSithili yase-U.S. — iinkundla ezigwebayo zenkqubo yorhulumente. Kukho isithili ezingama-94.
  • [[UMTL:0] IINkundla zezibheno zase-U.S. — iziphaluka ezili-13 eziva izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili.
  • [[UMTL:0] U.S. INkundla ePhakamileyo — inkundla yeenguqu zokugqibela, eneejaji ezisithoba. Iva inani elisikelwe umda lamatyala nyaka ngamnye, ubukhulu becala ngokunika ii-writs ze-certiori.

Iinkundla zemali ezikhethekileyo ziquka U.S. iNkundla yerhafu, U.S. Inkundla yeQumrhu leNgxelo yoManyano, kunye [[FLT] U.S. iNkundla yeNkcubeko yeMali yeNdawo Yorhwebo[[FLT][FLT]].[FLT]].

Enye iNkxaso

Asingawo onke amatyala afanele aye kuvavanywa. Iindlela zokuzinzisa ezi-Alternimatic Dispute zinika ngokukhawuleza, ingqongqo encinane, kwaye zininzi iindlela ezibiza kancinci zokusombulula iimpikiswano. Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[[NTL:0] I-media — umlamli ongathathi-nxaxheba unceda ingxoxo phakathi kwamalungu ukuba afikelele kwindawo yokuhlala yokuzithandela. Ukuququzelela kukufihlana kwaye akubophelelani ngaphandle kokuba isivumelwano sityikitywe.
  • I-Arbitration — isihlanganisi sobundilele sifumana ubungqina kwaye siguqulela isidibanisi okanye isigqibo esingabopheleliyo. I-Arbitation idla ngokusetyenziswa kwizivumelwano zentengiselwano kunye nezivumelwano zemisebenzi.
  • Ukuvavanywa kovavanyo lwe-Jury — ukuvavanywa okushwankathelweyo okusetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza ukuhlaliswa.

Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zifuna amaqela ukuba azame i-ADR phambi kokuba aqhubeke ukuya kumatyala. Umthetho we-Federal Arbitration Act kunye nemithetho karhulumente ilawula imisebenzi yolwamkelo. Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluninzi, bona i-Melika Arbitation Association[[FLT: 1].

Ukugwetywa Nezicombululo

Emva kwesigqibo, inkundla imisela iziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuvalwa kwetyala kugcinwa apho ijaji iqwalasela oothunywashe abafana nobungqingqwa bolwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye neengxelo zeziphumo zexhoba. Iinketho zokugwetywa ziquka intelekelelo, ukuvalelwa, ukuvalelwa, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye umxube. Imithetho emininzi isebenzisa izikhokelo zokugunyazisa [ ukukhuthaza ukungaguquguquki.

Kwiimeko zamakhaya, inkundla ibhaso izinyibilikiso , ezinokuba yi:

  • [[UMTH: 0] Ilahleko yetyala [ — imali yokuhlawulela okulahlekileyo okulahlwayo (iindleko zonyango, ingeniso elahlekileyo, umonakalo wempahla).
  • Umonakalo owenziweyo [ — iimali ezongezelelekileyo zokohlwaya ihambo engalunganga kwaye zithintela ububi bexesha elizayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isiqabu esiphakathi [[FT:1] — umyalelo wenkundla ofuna iqela ukuba lenze okanye liphephe ukwenza into (umz., umyalelo othintelayo).
  • Umgwebo wokwalatha — ugqatso lwamalungelo asemthethweni amaqela ngaphandle komonakalo.

Iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa ukugwetywa emva kwesigwebo ziquka ukusetyenziswa kwemali ehlanjiweyo, ukuqhatha nokuxhuzula kwempahla xa iqela lingahlawuli.

Ukubaluleka Kokuyiqonda Le Nkundla

Ulwazi ngendlela amatyala alungelelaniswa ngayo kwaye asombululwe ngayo lukhuthaza iziqu kubulungisa. Xa abemi beqonda amaqondo, bayakwazi ukuqhuba inkqubo, nokuba ngabalawuli, amangqina, okanye abagwebi. Ikwakhuthaza ukuthemba kwijaji ngokwenza imisebenzi yayo ibe cacileyo. Abaqeqeshi bangasebenzisa le nkqubo ukufundisa isomgangatho wezentlalo-ntle kunye nokufundisa ngokusemthethweni.

Kwabo bafuna imfundo ebhekele phaya, oovimba abanjenge Iqumrhu lolwazi loMthetho (Isikolo soMthetho seCornell) banikela iinkcukacha zenkqubo yenkundla kunye namagama asemthethweni.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yenkundla iyindlela entsonkothileyo kodwa elungelelanisiweyo yokucombulula iimpikiswano nokusebenzisa okusesikweni. Ukusuka ekuqulunqeni konobumba okanye izityholo ngokufumana izityholo, ukuvavanya, ukuthatha inyathelo lasemva kwetyala, kunye nezibongozo, iqonga ngalinye lifeza injongo ekhethekileyo. Iindima zabagwebi, iijaji, amagqwetha, kunye namaqela zichazwa ngokucacileyo, kwaye isakhiwo sobucukubhedengu siqinisekisa ukuba izinto zihambe kakuhle kwaye zinikwe ithuba lokuzihlola. Ngokuqonda ezi zinto, abantu banokuqonda ngakumbi indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo kwaye kutheni iinkundla zihlala zingumthombo webutho ledemokhrasi.