Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lorhulumente waseUnited States linesikhundla esisembindini nesinamandla ekulungiseni inkqubo yasekhaya neyamanye amazwe. Njengoko isebe lijongene nokunyanzelisa imithetho nokulawula korhulumente, impembelelo yalo ichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zolawulo. Ukusuka ekumiseleni uqingqo-mali lokulawula imikhosi exhobileyo, isebe elilawulayo liguqulela igunya lenkqubo yezomgaqo-siseko kwiziphumo zokwenene ezichaphazela izigidi zabantu baseMelika namazwe angaphandle emhlabeni wonke. Linyusa ukuqonda okusisiseko, eli nqaku lincina nzulu kakhulu kwiindlela ezithile zolawulo, imizekelo embali, kunye nemingeni ekhoyo echaza indima yesebe eliphetheyo kwinkqubo yezolawulo.

Ukuqonda Isebe Eliphetheyo

Isebe elilawulayo limiselwe ngokuyintloko liQumrhu II loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Eli sebe likhulu kakhulu kunoMongameli noMongameli onguMongameli; liquka isebe elikhulu lamasebe, amasebe, kunye neekhomishini ezisebenzisanayo xa zidibeneyo ziphumeza imithetho karhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo nesebe lowiso-mthetho, elisoloko lahlulwe kwaye likhutshwe, isebe elilawulayo lenzelwe ukwenza into ngokumanyeneyo phantsi komphathi omnye. Abalungiseleli babenenjongo yokuqinisekisa ukuba amandla, ukuphumelela, nokuphendula kulawulo lukarhulumente.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko kunye namandla

Inqaku II linika uMongameli uphando lwamandla adwelisweyo, afana nokusebenza njengoMthetheli-mthetheli-mthetheli--, ukukhupha izixolelo, ukwenza izivumelwano (ngecebiso leNdlu yeNtlanganiso kunye nemvume), kunye nokumisela abaphathi. Noko ke, umbhalo woMgaqo-siseko usoloko ungacacanga, uvumela isebe elilawulayo ukuba lilungelelanise ngexesha elithile ngenkqubo, ngemithetho, nemimiselo, kunye nokucaciswa kwezomthetho. Umzekelo, amandla kaMongameli okukhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo akafumaneki kwinqanaba elithile kodwa usuka ekunikweni amandla olawulo oluphezulu kunye nomsebenzi jikelele "ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka." Oku kuvumela ukuba oomongameli benkulungwane bandise impembelelo yabo ngexesha lobunzima, njengomthetho we-Lincoln-corpu okanye uRose-RoseAutelt.

Amalungu angundoqo esebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

  • uMongameli: Intloko yorhulumente, intloko karhulumente, kunye nentloko yesigqeba esiphezulu. UMongameli umisela ucwangciso lwenkqubo, uyalela umkhosi, kwaye umela uhlanga phesheya.
  • [[NTL: 0] UMongameli onguMongameli oPhakathi: Igosa eliphetheyo lesibini eliphezulu, elinokuthatha ubungangampu kulandelelwano kwaye ngokufuthi lithatha iindima ezithile zomgaqo-nkqubo (umz., imikhosi ekhokela umsebenzi okanye iintlanganiso ze-ofisi).
  • IKhabhinethi: Eyenziwe ngeentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15 (umz., URhulumente, Ukhuselo, Ugcino-mali). Amalungu eKhabhinethi acebisa uMongameli kwaye ajonge ubuchule bawo bokuphatha.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Imicimbi neeKhomishini: amasebe azimeleyo (umz., EPA, NASA, SEC) kunye namasebe aphetheyo aphumeza ulawulo, inzululwazi, kunye nemisebenzi yolawulo. Amandla awo okulawula anika igunya elibalulekileyo lokwenza inkqubo.
  • I-Ofisi yesiGqeba yoMongameli (EOP): Iquka i-ofisi yeNdlu emhlophe, i-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo (OMB), iBhunga loKhuseleko loMsebenzi weSizwe (NSC), kunye neBhunga loKhuseleko lwezeMsebenziswano. I-EOP inceda uMongameli alawule urhulumente worhulumente kunye nenkqubo yolungelelaniso.

Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba isebe elilawulayo linokwenza izinto ngokukhawuleza nangolwazi olunzulu, kodwa ibangela ukuba kubekho imiqolo entsonkothileyo enokuxhathisa okanye ichaze imiyalelo kamongameli.

Ubuchule Bempembelelo Yomgaqo-nkqubo Wasekhaya

Isebe eliphetheyo limisela inkqubo yasekhaya ngokwamandla asesikweni afana nemiyalelo yolawulo kunye noqingqo-mali, kwakunye nezixhobo ezingacwangciswanga ezifana nokuncedwa nocwangciso locwangciso. Oku kulandelayo kuchaza iinkcukacha zezithuthi eziphambili zempembelelo yenkqubo yasekhaya.

Imiyalelo yegunya neziphumo

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo yimiyalelo ekhutshwa nguMongameli yokulawula imisebenzi karhulumente wezwelonke. Banamandla omthetho, kodwa kuphela xa besekelwe kwimithetho ekhoyo okanye kwigunya lomgaqo-siseko. Oomongameli baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo ukuzalisekisa iinguqu ezitshayekileyo, ukusuka ekususeni umkhosi (Truman, 1948) wokuseka i-Parade Loxolo (i-Klentedy, 1961). Noko ke, oomongameli abalandelayo bangaphelisa okanye balungise imiyalelo, kwaye iNkukhongozelela i-Cuarty (intloko i-toto). Iinkundla kwakhona zingawisa imiyalelo egqitha imidabi yemithetho esemthethweni, njengoko ibonwa kumthetho osemthethweni, ingumthetho owenziwe kumgangatho ophezulu, i-[FLTG: 0].[FL. v.FTYP.[FFF1] [192] [192], apho iNtrustmann Nkudensity (19, iNt) iNkugty yeNkugqwe yeNt) inguba yoogxuwaleko

Inkqubo Yoqingqo - mali

Isicelo soqingqo-mali sonyaka sikaMongameli, esithotyelwe kwiKhomishini, simisela imali esetyenziswayo kunye nengeniso ephambili. I-ofisi yoLawulo noHlalo-mali (OMB) idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni esi sicelo kwaye kamva ijonge ukuphunyezwa kwaso. Nangona iBhunga liphethe amandla emali yemali phantsi kweSihloko I, uMongameli angaphembelela iziphumo ngemiqathango, ukusetyenziswa kwezicelo zolawulo, ukubuyiselwa kweziquququ, kunye nokungagunyaziswa kwemali (ngokubekwa ziimfuno zoLawulo lweBhunga kunye noMthetho woLawulo lweBhunga lwe-Rhwebo lwe-Rhomethi yowe- 1974). Izicelo zoqingqobhanki zisoloko zibonisa izibophelelo zemiqatha yemiqathango-16.

Iqhinga lomthetho kunye neGunya le-Vito

UMongameli angamisela umthetho wasekhaya ngokunyanzelisa isalathisi somthetho, ngokuthethana ngqo neenkokeli zombutho, nokusebenzisa iqonga lokungcungcuthekisa. Ngaphezu koko, amandla eveto anzima: isiko lifuna uninzi lwabaziisithathu kuzo zombini iigumbi ukuwisela. Kwanosongelo lweveto lunganyanzela iBhunga ukuba lilalanise. Oomongameli badla ngokukhupha iingxelo zokusayina iindleko zokutyikitya, ezinokuthi zichaze iimfunomkelo-mGaqo-siseko okanye ukhokelo. Ngoxa la mazwi engenawo amandla omthetho, anokuphembelela indlela abameli abasebenzisa ngayo imimiselo. Oomongameli banamhlanje baye basebenzisa izenzo ezi-luntluntlukwano, njengomthetho wesithotho, i-creada, kunye nezibhengezo-cregistration, imibuzo emalunga nolungelelaniso lwamandla.

Igunya lolawulo nomthetho

Amagosa omanyano, asebenza phantsi kwegunya lowiso-mthetho eligunyazisiweyo, ukukhupha imithetho kunye nemithetho ethwala umkhosi womthetho. Le nkqubo yokumisela umthetho iyindlela enkulu yokutshintsha inkqubo yasekhaya. Isebe eliphetheyo lingaqhuba amaqumrhu ngokumisela amagosa afana namagosa aneziqu zangaphambili kwaye lifune uhlalutyo-maxabiso ngemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo (umz., iReagan's E. 121291 okanye i-Trump's E.O.771). Eli sebe lilawula i-Procracedrect lilawula ukuthatha inxaxheba kawonke kunye nohlalutyo, kodwa oomongameli basenokuthi baqhubeke bephembelela imigaqo ye-monga. Umzekelo, igunya le-EPA's's's's's's's corpointive phantsi kolawulo oluqhelekileyo lwenkqubo ye-ogractives. Eli nyathelo libugromants, kunye noogcunts, amasebe oog.

Ukubhukuqa Inkqubo Yamanye Amazwe

UMongameli ngumphathi oyintloko wenkqubo yamazwe angaphandle aseMerika, ophethe amagunya abanzi nasoloko esetyenziswa ngokungephi nangoko athintelwe ngumGaqo-siseko. Isebe eliphetheyo lilawula ulawulo, inyathelo lomkhosi kunye nolwalamano lwezoqoqosho, ngokufuthi likhokela kwiindawo apho iBhunga licotha ukuthatha inyathelo.

Ukudityaniswa kwemibutho kunye neSivumelwano

UMongameli uyalela iSebe leSizwe kunye noothunywa abamela izilangazelelo ze-U.S. Amandla okuqhubana nezivumelwano axhomekeke kuMongameli, nangona izivumelwano zifuna ukuvunywa ngokusemthethweni zii-3 ezimbini zeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu. Ukuphepha imfuneko yeBhunga ephezulu, oomongameli basebenzisa izivumelwano zegunya elilawulayo ``````````iiiiproject'''' ezingafuni ukuvunyelwa ngumthetho. Izivumelwano zegunyaziso zegunyaziso ziye zaba sisixhobo esiphambili sokuqhuba ulwalamano lwangaphandle, ukugquma, ukhuseleko, kunye nezibophelelo zemeko ezisingqongileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ixhasa ukuthembeka kwazo, logama bengakhange bavumelane umthetho okhoyo okanye izivumelwano. Oku kwenza ukuba isebe eliphetheyo likwazi ukusabela ngokukhawuleza kwinkqubela-omatilo-omatila

Amandla oMyaleli- ngaphakathi

NjengoMyaleli-oyintloko-iNdlu, uMongameli unegunya elithe kratya lokuthumela amajoni omkhosi, ukubetha, kunye nemisebenzi yokuqhuba. Isigqibo semfazwe soMkhosi wangowe-1937 samiselwa ukukhangela eli gunya ngokufuna ukwaziswa nokulinganisela ukuthunyelwa komkhosi ngaphandle kogunyaziso. Noko ke, oomongameli basoloko bephikisa ukuba isigqibo singawiswanga ngokomthetho sichaphazelwe kwiSigqibo sabo seQumrhu II. Ngokulandelayo umnqophiso womkhosi (ukusuka e-Libya ukuya e-Siriya-* uye wabona isebe eliphetheyo lixhomekeke kwigunya elikhulu elifana no-2001 lokusebenzisa umkhosi (AMF) wemfazwe. Kunokufuna izindululo ezintsha zemfazwe. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga negunya lombutho wemfazwe, kunye neengcaphephe ezininzi ezilwano zomkhosi eziye zabangela ukuba iBhunganene kakhulu kwizenzo zomkhosi.

Ishishini

Isebe eliphetheyo lisebenzisa izixhobo zezoqoqosho, ukurhweba, ii-paffai, uncedo lwamanye amazwe, kunye nezivumelwano zorhwebo . UMongameli angabeka izivumo ngemithetho yezolawulo ephantsi kwemithetho elawulayo njenge International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEPA). Izivumelwano zorhwebo ezifana neNAFTA/USMCA okanye i-Trans-Pacrence Officeer Officeerreavement (TP) zaqhutyelwana nesebe eliphetheyo, nangona zifuna ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni. Ulwano lwezorhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle lukhokelwa nguMongameli kunye neUS. Isivumelwano sophuhlisohwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe (USAD). Ezi zizixhobo zezoqoqosho zivumela ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lihlawule, iziphakamisi-osigqeshone, ii-adenti, ii-odmigracm, iimeko zezoqoqosho zomhlaba.

Ubuntlola nokhuseleko lwesizwe

UMongameli ujonge uluntu lobuntlola, kuquka i-CIA, i-NSA, kunye neFBI, ngoMlawuli woBuntlola besizwe. Imiyalelo yobuMongameli .enkqubo efana ne-Patriot Securial Directorives (NSPDs). Igunyaza imisebenzi yokugquma, iinkqubo zokujonga okanye iimpendulo zekhompyutha. Isebe le-Snowden laqalisa ukuchaza ulawulo lwesebe elilawulayo ngokubalulekileyo, libona ukwanda kolwazi olubalulekileyo ekuhloleni, ngoMthetho wePatriot nokhupho lwendlela olufihlakeleyo lobuNgqibileyo beNtshona Koloni (FA) Act (illance). I-Snowden ngo-2013 yaqalisa ingxoxo kawonke. Amandla omphathi-ophakampatho-mayelayo awenzayo enziwe ngezolwazi aze agcine izigqibo zemfihloko yalo enye impembelelo yenkqubo yangaphandle, i-Prompmpse-okssion kunye nolawulo lukawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.

Imiqobo Nocelomngeni

Nangona linamandla amakhulu, isebe elilawulayo lisebenza kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela enokuthintela amabhongo alo enkqubo. Ukuyiqonda le migaqo kubalulekile ukuze kuqwalaselwe ngokupheleleyo indlela ekwenziwa ngayo inkqubo yasekhaya neyamanye amazwe.

IiNkcukacha zeNkcubeko

IBhunga lingahlola isebe eliphetheyo ngokula ukuqinisekisa ii-ammine, ukusika ngemali, ukuqhuba uphando, ukuqhuba ii-vetoes, kwanokuyalela uMongameli. Amandla engxowa-mali ahlala enamandla ulawulo: IBhunga linokunciphisa uqingqo-mali kwiinkqubo ezithile okanye libeke iimeko kwiimeko zokuhlahlela. Umzekelo, u-1997 I-ImpoundmentalControl Act enqanda ukunga-mthetho wobumongameli. Icebiso leNsungulo yeCanterte isoloko isebenza njengebreki yezivumelwano kunye nemisebenzi emikhulu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iBhunga lomthetho izama ukutshintsha ii-Rhovern, nto ebangela kube lula ukuba umlawuli asebenze ngokubon ngenxa ye-grouconcookist.

Impinda yezeejaji

Ijaji yesizwe ingavakalisa izenzo zegunya elilawulayo ezingangqinelaniyo okanye ezingavumelaniyo nomthetho wemithetho. Iimeko zelizwe ezimakethe ezifana INS v. Chadha (1983]) (i-193) yagalela phantsi i-propati ye-cratic cent to, [[FLT]][FLT]] i-Clinton v[FLT]. [20] IsiXeko saseNew York [[FLT] [[FLT]] [iiiindawo ephantsi kwe-mxeko], [iiiiindawo ephezulu] yokhuseleko, kunye [ii-[Foct] ne-Genegatss, ekwakungasayinwa igalelo olusemva, kodwa emva koko iyakwazi ukugwetyelwa kwe-ACImpty. Ngezongalo yoncedo lwamandla athe , kodwa emva kwegunyaziwe, i-Genevreat]

Iimbono Zabantu Namajelo Ezindaba

Inkxaso kawonke-wonke ngumthombo ongundoqo wesebe elilawulayo. Umongameli onemigangatho ephezulu evumela ingcebiso angaphembelela iKhonkqele kunye nokukhuthaza ukhuthazo lukawonke-wonke lwemigaqo. Ngokuchasene noko, ireyithingi esezantsi ingayikhuthaza inkcaso ize inciphise ukusebenza kwemigaqo. Uphando lwamajelo Media kunye nokukhutshwa kwamajelo eendaba oluntu kwandisa zombini izinto eziphunyeziweyo kunye nokungaphumeleli, inyanzelisa ulawulo ukuba lulawule umgangatho walo kawonke-wonke rhoqo. I-Twittersfere ekwaneentamber zenza imekobume apho izenzo zolawulo ziqhutyekwa ngoko nangoko, ukuchasana kokunga kwemiqatha kwezo zezo

Ukuxhathisa kweBreaucracy

Iqumrhu lolawulo lwamazwe alo lonke elilungelelaniswe nezobungangameli. Izicaka zasekuhlaleni zingaxhathisa okanye ziphumeze iziganeko ezicothayo eziphikisanayo, isiganeko esaziwa ngokuba "ngummandla onzulu" kwintetho yezobupolitika. Umahluko phakathi kwabamiselwe kwezobupolitika nabasebenzi abasebenzayo ungakhokelela kucelomngeni lokusebenzisana. Oomongameli bangasebenzisa izixhobo ezifana nemiyalelo yabalawuli abalawulayo, ukuquququzelela igunya, kunye nokumiselwa kwequmrhu ukuphelisa i-intellicriactiac e-ertria, kodwa ubukhulu obupheleleyo kunye nokuntsonkotha korhulumente ngokufuthi kuphazamisa utshintsho olukhawulezileyo. Umzekelo, imigudu yokuphelisa i-Affordcable Care Act i-ct ijongene neengxaki eziqhubekayo eziqhubekayo nezingagunyaziweyo.

Umkhosi othe tyaba noRhulumente owahluleleneyo

Xa elinye iqela lilawula umongameli kunye namanye amagumbi olawulo alandelayo okanye omabini eenkqubo zongqungquthela, ukwenza inkqubo kuba nzima kakhulu. Isebe eliphetheyo lingajonga kwizenzo ezingathathi mathathu qha, utshintsho lolawulo, ukutolikwa kwakhona kwemithetho ekhoyo, ukukhutshwa kwemiqobo yemithetho-mthetho. Noko ke, ezi zinyuko zingatshintshwa ngolawulo olulandelayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungazinzi kwenkqubo. Icandelo le-parisanta likwachaphazela inkqubo yamanye amazwe, apho ulwamkelo olubanzi lusoloko lufuneka kwizivumelwano, izibophelelo, okanye inyathelo lomkhosi. Unciphiso lwe-bipartistiki lwesebe lwenziwe ukuba libe namandla kakhulu kwizenzo eziphambili zombini ezifutshane zexesha elide kwaye lungaqinangaqinangaqinangaqinangaguquguqukiyo kwinkqubo yemithetho.

Isiphelo

Isebe eliphetheyo yinjini yokwenza inkqubo eUnited States, lisebenzisa impembelelo enkulu kwimicimbi yamakhaya nakwamanye amazwe ngamandla omgaqo-siseko, izixhobo zolawulo, kunye nolawulo olufanelekileyo. Ukusukela ekuqhubeni kwemiyalelo yezolawulo kunye nokwenziwa koqingqo-mali lwesebe ukuya kukwenza izivumelwano kunye nolawulo lwemikhosi, uMongameli kunye nolawulo lweziko lolawulo lwezolawulo lwelizwe kubumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla belizwe kunye nendima yalo. Nangona eli gunya lingenako ngokupheleleyo. Inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso, ulwando oluphakathi, ulawulo loluntu, ukulwa nolawulo lwezinzo, zonke ezi zinto zisebenza njengemiqathangonyaka nezenzo zolawulo. [kusetyenziswa kwe-Ele projectivession:[3] kunikeza ukusetyenziswa kwe-Ethematilo-F] ukusetyenziswa kwegunya elipheleleyo. [F] [12] [4], umbangowona umqulu opheleleyo we-onke, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Espowe-ogralitives] [ku: [ku