Ukwazisa: Ilifa Elihlala Lihleli Elingokwasemthethweni LeSibhengezo Sokuzimela - geqe

Isindululo senkululeko singaphezulu kakhulu kunezinto zembali ezigcinwe kugcino-lwazi lweSizwe. Luxwebhu oluphilayo oluthi uqikelelo lwamalungelo abantu kunye nolawulo loburhulumente luqhubeke luyilo inkqubo yomthetho yaseUnited States. Sivunywe ngoJulayi 4, 1776, iSindululo sasebenza njengokwaphulwa kolawulo lwezindululo zeSizwe, kodwa injongo yaso yesibini nesahlala ixesha yayikukucacisa isiseko sentandabulumko sohlobo olutsha lukarhulumente. Olo siseko (*) olwakhiwe kwiingcamango zamalungelo omntu, ulawulo oluqhelekileyo, kunye nelungelo labantu lokuguqula okanye lokuphelisa urhulumente ocinezelekileyo, izigwebo, nezixhasi zemithetho yezomthetho yezomthetho kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini. Ukuqonda indlela esisiphembelela ngayo inkqubo yethu imigaqo, ulwalamano lwayo kunye nendima yayo eqhubekayo kwimimiselo yezomthetho nezentlalo-ntlalo.

Imvelaphi Yamalungelo Emvelo Enkcubeko

ISibhengezo esidume kakhulu sendinyana ``Izichaza ngokuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo'''. Sikholelwa ukuba le nyaniso icacile, ukuba bonke abantu badalwa ngokulinganayo, ukuba uMdali wabo ubanike amalungelo athile angenakuphambukiswa, phakathi kwezi buBomi, Inkululeko nokusukela ulonwabo"=ayiyo nje kuphela intsingiselo ecacileyo. Yintetho engqalileyo yentanda-bulumko esemthethweni, ingakumbi imisebenzi ka-John Locke. Sisindululo siphikisa ukuba abantu banelungelo lendalo elikhoyo ngaphambi kokulawulwa ngurhulumente. Isindululo saguqula lentandabulumko yaba yingcamango yezobupolitika kwaye ekugqibeleni, imilinganiselo esemthethweni. Ngokuthi la malungelo "angenasizathu," uxwebhu lubonisa ukuba akukho rhulumente ofanelekileyo onokuthi akanakuwathabatha ngaphandle kwesizathu nenkqubo efanelekileyo.

Ubomi, Inkululeko Nokufuna Ulonwabo Njengamatye Asemthethweni

Ngoxa isindululo singachazi "ukusukela ulonwabo" ngokweziqu zomthetho, ibinzana liye lachazwa ziinkundla njengeliquka inkululeko yezoqoqosho, ukuzimela, nelungelo lokufuna ulwaneliseko ngaphandle kokungenelela kolawulo lukarhulumente oluzimeleyo. Le ngcamango ifana ngokusondeleyo noLwesihlanu nolweshumi elinesine Izindululo zokuLawula ukukhusela kombono woMndululi wenkululeko. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iquka imiba entle yoluntu. [FLT]berge. [2]

Ukuvunyelwa Kolawulo: Isiseko SoMthetho Osemthethweni

Isindululo sithi "oorhulumente bamiselwa phakathi kwamadoda, befumana amandla abo okusesikweni ngokuvumela abalawulwayo". Lo mgaqo ngumgaqo-siseko osisiseko somthetho wedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Kuthetha ukuba imithetho ifumana igunya layo kungekhona kummiselo we-monarchy okanye ilungelo lobuthixo, kodwa kwisivumelwano sabantu. Le ngcamango isekelwe kwisiseko sonke somthetho-U.S.: uMgaqo-siseko wagunyaziswa ziindibano zikarhulumente ezazimela abantu; imimiselo imiselwa ngabameli abanyuliweyo; yaye kwanezigwebo zomthetho zixhomekeke kwisiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi. Xa iinkundla ziwisa imithetho njengengagunyazizo, ngokunempumelelo zithobela imidaba abantu, ngezomGaqo-siseko, ibekwe kurhulumente ngokungqalileyo ekusebenzeni kwenkqeqesho yezo yezahlulelelo.

Isibhengezo nomGaqo-siseko: Ukulungelelanisa Kodwa Umahluko

Abantu abaninzi bavumelana neSindululo soKuzimela- geqe neMigaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kodwa basebenza imisebenzi eyahlukileyo esemthethweni. Isindululo yingxelo yemigaqo-siseko ``isindululo sokuziphatha nesopolitiki sokuzimela. UmGaqo-siseko yimithetho ebophelelayo emisela isakhiwo sikarhulumente kwaye ibala amagunya athile kunye nemiqathango. IBhili yamaLungelo (iiiinjongo zokuqala ezilishumi) yasebenza ngo1791, iminyaka elishumi emva kwesibhengezo. Ngokucacileyo, umGaqo-siseko awukhankanyisi ngokucacileyo "Ubomi, iLiber, iNkcuka, kunye nokusukela ulonwabo" okanye "ilungelo elingenamdla" kumbhalo wayo. Endaweni yoko, ikhusela inkululeko efana nentetho ekhululekileyo, ukuqheliswa konqulo, nokupheka okungekho ngqi. Umthetho unikela isindululo ngokuchasene nokungabikho komGando olungekho sikweni.

I-"Indawo engekhoyo Yolonwabo" kumGaqo-siseko

Enye yezona mahluko ubalulekileyo kukuba umGaqo-siseko ukhusela "ilungelo" kunokuba ulwenzelo lolonwabo". Oku kutshintsha kubonisa ukujolisa kwabasebenzi ekukhuseleni amalungelo oqoqosho kunye nokulinganisela urhulumente. Noko ke, ulwimi olubanzi lweSindululo luye lwaphembelela indlela iinkundla eziyiqonda ngayo injongo yamalungelo empahla. Umzekelo, ukuthatha uGaqo-mthetho wesihlanu kuClausle//"noko kumele kuthatyathwe ngendawo ukwenzela ukusetyenziswa nguwonke wonke, ngaphandle kwentlawulo nje lwemali yorhulumente.

ISindululo kwingcaciso yezeejaji: Ukusuka kwiRiphabliki yokuqala ukuya kwiLifa leMveli

Iinkundla zaseMerika ziye zacaphula iSindululo Sozimele - geqe kumatyala amaninzi, ukususela kwiimbambano eziphathelele ubukhoboka ukusa kumalungelo abantu. Olu xwebhu alunagunya elingqalileyo elingokwasemthethweni lelungiselelo okanye lomGaqo-siseko, kodwa ngokufuthi abagwebi balubiza njengegunya eliyekelelayo ukukhanyisa intsingiselo yentsingiselo yegama lomgaqo-siseko okanye ukuchaza imilinganiselo esisiseko yenkqubo engokwasemthethweni elungiselelwe ukukhusela.

Umthetho wokuqala: Corfield v. Coryell kunye namalungelo kunye nomkhosi

Enye yezona zenzo zaphambili ezinempembelelo kwityala leSindululo se-1823 Corell . Corell, apho IJaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo iBushrod Washington (engaphambili) ichaza amaLungelo kunye neImmunion Clausse of Artic IV. Wadwelisa amalungelo asisiseko abemi baseUnited States abamele bawanandiphe, kuquka "ilungelo lommi welizwe elinye eliza kugqitha kulo, okanye ukuhlala kulo naliphi na elinye ilizwe," kwaye wabhekisa ngokucacileyo kwimigaqo yendalo esesikweni. Nangona loo meko ingaxhomekekanga ngqo kwiSindululo njengesivumelwano esilawulayo, yaseka isithethe sokukhangela kuMandla okuchaza amalungelo e-"ithracractimen" kwaye ngoko wisobugqeshosho.

Isibhengezo nemfazwe yobukhoboka: Imbonakalo emnyama kaDred Scott

Esona sifungo somthetho sidume kakhulu sokuchonga iMemo senzeka kwi uDred Scott v. Sandford [1857]. IJaji enkulu uRoger Taney, ebhalela inkoliso, wavakalisa ngokudume kakubi ukuba abantu abantsundu baseMerika babengaqukwanga kwibinzana elithi "bonke abantu badalwe ngokulinganayo" kwaye ngoko ke abanakuba ngabemi. UTaney waphikisa ukuba ukuqonda kwabaqululeki kwesi Sindululo akwangayamkeli abantu abakhotyo. Esi sigqibo sabangela ucaphuzele, ingakumbi phakathi kwabalawuli abaphikisa ukuba ulwimi lwehlabathi lonke lugweba ubukhoboka. UAbraham Lincolkn wabhenela uGento kwingxoxo yakhe noStephen Douglas, enyanzelela ukuba umgaqo wemilothoba nakugqibela. [12]

Inkulungwane Yama - 20: Isibhengezo njengeSibhengezo Esiphilayo

[FF3] [eGawulayo] [eGqibeleneyo] [[3] iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaqalisa ukuthembela ngokucacileyo kwimigaqo yeSindululo kumatyala abandakanya inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Yi-YYY [1886], iNkundla yacela isithembiso seSindululo sokulingana ekubetheni iSan Francisco umthetho oye wakhetha abanikazi bempahla. [FLT] uJohn Marshall Harlan's ku-'s's edumileyo [[FLT:]] V.[12] [12]] [iNkunye] [186] [186] yacaphula umthetho oweSindululo kumalungelo abantu abaqhelekileyo, uluvo olusuka nje unikezelo lwemithetho yokuba kumthetho wokwemvelo, ulwenze umgangatho wetyala.[F3] [F3] [ence ulawulo oluthelelweyo oluthe , intelelo oluthelela kumthetho oluqhelekileyo lomthetho oluqhelekileyo lobuGenesolu, i-Gene.[F] [entu

Impembelelo yomthetho neQumrhu loLuntu

Isibhengezo senkululeko siye saba sisibhengezo esikhuthaza phantse yonke imibutho ephambili yoluntu kwimbali yaseMerika. Ulwimi lwaso lwanikela isiseko sokuziphatha nesomthetho sokufuna amalungelo alinganayo.

Abaxhasi Besini Nababhali - zincwadi

Kwinkulungwane ye-19, abaphelisi basasaza imibhalo yesibhengezo baza baphikisa ukuba ubukhoboka baphule isiseko salo. UFrederick Douglass, kwintetho yakhe yonyaka wonyaka wowesine kaJulayi? walubhenca ngamandla uhanahaniso lokubhiyozela inkululeko ngexa ungafuni nkululeko kwizigidi zabantu. Ngokufanayo, umbutho wamabhinqa walungela ngqo ubhengezo lwawo lweSindululo saMazwe (1848) kuxwebhu lwantlandlolo, ethabathela indawo "onke amadoda namabhinqa adalwa elingana" ukufuna amalungelo asemthethweni amabhinqa. Le mikhosi ayizange ithathi qhaphuthe nje isindululo somvo; ngokunjalo, isebenzisa uluvo lwawo olusemthethweni ukuvavanyanisa imithetho engekho semthethweni nokuphikisa umgaqo-mthetho.

IXesha lamaLungelo aBami kunye noLwimi loMgaqo-siseko

UMthetho waMalungelo ka-1964 kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965 wawungumthetho obhaliweyo wesithembiso sesiSindululo. Ngowabo wowe-1963 "Ndinephupha" intetho, uGqr. Martin Luther King Jr. wamisela ukulwa kwamalungelo abantu njengo "uvavanyo olubuyiselweyo "lwemali engoneleyo""."a ileta yemithetho ebhaliweyo kwiSindululo seNtlalo. IBhunga, ishukunyiselwe ngokwenxenye yimigaqo yeSindululo, ukumisela imithetho eyalela ucalulo kwizindlu zikawonke wonke, umsebenzi, kunye nokuvota. Inkqubo esemthethweni yaphendula ngokuthobela le mithetho egwebayo nokubeka phantsi kwemithetho egwebayo, kunye neenkundla ezisoloko zicaphula umbono wokulingana phantsi kwemithetho-mthetho.

Ukuphakamisa Nemilinganiselo Yanamhlanje

Namhlanje, esi Sindululo siyaqhubeka siphembelela iingxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni kwimimandla enjengamalungelo emipu, ukuzimela, namandla aphezulu. Umzekelo, ilungelo leSindululo Sesibini lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo maxa wambi linxulumene nokukhankanya kwamalungelo abantu ukutshintsha okanye ukuphelisa urhulumente (nakuba le nkcazelo ihlala iphikiswa. Isindululo sibonakala kwiingxubusho ze "mthetho wendalo" ekutolikeni komgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi phakathi kwabaqulunqeneyo nabagwebi abajongene nokuqonda kwamalungelo abaqali.

Isibhengezo Sokuphefumlelwa, Asingomthetho Onyanzelekayo

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba isindululo senkululeko asinawo umkhosi othe ngqo osemthethweni enkundleni. Akukho mntu unokumangalela phantsi kweSibhengezo sodwa; asingommiselo okanye ilungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko. Endaweni yoko, impembelelo yaso ayingqalanga kwaye iyayeyisela. Xa ijaji ichaza isindululo, iyasisebenzisa ukukhanyisa amaxabiso asebenzayo kumGaqo-siseko, hayi njengesivumelwano esinyanzelisayo. Abahlalutyisi baphikisa ukuba ulwimi olungacacanga kakuhle (umz. "Usukelo lolonwabo") lungasetyenziswa ukuxhasa phantse nasiphi na isikhundla sezobupolitika, ngoxa abaxhasi begcina ukuba imigaqo yayo inika isalathi sokuziphatha esifunekayo kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Ngaloo ndlela ingumzekelo osemthethweni ingumzekelo wokuphefumla kwaye ukhokelo, hayi ulawulo.

Isindululo Nomthetho Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Impembelelo yesindululo yandisa ngaphaya kwemida yase-U.S. ulwimi lwaso luye lwafakwa kwizixhobo ezininzi zamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke, kuquka iSibhengezo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu (11948). Uxwebhu oluvulayo lwe-UN ngezantsi/" Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile kwaye belingana ngamalungelo kunye namalungelo".[1] Inkundla zamaMelika zicaphula imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nemigaqo yeSindululo ibhekiswe kumazwe angaphandle kwijurisprunce, ingakumbi kumazwe avelayo kwikolo lwamarhanisi. Oku kuqululo olusemthethweni lwehlabathi lubalasemoye liziko lommiselo njengesiseko sezimvo zale mihla zedemokhrasi namalungelo abantu.

Isiphelo: Ilitye Eliqhubeka Lisetyenziswa Ngumthetho

Isibhengezo seSindululo se-Independent sisabalulekile, ukuba asisayi kubophelela, sinyanzelisa inkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Ukwenziwa kwaso kumalungelo emvelo, ukulingana, kunye norhulumente ngokuvuma kuye kwaguqula umGaqo-siseko, iBhili yamaLungelo, kunye nokupheliswa kwaloo manyathelo. Iinkundla ziye zayicela ukuba iphelise ucalucalulo lobuhlanga, ikhusela ukuzilawula, kwaye iqinisekisa inkululeko esisiseko. Imibutho yoluntu iye yasebenzisa ulwimi lwayo ukufuna iinguqu ezisemthethweni eziye zandisa isangqa sabo banelungelo "Ubomi, iNkululeko, nokusukela ulonwabo lolonwabo. Nangona iSindululo singeso isiseko somthetho esikhokelayo kwaye sikhuthaza umgangatho osisiseko wolawulo-melo lwaseMelika. Njengoko kudala ilizwe likho, imigaqo yeMithetho-Dracy iya kuqhubeka impembelelo, imigaqo-mthetho yethu, kunye nokuvavanyanisa imithetho yethu.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwimpembelelo esemthethweni yeSindululo, jonga kwi iprojekthi yogcino-lwazi yohlanga , [[FLT:] iQumrhu elingokwasemthethweni loLwazi lweZiko loLwazi lwezomthetho [[[FLT:]], kunye neprojekthi [[FLT:]YY]Z yemiba ephakamileyo yenkundla ebhekisa ubhengezo lweSindululo.