Inkqubo elindelekileyo ngumgaqo osisiseko kwinkqubo yomthetho oqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kwinkqubo yokugweba. Ligumbi elibalulekileyo ledemokhrasi kwaye lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye nezenzo zolawulo-mthetho. Ukuqonda inkqubo efanelekileyo kubalulekile kootitshala nabafundi, ingakumbi xa kuxutyushwa ngokubaluleka kwezilingo ezifanelekileyo. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uya kuncitshiswa ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwemigaqo esemthethweni, kwaye isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla karhulumente. EUnited States, inkqubo efanelekileyo ikhutshelwa kwiNhlanu neMimiselo yeSihlanu, kodwa iingcambumbu zidlulela emva kwiinkulungwane zeminyaka kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi. Eli nqaku landisiwe lihlola inkcazelo, indaleko, iinkqubo eziluncedo, kunye nocelomngeni lwexesha eliqhelekileyo lokunika nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi naleyo efuna ukuqondwa kolu lwabiwo lomthetho womthetho.

Yiyiphi Inkqubo Efanelekileyo?

Embilinini wayo, imigaqo efunekayo ibhekisela kwimfuneko esemthethweni yokuba urhulumente ahlonele onke amalungelo asemthethweni afuneka kumntu. Eli gama livela kuMphengululo wesihlanu, osebenza kurhulumente wezwe, kunye noMphetho-Mda-mda we-145, oyandisa imfuneko kurhulumente. IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sithi akukho mntu oya kuba "wamkelekileyo kubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. UMthetho weSimendo we-14th usebenzisa ulwimi olufanayo ukubopha amaphondo. Ezi zinto ziquka, zenza umgangatho womgaqo-siseko ngaphantsi apho isenzo sikarhulumente singenakuwa. Isenzo esifanelekileyo asiyiyo ingcamango elungele ukutshintsha iimeko zomntu ngamnye, kodwa yingcamango elungele ukuvisisana neemeko, iimfuno zikarhulumente ezifuna ukubotshwa komnye amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Abaphengululi abasemthethweni badla ngokuhlula-hlula inkqubo efunekayo ibe ziindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo: inkqubo efunekayo kunye nenkqubo encinci efunekayo. iprojectus ixhalabisa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zenkqubo kunye namanyathelo karhulumente kufuneka alandelwe ngaphambi kokuba ahlube umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Ifuna isaziso esifanelekileyo, ithuba lokuviwa, nesigqibo sokungakhethi. iprojekthi efunekayo kwinkqubo efanelekileyo ye-[, ngokomahluko, ukhusela amalungelo athile angundoqo kurhulumente, kwanokuba iinkqubo zifezekile. Oku kubandakanya amalungelo anjalo angokobuqu, ukuqeqesha, ukuqeqesha, nokusebenza komzimba. Zombini ezi ntlobo ziyafuneka ziqonde indlela esetyenziswa ngayo kwi-enjini.

Ukubaluleka Kwendlela Esifanele Sizilindele Ngayo Iimvavanyo Ezifanelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ibalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimvavanyo ziqhutywa ngokusesikweni nangokusesikweni. Inika isiseko esikhusela amalungelo ommangalelwa kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kuyaphunyezwa. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo, inkqubo engokwasemthethweni inokuba sengozini yokungabi nangqiqo kwaye ithotyelwe. Iinkalo ezilandelayo zibonisa indlela inkqubo efanelekileyo enegalelo ngayo ekuvavanyweni ngokufanelekileyo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Kulungile kwi-Fair Heager: Abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokunikela imeko yabo phambi kwenkundla engakhethi buso. Oku kuquka ithuba lokubiza amangqina, amangqina aphikisanayo, kwaye banikezele ubungqina.
  • Ukubekwa izityholo kumntu omsulwa ude ugwetywe uvalelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho olungaphaya kobunyani kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Lo mgaqo uguqula umthwalo wobungqina kwityala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Asekunene kwiSicelo: AbaKhuseli banelungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwabo. Abo bangenayo igqwetha, urhulumente kufuneka anikezele enye(a elungileyo) emiselwe ku Gideon v. Wainright [63]).
  • [[Uvavanyo lwe-PULT:0] Uvavanyo lweNkqutyana: Iimvavanyo kufuneka zivulelwe uwonke-wonke ukuqinisekisa ukuba ucace gca kunye nokuphendula. Iimvavanyo ezifihlakeleyo azivumelekanga phantsi koMthetho wokuHlayishwa kweSithandathu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo lokubhenela: Abantu bangasivavanya isigqibo ukuba bakholelwa ukuba kukho impazamo kwinkqubo yokuvavanya. Oku kunika umaleko wolawulo ukulungisa iimpazamo.
  • Asekunene ukuya kungqinelana namaNgqina:[ IsiHlanzi seSithandathu sokuHlaziya siqinisekisa umangalelwa ngelungelo lokujamelana nabamangaleli bakhe, kuthintela ubungqina obungaziwayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukhuselo oluchasene nozinyo- ngokuzihambela: IsiHlanzi seMimiselo yesihlanu siqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu unokunyanzeleka ukuba anikele ubungqina ngokuchasene naye, ilungelo elikhuselayo ekuvumeni izono ngokunyanzelekileyo.

Ezi zikhuselo azikho kwindawo engenamntu. Zisebenza kunye ukwenza inkqubo eyenzelwe ukunciphisa iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo nokugcina uluntu lukholose ngejaji. Umzekelo, ukudityaniswa kokubonakala kungenatyala nelungelo lokucebisa kunceda ukunciphisa indawo yokudlala phakathi komntu norhulumente. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo, iimvavanyo azinakufaneleka kwaye umthetho ubungayi kuphelisa.

Imbali Engokwembali Yenkqubo Eza Kulandela

Ingcamango yenkqubo efanelekileyo inemvelaphi enzulu yembali. Isenokulandela emva kwiMagna Carta ngo-1215, eyangqina ukuba akukho mntu unokuhluthwa inkululeko ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, lo mgaqo uye waguquka kwaye waqinisekiswa ngokuphinda-phindwa ngamaxwebhu ahlukeneyo asemthethweni nangemithetho yenkundla. Ukuqonda le mbali kunceda kucacise ukuba kutheni inkqubo efunekayo ihlala iyintsika yenkqubo yale mihla yomthetho.

IMagna Carta

IMagna Carta yayiluxwebhu oluphawulayo olwabeka isiseko somgaqo-siseko wale mihla. Yavelisa ingcamango yokuba wonke umntu, kuquka ukumkani, wayephantsi komthetho. Eli yayilinyathelo elibalulekileyo ekumiseni umthetho nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ngokukhethekileyo, Isahluko 39 seMagna Carta sichaza: "Akukho mntu okhululekileyo oza kuthi abhaqwe okanye afakwe entolongweni, okanye ahlulwe amalungelo akhe, okanye agxothwe okanye agxothwe, okanye angabikho kwimilo yakhe nayiphi na enye indlela, okanye siphumele ngamandla kuye, okanye sithumele abanye ukuba benze njalo, ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni welizwe lakhe okanye umthetho welizwe" isivakalisi "umthetho welizwe" kamva saguquka saya "ukwenziwa komthetho we-".[FLG.[5] [5] [5] [5]

Umthetho Oqhelekileyo WesiNgesi Nobuthanga baseMerika

Emva kweMagna Carta, umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi waqhubeka uphuhlisa ingqiqo yenkqubo efunekayo. Isicelo sokuLunene (1628) kunye neSihlomelo seBhili yamaNgesi samaLungelo saqinisekisa imiqathango esemandleni obukumkani kwaye yaqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo. Le migaqo yasiwa kumathanga aseMerika, apho yavela kumthetho-siseko wamathanga kunye nomgaqo-siseko worhulumente. Emva kweMvukelo-siseko waseMelika, abaseki bafaka inkqubo efunekayo kuMgaqo-siseko wesiHlanu njengovavanyo kurhulumente omtsha wesizwe. Ibinzana elithi "Indlela ephambili yomthetho" lathatyathwalwa ngqo ukusuka kummiselo wekhulu elinayi-19354 kaEdwa nomthetho ka-EdwayiMegna Carta III owaphinda waphinda waphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phindeka umgaqo-siseko.

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye neziHlanzeko zoQokelela

EUnited States, inkqubo efunekayo ikhankanywe ngokucacileyo kuMphengululo wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine. IsiHlaliso seNtlanganiso seNtlanganiso seNtlalo yeMigaqo-siseko, esagunyaziswa ngowe-1791 njengenxalenye yamaLungelo, ekuqaleni sasebenza kurhulumente weSizwe kuphela. Emva kweMfazwe ye-Grandmentment ye-1448th (1868) yandisa imigaqo efunekayo kumazwe. Olu lwalwandiso lwalubalulekile kuba lwaluvumela iinkundla zikarhulumente ukuba zihlole imithetho nezenzo ezithintela amalungelo abo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iNkundlele Yolawulo lwe-Clamfastmentation Irreacementation's (e) yandisa inkoliso yenkqubo efunekayo kwiimeko ezichasene namagunya aziwayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba oorhulumente bamele bawanike amalungelo okuthetha ngenkululeko, ukuvavanywa kwerusambutho, ukupheliswa kwetyala, nokungaqindelelwa ngokungekho ngqi.

Iindidi zenkqubela elindelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo inokwenziwa ibe ziintlobo ezimbini ezingundoqo: inkqubo efunekayo nenkqubo encinci efunekayo. Uhlobo ngalunye ludlala indima eyahlukileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwaye lufuna uhlalutyo olwahlukeneyo.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo yenkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo igxininisa kwiinkqubo neenkqubo ezisetyenziswa kwiinkundla zomthetho. Iqinisekisa ukuba abantu baphathwa ngokufanelekileyo ngeenkqubo ezimiselwe ngokusemthethweni.

  • Iphepha: Abantu kufuneka baziswe ngezityholo okanye izenzo ezichasene nabo. Oku kufuneka kunikezelwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye neenkcukacha ezaneleyo ukuvumela ulungiselelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Opportunit ezakuviwa: AbaKhuseli mababe nethuba lokunikela imeko yabo, kuquka ukunikela ubungqina kunye neempikiswano, phambi komenzi wesigqibo sobundilele.
  • I-Impartial Tribunal: Abenzi-zigqibo mabangachaphazeli. Abagwebi nabagwebi kunye neempikiswano zenzala abanakuthatha inxaxheba.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene kwiSibonelelo esinika ubungqina: Imikhosi kufuneka ivunyelwe ukuba ichaze ubungqina obunxulumeneyo kunye namangqina achaseneyo ne-exoramine.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ekunene kwisigqibo esibhaliweyo: Kumongo omninzi, ingcaciso ebhaliweyo yesiphumo ifuneka ukwenza uhlolo olunentsingiselo.

INkundla ePhakamileyo iseke uvavanyo lokulinganisela oluthambileyo lwenkqubo efunekayo yokulungisa iprocedroeting kwinkqubo efunekayo ku Mathews v. Elditridge [1997]. Uvavanyo lunobunzima obuthathu boonobangela: inzala yabucala exhotyisweyo, ubungozi bokungafunwa kakuhle phantsi kwemigaqo ekhoyo, nomdla karhulumente ekusebenzeni kakuhle. Oku kuvumela iinkundla ukuba zilungise imigaqo kwiimeko ezithile kumongo-** ukuze kunyuswe intlalo-ntle ifuna ukuvalwa okuninzi kunelayiselo lwelayisensi yomqhubi.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Kwelinye icala, inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko, ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleleni korhulumente, kwanaxa iinkqubo zisesikweni. Iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho nemigaqo ayiphuli amalungelo abantu ebomini, kwinkululeko, nakwimpahla. Olu hlobo lwenkqubo efunekayo lusoloko lubandakanya imibandela enjenge:

  • Amalungelo oMsebenzi: Ilungelo lokwenza izigqibo zobuqu malunga nokuthintela ukukhawula, intsapho, kunye nolwalamano olusondeleyo, njengoko zivunyiwe ku Griswold v. Connecticut[ [1965] kunye [FLT]]Lawrence v. Texas
  • Uhlaziyo kunye namalungelo entsapho: Ilungelo lokutshata, ukuhlala kunye, kunye nokukhulisa abantwana, elikhuselwe kwiimeko ezifana ---ivolution v. Virginia[ [1967]] kunye [FLT]-Obergecroll v. Hodges
  • [[FLT: 0] Amalungelo Omzali: Ilungelo labazali ukwenza izigqibo malunga nemfundo kunye nenkathalo yezamayeza yabantwana babo, eziqinisekisiweyo kwi Pierce v. Society of Oodade [1925] kunye Troxel v. Granville
  • [[NTL: 0] I-Autonomy ezenzekelayo: Ilungelo lokwala unyango lonyango kunye nokwenza izigqibo malunga nomzimba womntu, zigxininiswe kwi Cruzan v. Umlawuli, iSebe leMissouri lezempilo [1990] kunye Roe v.

Inkqubo esisiseko ephambili ihlala iphikisana kuba ifuna iinkundla ukuchaza amalungelo angadweliswanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi inika abagwebi ubulumko obugqithisileyo, ngoxa abaxhasi bekujonga njengokuyimfuneko ekukhuseleni inkululeko ekungeneleni okungekho mthethweni.

Imodeli

Ukuqonda indlela esebenzayo ngayo inkqubo kwiziganeko zobomi bokwenene kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukubaluleka kwayo. Nantsi eminye imizekelo yenkqubo efunekayo yokusebenza ngaphaya komongo owahlukeneyo womthetho:

  • [[NTL:0] Izilingo ezithi ngqo: Abameli kufuneka baziswe ngamalungelo abo kunye nezityholo ezinxamnye nabo, kwaye banelungelo kwigqwetha. Urhulumente makangqine ukuba unetyala ngaphaya kwamathandabuzo afanelekileyo, kwaye abamangalelwa bangahlala bethulile, bejongene namangqina, kwaye babhenele kwityala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ityala leCivil: Abantu ababandakanyekileyo kwiimpikiswano zamakhaya banelungelo lokuchotshelwa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nethuba lokunikela ubungqina obufanelekileyo. Ngoxa amanye amalungelo enkqubo engcaciso ecuthekileyo encinane kunasezimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo esisiseko ifuna isaziso, ukuva, kunye nomgwebi ongenamkhethe.
  • Izakhono zolawulo: Abantu abajongene nezenzo zikarhulumente, ezifana nokurhoxiswa kwelayisensi, ukungenelwa, okanye ukupheliswa kwemisebenzi, banelungelo lokukhuphisana naloo misebenzi ngenkqubo elungileyo. Umzekelo, phambi kokuncama ilayisensi yobuchule, isibonelelo kufuneka sinike isaziso kunye nethuba lokuva.
  • Uqeqesho olugqithisiweyo: Kwi Gos v. Lopez [1997], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba abafundi besikolo sikawonke-wonke abajongene nokuthunyelelwa isaziso esidluliselwa ngomlomo okanye esibhaliweyo somthetho kunye nethuba lokucacisa icala labo. Eli tyala landisa inkqubela-phambili kwinkqubo yokhuseleko kwisiseko semfundo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Inkqubela-phambili yolwahlulo: Ngelixesha ityala lokugxothwa lingokwabantu kunokuba libe sisolwaphulo-mthetho, iinkundla zikholelwa ukuba abantu abangabo abanawo amalungelo athile afanelekileyo enkqubo, kuquka ilungelo lokuchotshelwa nomelo (kunjalo alilocebiso elimiselwe ngurhulumente kwiimeko ezininzi).
  • [[NTLA] Isibopho sempilo yengqondo sokuzinikela buqu:[ Imbopheleleko ezenzekelayo kwisakhiwo sengqondo ifuna inkqubo efunekayo, kuquka ukuviwa, ilungelo lokululekwa, kunye nobungqina obucacileyo bobungozi. INkundla ePhakamileyo yahlula le migangatho kwi- Addington v. Texas

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba inkqubo efunekayo asiyiyo ingcinga yomlinganiselo omnye. Umlinganiselo wenkqubo efunekayo uxhomekeke kuhlobo lomdla okwipali yomthi nakumongo wesenzo sikarhulumente.

Iingxaki Zenkqubo Efanele Iqhutywe

Nangona ibalulekile, inkqubo efunekayo ijongene nocelomngeni oluninzi kumthetho wale mihla.

Ukuzingisa kwale mingeni kubonisa ukuba isithembiso senkqubo efanelekileyo asisoloko sizaliseka. Abahlaziyi bomthetho bayaqhubeka bexhasa ukukhusela okunamandla, kuquka ukunyusa imali yabakhuseli, ukupheliswa kwebheyile yemali, ukulawulwa kwezixhobo zemithetho-siseko, nokubonakala okungakumbi kwizenzo zikarhulumente.

Ingqikelelo-magama yomhlaba wonke kwinkqubo elindelekileyo

Ngeli xesha iUnited States inesithethe esiqinileyo senkqubo efunekayo, le ngcamango ikhona ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba wonke. Iizixhobo zamalungelo abantu, ezifana neSindululo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu (UDHR) kunye noMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe kuMalungelo oMhlabetho kunye nawobupolitika (ICCPR), iqinisekisa amalungelo afanelekileyo. IGatya 10 le-UDHR lichaza: "Wonk'wenziswa ngokulingana ngokupheleleyo kwimfaneleko nenkumelwano kawonke-wonke yenkundla ezimeleyo nengakhethi busomfa, ekuzimiseleni kwamalungelo neemfuno zakhe kunye naziphi na izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinxamnye naye. Ngokufanayo, iSiqendulo 14 se-ICICPR sinikela iinkqubo ezizimfanele, kuquka nokukhuselwa kweso sobucala, nokulunga kwicebo.[FLD:0] [HCRP]

Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni eyahlukeneyo ifikelela kwinkqubo efunekayo ngogxininiso olwahlukileyo. Nangona kunjalo, imigaqo engundoqo yesaziso esisesikweni, njengeso sikumazwekazi aseYurophu, isoloko ixhomekeke kwimodeli yamatyala apho abagwebi benza indima ephambili. Iinkqubo zomthetho oqhelekileyo, njengaleyo yaseUnited States, eUnited Kingdom, nase-Australia, igxininisa imigaqo-nkqubo ephambili yesaziso sokungakhethi, ukungqinelana okungacaciyo, nelungelo lokuviwa likufutshane jikelele. Inkundla yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu inyanzelela ukukhuselwa okufanayo phantsi kweSivumelo 6 samaLungelo aseYurophu angokwamalungelo abantu. Umthetho wentethelekiso ubonisa ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo ayiyo engaqhelekanga kodwa ithanda okusesikweni.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo efunekayo ekuqinisekiseni ukuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo nokukhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Intsingiselo yayo engokwembali, ukusuka kwiMagna Carta ukuya kumGaqo-siseko wale mihla, kunye nezicelo zayo ezisebenzayo ngaphaya kolwaphulo-mthetho, uluntu, kunye nezicwangciso zolawulo zibalaselisa ukubaluleka kwayo okuhlala kuhleli. Kwangaxeshanye, inkqubo efunekayo ijongene novavanyo olunzulu olusemthethweni, ubuchule bokulawula, utshintsho lwezobugcisa, kunye neengcinezelo zesizwe. Abafundisi-othisha kunye nabafundi ngokufanayo kufuneka baqonde zombini iingcamango kunye nenkqumvo yenkqubo ekufuneka ithethelelwe inkqubo esesikweni esesikweni. Njengokuba iNkukhosi Ephakamileyo iqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, inkqubo efunekayo ayiyo ayiyo imigaqo yobuchule kodwa ayiyo ingumkhuseli osisiseko ekuxhaseni le migaqo-siseko. I-gralivevess ekulondolozeni le migaqo yomthetho nokulondoloza amalungelo ekhululekileyo.