Ukwazisa

UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lumi njengenye yezona zibonelelo zilandelayo nezitshintshayo kwimbali yomthetho waseMelika. I-Ratived ngoJulayi 9, 1868, ebudeni bokwakhiwa kwakhona kweNkathi yengxwabangxwabangxwaba, oku kulungiswa ngokusisiseko kwachaza ubumi kunye nolwalamano phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye namazwe. Izindululo zayo ezinamandla . . . . .i-Clausleasko yeSibonelelo sobuGawula, i-Clasko, kunye neSikhuseli soKhuselo esiPhakamileyo sikaClasko Clascene [“uclee, , kwaye i-acinetic Prote Develote withment forcedmental symental sy prost procedmental sy (ie) yeminyaka eliyi 150 edlulewe , ukuphelisa kobuhlanga lobuhlanga lobuzwe lobuzwe linguzwe linguzwe lingumthetho lomtshato lomtshato, ukulingana nokwa-Gene,

Intengiselwano yenzelwe ngokukhethekileyo ukubhukuqa i- uDred Scott v. Sandford sisigqibo, apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavakalisa ukuba ama-Afrika ayengeyondawo kwaye akanakuba ngabemi base-U.S. ngokuseka ubumi bobuzibulo kunye nokukhusela okulinganayo phantsi komthetho, iDemente yeshumi elinesine yadala umgaqo-siseko omtsha owandisa ukhuseleko lweBhili lamaLungelo kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba luluphi uhlanga, kwaye yabeka isiseko sobuhlanga olupheleleyo nolungathethekiyo.

Imbali YoMthetho We - 14 Wokwenziwa Komthetho

Ukuyiqonda ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo yoMphetho-Mgaqo weshumi elinesine, kubalulekile ukuxabisa iimeko zembali ezakhokelela ekudalweni kwayo. Imfazwe yabemi baseMerika (1861-1865) yayiyiphelise inkqubo yobukhoboka ngoMphengululo weshumi elinesithathu, kodwa imeko yezigidi ezine zama-Afrika asandul'ukukhululwa ayizange iqiniseki. Amaphondo aseMazantsi akhawuleza amisela imithetho engqongqo eyaziwa njengeBlack Codes, eyathi yabeka imiqathango engqongqo kwinkululeko yabantu abamnyama, kuquka ilungelo labo lokungena kwizivumelwano, ukungqinelana enkundleni, aze ahambe ngokukhululekile.

ISivumelwano soMgaqo-nkqubo wamalungelo abantu ka-1866 yayililinge lokuqala leBhunga lokuphelisa la manyathelo acinezelayo ngokuvakalisa ukuba bonke abantu abazalwe eUnited States babengabemi kwaye banelungelo lokukhuselwa ngokufanayo phantsi komthetho. Noko ke, ixhala lomthetho ngokulawulwa komgaqo-siseko noloyiko lokuba iNkomfa yexesha elizayo ingaphinda ibangele isigqibo sokufaka le migaqo kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine lwavela njengesisombululo somgaqo-siseko obanzi, uqinisekisa ukuba ukukhuselwa kobumi bamazwe akunakupheliswa lula ngesenzo somthetho.

Ukuphinda Kuvuselelwe Nemfazwe Yezobupolitika

Isigqibo sayalelwa yiKomiti ePhakamileyo ekwindawo yokuHlaziya, ikomiti ekhethekileyo yengqungquthela eyasekwa ukucombulula iingxaki zamaphondo aseMazantsi kwi-Union. Le nkqubo yayingoopolitiki kakhulu, inezingxoxo ezingolawulo lwamandla karhulumente, amalungelo karhulumente, nentsingiselo yokulingana. IiRiphabliki ezi-Riphabliki zatyhefelwa ukuqinisekisa okunamandla kwesizwe, ngoxa iiRepublican kunye neeDemocrates eziphakathi zazifuna ukulondoloza iqondo elithile lolawulo.

Umbhalo wokugqibela wesilungisi wamela ulalaniso, kodwa noko ke waseka imigaqo emitsha ekhukulisiweyo yomgaqo-siseko. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwakufuna imvume kumazwe amathathu anesine, inkqubo eyayizele yimpikiswano. Amazwe asemazantsi ayefuneka ukuphelisa ukutshintsha njengemeko yokuthunyelwa kwemithetho ye-Union, nto leyo eyadala amandla ezobupolitika ayila indlela ye-consoleon kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ukusabela Kwikhowudi Emnyama

Iikhowudi eziBlack Code zika-1865-1866 zasebenza njengesixhobo esithe ngqo sokuzinzisa kweshumi elinesine. Le mithetho yayahluka-hlukene kumbuso ngamnye kodwa idla ngokuquka amalungiselelo:

  • I-Afrikha yaqhathwa ngokufumana umhlaba okanye ukuqesha umhlaba ngaphandle kwemimandla ethile
  • Abantu abantsundu abanyanzelelwa ukuba benze isivumelwano sokusebenza esabangela ukuba kuphinde kubekho ubukhoboka
  • Ilungelo lokunikela ubungqina enkundleni, lokusebenza kwimibutho yejaji, okanye lokuvota kunyulo lwama-
  • Isohlwayo esiqatha sokungafumani mbeko, esasisetyenziselwa ukunyanzela abantu abaNsundu ukuba basebenze ngemposiso

Abaqulunqi boMthetho-Mpanzi weshumi elinesine babenenjongo ecacileyo yokunikezela le mithetho ngokungekho mgaqweni. I-Acimime Protection Clause, ngokukodwa, yenzelwe ukuthintela amazwe ekumiseleni umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho oye wakhetha amaqela athile ukuze afumane unyango olwahlukileyo.

Amalungiselelo Ayintloko OMthetho We - 14 Wokwenziwa Komthetho

IsiHlaliso seshumi elinesine sibumba amacandelo amahlanu, kodwa icandelo lokuqala liqulethe iirejista ezintathu ezinempembelelo eziye zabumba umthetho womgaqo-siseko waseMelika.

Umgangatho kaNondyebo

ISigqeba sika-Claus, esifumaneka kwiCandelo 1, sithi: "Bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States, kwaye abaphantsi kwegunya labo, ngabemi base-United States kunye noRhulumente apho behlala khona. Eli lungiselelo layibhukuqa ngqo i- red Scott isigqibo kunye nokumisela ubumi njengomgaqo osisiseko womthetho-siseko waseMelika.

Eli binzana litolikiwe ukunikezela phantse wonke umntu ozalelwe e-U.S. ukuba ngummi wokufuduka kwabazali bakhe. Imeko yesazinge United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) iqinisekisa ukuba umntwana ozalelwe eUnited States kubazali bamaTshayina abafuduki yayingumthetho wase-U.S., nangona umthetho karhulumente ngexesha elivaliweyo wawuvalelwe ukufuduka nokufuduka kwendalo. Lo mgaqo wobuhlanga, owaziwa ngokuba [[FLT:]] ngu-li , ushiye umqondiso ocacileyo wobumi baseMerika, yaye ube ngumthetho owezomthetho wezopolitiki oqhubekayo.

Ilindelekile Claus

I-Act Claus Process inikeza ukuba akukho mbuso "uya kukhupha nawuphi na umntu wobomi, wenkululeko, okanye wempahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho." Eli binzana linomlinganiselo ohlukeneyo emibini: inkqubo efunekayo efunekayo kunye nenkqubo ephantsi.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo engokomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente ezichaphazela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ziqhutywe ngemigaqo elungileyo nemiselwe. Oku kuquka ilungelo lokuphawula, ukuva, umenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi buso, nethuba lokunikela ubungqina. Inkqubo efunekayo yenkcazelo engokobuqu isebenza kumacala amaninzi, kuquka iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, imicimbi yolawulo, kunye nokucaciswa kwabemi.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo esisiseko efunekayo yeyokuphikisana kakhulu neyona nkcazelo ibalulekileyo ekhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, nokuba urhulumente ulandela iinkqubo ezisesikweni. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yasebenzisa inkqubo efunekayo ekukhuseleni amalungelo afana nelungelo lokutshata, ilungelo lokukhulisa abantwana, ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukuthintela ukuthintela, kunye nelungelo lokuzilawula komzimba. Lo mlinganiso we-Umthetho we-CTIRY Clausce ube sembindini wemimiselo equka Roe v. Wade[FLD:1] (19773]) kunye [FL:2] no[FL:] 07].[FL:2]

Ukukhusela u-Claus

I-Acimity Protection Claus iyalela ukuba akukho rhulumente uya "kungavumelani nomntu okwigunya lakhe ukukhusela okulinganayo kwemithetho." Eli binzana lisisiseko somGaqo-siseko somthetho ochasene nocalucalulo kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi kuye kwacelwa ukuphathwa okungalinganiyo okusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, ubufana, imbonakalo yesini, nezinye iimpawu.

INkundla ePhakamileyo ivelise uludwe lwezibonelelo zokuvavanya iingxelo zoKhuselo olulinganayo:

  • I-Sturttic uphando lusebenza kulwahlulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, nakumalungelo asisiseko. Phantsi kwalo mgangatho, urhulumente kufuneka abonise umdla onyanzelisayo kwaye abonise ukuba iindlela zakhe zilungelelene ngokunqamlezileyo ukufikelela loo mdla.
  • Uphando lwe-Intermeterte incator lusebenza ekuhlelweni okusekelwe kwi-screen- kunye nokungabhaliswanga. Urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba ulwahlulo lusebenza kumdla obalulekileyo karhulumente kwaye lunxulumene kakhulu nolo mdla.
  • Isiseko sesiseko sohlolo sisebenza kuzo zonke ezinye izicwangciso. Urhulumente ufuna ukubonisa kuphela ukuba ulwahlulo lunxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nomdla osemthethweni karhulumente.

Esi sakhiwo siye sasetyenziswa kwiimeko ezisusela kukwahlula ubuhlanga ukuya kucalucalulo lwezini ukuya kumgangatho wezoqoqosho, ukwenza iSakhiwo esilinganayo soKhuselo lukaClaus sinye sezona zibonelelo zisoloko zibekwe kumGaqo-siseko.

Imfundiso Yokwahlukana

Enye yezona minikelo zeshumi elinesine zoMphetho-mda efikeleleka kude kumthetho waseMerika yimfundiso ebandakanyayo. Ngokusebenzisa i-Adry Processol Clause, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yawasebenzisa ngokuthe ngcembe onke amalungiselelo eBhili yamaLungelo kumaphondo, ngokusisiseko iguqula umlinganiselo wamandla phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente noorhulumente.

Phambi koMphetho-Mphetho weshumi elinesine, iBhili yamaLungelo yayiqondwa njengemiqathango karhulumente wesizwe kuphela. Ityala lentsimbi Barron v. Baltimore (1833) yayiyingqinele ngokucacileyo into yokuba iBhili yamaLungelo yayingasebenzi kwizenzo zikarhulumente. UMthetho woLawulo weshumi elinesine waguqula le ntshukumo ngokunqanda nawuphi na umntu we "ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho."

Kuludwe lwamatyala aqala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqalisa ukuchaza i-Unit Process Clause njengequka amalungiselelo akhethekileyo eBhili yamaLungelo nxamnye namatyala. Le nkqubo yayithe ngcembe kwaye ityala ngalinye, ngokuqukwa yiNkundla:

  • Amalungelo okuQala uHlaziyo lokuNciphisa, uPhicotho, unqulo, indibano, kunye nesibongozo Gitlow v. eNew York (1925) kunye namatyala alandelayo
  • UMthetho wesine okhuselayo ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni Mapp v.Ohio (1961)
  • Ilungelo loMphetho wesihlanu nxamnye nomahluko phakathi komntu ngokwakhe Malloy v. Hogan (1964)
  • IsiHlanzi soHlaziyo seSithandathu sinelungelo lokunika icebiso [ku- Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
  • IsiHlaliso seSihlaziyo sesibhozo sikhusela kwisohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nengaqhelekanga [ku- Robinson v. California (1962)

Namhlanje, phantse zonke izinto ezikhuselweyo kwiBhili yamaLungelo ziye zaququzelelwa nxamnye namagunya, nto leyo eyenza uLawulo lwe - 14 lube yinqwelo - mafutha ephambili apho amalungelo omGaqo-siseko anyanzelelwa khona kumgangatho weli lizwe nakummandla.

Impembelelo Yamalungelo Abemi

IsiHlaliso seshumi elinesine sesiXhobo esisemgangathweni esisemthethweni phantse kuyo yonke imibutho yamalungelo abantu embalini yaseMerika. Amalungiselelo ayo aye akhankanywa kumatyala abalaseleyo eNkundla Ephakamileyo aye achitha imithetho yokucalucalula amaqela akwandisa umlinganiselo wokulingana.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Mhlawumbi ukusetyenziswa okudumileyo kwe-Flumence Protection Claus yeza Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo, apho iNkundla Ephakamileyo yavakalisa ngamxhelo mnye ukuba ukuhlukaniswa kwezizwe kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke kwakunganyanzeliswanga ngokwesivumelwano. INkundla yasikhaba "kukhetha kodwa kulingana" imfundiso esungulwe Prevecy v. Ferguson[ [1866], iphethe ezo ndawo zahlukeneyo zemfundo zazingagqibekanga kwaye yaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus. Esi sigqibo sasebenza njengesinezelo semngeniselo lwamalungelo aphezulu asekuhlaleni kwaye sakhokelela kwidecreaces zoshishino zoluntu ngaphaya kweUnited States.

Virginia (1967) enothando

i- Virginia, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa imithetho karhulumente ekwalela umtshato weentlanga ezahlukeneyo, isithi imithetho enjalo yayaphula imithetho elinganayo yokhuseleko lukaClausle kunye ne-Gradient Proce Claus. IJaji enkulu u-Earl Warren wabhala ukuba "inkululeko yokutshata, okanye ukungatshati, umntu wolunye uhlanga uhlala nomntu ngamnye kwaye akanako ukugxatyaniswa nguRhulumente." Esi sigqibo saphelisa imithetho echasene no-miscegen kumthetho we-Cemedia kumazwe ali-16 kwaye saqinisekisa ukuba ukuhlaziselwa kwe-Gqiniswe kwe-14 kukhusela ilungelo elingundoqo lokutshata.

Reed v. Reed (1971)

Okwesihlandlo sokuqala, ebekwe phantsi v. Inkundla ePhakamileyo i-, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa uKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClause ukukhupha umthetho ocalucalula ngesiseko sesondo. Ityala libandakanya umthetho owenzela amadoda ukhetho oluzenzekelayo kumabhinqa ekulawuleni imimandla. Inkundla yathi ukhetho oluqhelekileyo lwamadoda lwaphula i-Exct Claus Protection Claus, ibeka isiseko socalucalulo lwale lwale mihla lwe-carisprune.

Ukunconywa Kwangoku KoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Weshumi Elinane

ISihlaziyo seshumi elinesine siyaqhubeka singumthombo onamandla nothandatyuzwayo womthetho wezomGaqo-siseko kule nkulungwane yama - 21.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

[[Nkundla:0] INkundla yafumanisa ukuba ilungelo lokutshata liyi-obergefell v. Hodges, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi uLawulo lweshumi elinesine lufuna ukuba kufunyanwe umtshato ofanayo nokwenza iqhina lokutshata kunye neentlobano zesini ezingokwasemgangathweni. INkundla yafumanisa ukuba ilungelo lokutshata lilungelo elisisiseko elikhuselweyo likhuselwe yi-Sed Proced Clauslee kwaye ukukhanyela izibini ezifanayo ukufikelela emtshatweni kwaphula i-Comment Classiale. Esi sigqibo saphawula ulwandiso lwamalungelo amakhaya e-LGBTQ+ amaMelikan kwaye sabonisa amandla ahlalayo enyanga-145 Dempleteodtmentation ukuphendula iintlobo ezintsha zocalucalulo.

Ukuncoma Amalungelo NoMthetho - melo Weshumi Eline

IsiHlaliso seshumi elinesine soMphetho-mvandedwa siye saba sisiseko esiqhubekayo kumadabi angelungelo lokuvota. Icandelo 2 lotshintsho linikela ukuba ukuba urhulumente akala ilungelo lokuvota nawuphi na ummi ongummi ongumfana oneminyaka engama-21 ubudala, uza kuncitshiswa ngokulinganayo. Nangona eli lungiselelo lingafane linyanzeleke, i-Lingano loKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Celausle liye lasetyenziswa ukucel'ucel'iiicel'umthetho wokuvota, ukuvota kwe-Id yesizwe, ukuphembelela i-i-garba, neminye imiqathango yokuvota echaphazela inani elincinane lomzingelwa. Ityala elinjengo County v. Raverer[FLT:] (2013) [2011]), eyaphelisa ilungiselelo eliphambili loMthetho ka-1966, iye yavusa ingxuwaso ngokutsha ngoMgaqo wokhuseleko lwe-omatisho-ogqesho.

Amalungelo okuvelisa kwakhona kunye ne-autonomy e-Bodily

INkundla ePhakamileyo ka-Claus yeNkqutyana ye-14th Amendment ibingumphakathi wesigqibo esisemthethweni esinxulumene namalungelo okuzala. Rooe v. Wade [177]], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela kwelokuba ilungelo le-mgangathweni, elisekelwe kwiNkundla ye-Unit Programme Claus, likhusela isigqibo somfazi sokuphelisa ukukhulelwa. Kutshanje, [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] kuwe-Dobbs v. Jackson Amabhinqa 'AseMpilo-ntle' [[FLT] [2] [202], iNkulawulo oluphezulu [[FLT] [5], inkundla yezomthetho] [[FLT] kunye nendima engundoqo] yemithetho ekhuselekileyo.[FLT]

Ukufuduka Nokuzalwa Ngokufanelekileyo

ISimi se-Clausse yeSinyuko seshumi elinesine siseyindawo ephambili kwingxoxo yenkqubo yokufuduka. Amanye amanani ezobupolitika aye afuna ukuphelisa ubumi babantwana abaphambukeli abangabhalwanga, ephikisa ngelithi ibinzana elithi "kuthobela igunya laso" alibafaki abantwana abanjalo. Noko ke, ukucaciswa okusemthethweni okukhoyo, okuxhaswayo United States v. Wong Kim Arki kwaye uqheliselo olumisiweyo, luthi phantse wonke ummi ozalelwe e-U.S.

Iingxaki Neengxubakaxaka

Phezu kwayo nje indima yayo esisiseko kumthetho - siseko waseMerika, iMimiselo yeMimiselo yeshumi elinesine ibingumbandela wempikiswano engapheliyo.

Imfundiso yokwalukelwa kwezinto.

Ulwahlulo olusisiseko lukho phakathi komGaqo-siseko osisiseko nowamaMerika aphilayo olufikelela kwezinye iintlobo zocalulo lweshumi elinesine. I-Systination iphikisa ngelithi utshintsho kufuneka luchazwe ngokwentsingiselo yantlandlolo yombhalo wayo ngexesha lokwandiswa. Ngale mbono, i-Calmefincial Protection Claus iyayilwa ukucombulula ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kumaMerika aseAfrika kodwa ayihambisi ezinye iintlobo zocalulo, njengaleyo isekelwe kwisini okanye kwindlela engokwesini. Ngokwahlukileyo, imigaqo-siseko esesikweni, ngokuphikisa ukuba ukupheliswa kwemigaqo ebanzi kufuneka iguqule iintlobo ezintsha zokungalinganiyo nokungabi nabulungisa. Le ngxoxo ineembono ebalulekileyo yendlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo kwimibandela yangoku.

Isenzo Esizinzileyo Nokhuseleko Olulinganayo

Ukusetyenziswa kweNkundla eLinganisayo uKhuselo lukaClaus ekuvumeni iinkqubo bekunempikiswano enkulu. Kutshanje] kunyuko lweYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya. Bakke [1988], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi umlinganiselo wobuhlanga kwizifundo zobugqeba baseyunivesithi wawungavumelani kodwa ukuba uhlanga lungathathwa njengelungu elinye. kwi-inteleekiso yeFair Adgists v.[[FLT:] [20]), ibethelele iinkqubo zeNkundla yezentelekelelo eHarvard neYunivesithi yaseMntla, iphethe ukuba ukulwa kobuhlanga kuchasene noKhuselo oluphakathi. Esi sigqibo siphakath'iphendulileyo malunga nentsingiselo enkulu yendlela yokwahlulwano olululo lwembali.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwezoqoqosho Nohlaziyo Lweshumi Eline

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa iMsebenzi kaClaus eBakalayo ukubetha imimiselo yezoqoqosho, kuquka imithetho yerhafu encinane kunye nemithetho encinane yeeyure, ngexesha elaziwa njenge . INkundla kamva yayeka le ndlela yokufundisa kuma-1930 kunye nama-40, ukuma okuthelekisa okuphambili kumthetho wezoqoqosho. Kodwa abanye abagxeki baphikisa ukuba izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkuNkundla zikhusela amalungelo empahla nenkululeko yezoqoqosho phantsi koMbutho ka-Clausle inokuba ngumqondiso wokuvuselelwa kwe [[FLT]] [FLT]] [12] isimbo se-julprific. Le ngxoxo ibalasemdlalo phakathi kwenkululeko nolawulo lorhulumente.

Isiphelo

UMthetho-nkqubo weshumi elinesine uhlala unamandla abalulekileyo nanamandla kumlo oqhubekayo wokulingana nokusesikweni eUnited States. Amalungiselelo awo akhusela amalungelo abo bonke abemi kwaye asebenza njengesiseko senkqubela-phambili yamalungelo abantu kwixesha elizayo. Ukusuka kwimvelaphi yawo emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya ukuya ekusetyenzisweni kwayo kwiingxoxo zale mihla zamalungelo okuvota, ukulingana komtshato, nenkululeko yokuzala, iSindululo seshumi elinesine soMgaqo-siseko siye sangqinela ukuba sesinye sezona zixhobo zilungelelanisayo nezinamandla kwinkqubo yemithetho-siseko yaseMelika.

Njengoko ilizwe liqhubeka lijamelene neengxaki zentlalo ezintsonkothileyo, uMphengululo weshumi elinesine ngokungathandabuzekiyo uza kudlala indima ephambili ekulungiseni umgaqo-siseko. Ukuba ngesiqinisekiso somgangatho olinganayo wokuphathwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho, i-The Iment Procession Clause's ukhuseleko lwamalungelo asisiseko, okanye uxwebhu oluphilayo lukaClaus oluchaza ukuba linjani ilungelo lobumi, ukubuyiselwa komthetho-siseko kuya kunika inkqubo yokusingatha iingxaki ezintsha ngelixa uphakamisa umgaqo ongundoqo othi bonke abantu banelungelo lokukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kwemithetho. UMthetho we-145th Amereka ayingomngxubeko nje kuphela; luxwebhu oluphilayo oluqhubeka luchaza oko kuthetha ukuba ngumMelika kwaye oko kuthethwa kukuba likwazi ukulingana nomthetho.