Isiseko sokhuseleko loluntu: Ukuqonda ii-Odinasi

Imithetho yasekuhlaleni isisiseko sobomi bemihla ngemihla kuyo yonke imimandla, ingingqi, kunye nelokishi. Ngelixesha imithetho karhulumente kunye norhulumente ibeka imilinganiselo ebanzi, ngumthetho wasekuhlaleni obumba ngokuthe ngqo ukhuseleko, impilo, nomgangatho wobomi kummandla okufuphi nawe. Le mithetho imiswa ngamabhunga esixeko, iibhodi zephondo, okanye abaphathi-dolophu abathembekileyo ukusingatha iimeko ezithile ezithi zihluka-hluka kusuka kummandla omnye ukuya kulowo ulandelayo. Ukusuka ekulawuleni icala lesitrato ukuya kupaki ukuqinisekisa oko kuphuhliswa kobundlobo, imigaqo yasekuhlaleni inika isakhiwo esisemthethweni esigcina uluntu sikhuselekile kwaye silungelelene.

Ngokungafaniyo nemimiselo eqhelekileyo, amasiko enzelwe ukubonisa uphawu olukhethekileyo lwengingqi `iimeko-bume, uxinzeleko lwabemi, isiseko sezoqoqosho, kunye nemigangatho yenkcubeko. Idolophu yaselunxwemeni iza kuba nemimiselo eyahlukeneyo yemikhukula kunebutho labalimi; idolophana eliphithizelayo liya kunyanzelisa ulawulo olungqongqo kunesehlotyeni elisemaphandleni. Le ndlela yobulali ivumela ukulawulwa okunokuvuma okunokukwazi ukuvelisa izisongelo, njengokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwe-equioters okanye imfuneko yomlilo onamandla emva kwesiganeko esikhulu.

Indima Ebalulekileyo Yemiqathango Yasekuhlaleni

Imithetho yasekuhlaleni isebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo engaphaya kokwenza imithetho elula. Zizixhobo ezisebenzayo zokuthintela umonakalo, ukulondoloza imilinganiselo yempahla, nokukhuthaza imekobume elungele ukuhambelana nemeko apho abantu namashishini benokuphumelela khona.

Imithetho ekhokhelweyo yeemfuno zasekuhlaleni

Enye yezona zinto zibalaseleyo kwimithetho yasekuhlaleni bububhetyebhetye bayo. Umthetho olawula imimandla yesithili embali ungalondoloza iimpawu zokwakha ngoxa uthintela iindlela zoshishino eziza konakalisa ummandla. Umthetho wezempilo ungafuna iivenkile zokutyela ezifaka imigibe yokufaka amafutha apho iinkqubo zokuchitha inkunkuma yamanzi zinkulu khona kwaye zityekele ekunqandeni ukuving'iiii. Le ndlela ijoliswe ekujoliswe kuyo ayinakwenzeka ngemithetho yelizwe ebanzi.

Imigangatho yempilo yoLuntu neyoLuntu

I-ordinances ikhusela impilo kawonke-wonke ngqo ngokumisela imilinganiselo yokuphatha ukutya, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ubunjani bamanzi, kunye neemeko zokuhlala. Umzekelo, izixeko ezininzi zinyanzelisa iinkqubo zokuqesha ezifuna abemi ukuba bagcine iinkqubo zombane ezikhuselekileyo kunye nokusebenza komsi. Izibambo zoLawulo lwezifo nokuthintela inkunkuma (CDC) ziphawula ukuba imithetho elawulayo inokuba zizixhobo ezinamandla zokudala uluntu olusempilweni ngokwahlula iindawo zokuhlala ezikhuselekileyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela koomatilo-ko kunye nokungena kwimidanga.

Ukukhusela Ulwaphulo - mthetho Ngokuyilwa Kwemekobume

Kwakhona iintlawulo zinegalelo ekuthinteleni ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokumisela iziphumo ezicacileyo zokuziphatha okungalungelelananga − njengokungalungelelani, ukunxila, kunye nokonakalisa izinto⁠ kwaye ngokufuna ukuba abanini-mpahla bagcine ukukhanya nokulungisa izakhiwo ezinciphisa iindawo zokufihla. Ngoku izixeko ezininzi zifaka imigaqo yeCrime Prevention Through Development (CPMed) kwimithetho yokwakha, ifuna inkqubela entsha yokuquka iimpawu zendalo zokuhlola.

Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zentengiso zasekuhlaleni kunye nempembelelo yokhuseleko

Ngoxa uluntu ngalunye lunencwadi yalo yemithetho, inkoliso yemithetho ikwimiba ebanzi embalwa.

Ii-Ordinances

Imithetho yokuzingela yahlula imimandla kamasipala ibe yisithili, ezorhwebo, ezoshishino, ezolimo, , kwaye ichaza ukuba yeyiphi imisebenzi evunyelweyo kwindlu nganye. Oku kwahlukana kungumsebenzi osisiseko wokhuseleko: kugcina iinqwelo-mafutha ezinzima zikude kwizikolo eziphambili, kuqinisekisa ukuba izitishi zegesi zakhiwe ngokulahlwa okufanelekileyo, kwaye kuthintela ukuqengqeleka ngokulawula ubunzima bokwakha. Ukulawula ubude bezakhiwo ukugcina iintambo zokubona kwizithuthi zengozi nokulinganisela ukudubula phakathi kwezakhiwo.

Ukwakha Nemithetho Yomlilo

Zisetyenziswa njengemithetho yasekuhlaleni, ikhowudi yokwakha imisela imilinganiselo encinci yezixhobo zokwakha, ukuma kokwakha, ukusetyenziswa kombane, imibhobho, kunye nokhuseleko lomlilo. Uhlolo lokwakha rhoqo luqinisekisa ukuthobelana. Le mithetho iboniseke ngokuphawulekayo ukunciphisa ubungozi bokuwa kwesakhiwo, imililo yombane, kunye netyhefu ye-carbon monoxide. Emva kokubulala u-2017 Grenfell Tower umlilo eLondon, izixeko ezininzi zase-U.

Iingxolo zengxolo

Ingxolo egqithisileyo ayiyonkathazo nje; inxulumene nokulahleka kwendlebe, ukuphazamiseka kobuthongo, kunye noxinezeleko oluphezulu. Imithetho yengxolo imisela iiyure ezizolileyo (ngokufuthi ezilishumi kumaxesha asixhenxe kusasa) ize ibeke imida yolwakhiwo, umculo, kwanengxolo yezilwanyana. Zinika umthetho amandla okuqinisekisa ukuba uwiso lwezo vitho ngaphandle kokufuna isenzo somgangatho karhulumente. Ezinye izixeko ziye zamkela imithetho ehlasela amagqabi aphetshulweyo kunye nezinye izixhobo zomthetho ezinamandla ngenxa yengxolo nezobunjani.

Imithetho yezorhwebo neyokulondoloza

Imida yesantya, misa imiqondiso, imiqondiso yokunqamleza inqanawe, kunye nemiqathango yokumisa izithuba zonke zenziwa ngemithetho yasekuhlaleni. Ingingqi zingathoba isantya kufutshane nezikolo, zifake izixhobo zokuzolisa itrafiki njengesantya, kwaye zithintele ukupaka inqwelo-moya ebusuku ukuze kuvunyelwe ukususwa kwekhephu okanye ukutshayelwa kwendlela. Ngokutsho kwe iNational Highway Traffy Safety Ad Administration[, imithetho yezithuthi yasekuhlaleni yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokunciphisa isantya sekhefutheko kwiindawo ezihlalayo.

Ulawulo lwezilwanyana

Imithetho yenyama yenyama, imfuno yokukhupha iintwala, izibizo eziyingozi zenja, kunye nemiqathango kwinani lezilwanyana eziyingozi, yimithetho yasekuhlaleni ekhusela abantu nezilwanyana ezifuywayo. Inceda ekuthinteleni ukuluma kweenja, ukwandiswa kwamagilasi, kunye nenkathazo kwizilwanyana ezibhadulayo. Amaqela amaninzi asekuhlaleni alawula izilwanyana ezihlala kwiindawo ezingaqhelekanga ukuze akhuseleke.

Imigaqo yempilo neyococeko

Le mithetho igubungela yonke into ukusuka kuhlolo lwevenkile yokutyela, kukhuseleko lokudada echibini ukuya ekulahlweni kwenkunkuma yezamayeza. Ifuna ukuba abanini bezinto basuse umgqomo, bagcine iiyadi zingenazo iingcambu ezifakelwayo, bagcine iinkqubo zokuthomalalisa iintlobano zecovid. Ekuvukeni kwesifo seCOVID 8819, izixeko ezininzi zamisela imithetho efuna amagqubu kwizithuba zikawonke-wonke nezokufaka ingeniso kwizakhiwo zentengiso.

Indlela Okwenziwa Ngayo Nokusungulwa Koomatshini Abahlala Kummandla

Inkqubo yokwenza umgaqo wengingqi yenzelwe ukuba ube ngokhanyayo kwaye uphendule kwigalelo loluntu.

Ukubona Imfuneko

Umthetho ungacetyiswa lilungu lebhunga lesixeko, usodolophu, isebe likamasipala (njengentloko yomlilo), okanye ngesicelo sabemi. Ngokufuthi, isiganeko esikhethekileyo `umlilo, ukubulawa kweenqwelo-moya, umlinganiselo wengxolo-okanye . "ibangela imfuneko yokulawula okutsha." Umzekelo, emva kokuba abahamba ngenqwelo-mafutha abaliqela bebethelwe kummandla wedolophu, ibhunga lesixeko lingenza “izitrato ezipheleleyo” ezifuna imendo-mendo kunye neendleko zebhayisekile ezintsha.

Ukudrafta Nokuphengulula Ngokusemthethweni

Amagqwetha kaMasipala aqulunqa ulwimi lomthetho, eqinisekisa ukuba alungqubani nomthetho karhulumente okanye karhulumente. Eli qonga libalulekile: imigaqo engafanelekanga yokumiselwa kwemithetho ingapheliswa enkundleni. Idrafti kufuneka ichazwe ngokuchanekileyo, inyanzeleke ukuba inyanzelwe, kwaye ihlonelwe amalungelo omgaqo-siseko.

Ukuchongwa Kwamatyala Kawonke-wonke Nolwazi olusemgangathweni

Kukho inyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuchongeni uluntu ngaphambi kokuba kuvotelwe umthetho. Ngeentlanganiso, abemi balapha bayakwazi ukuxhasa, ukuchasana okanye ukucebisana ngezo zimo zicinywayo. Ukuchonga indlebe kufuneka kushicilelwe kwiphephandaba lasekuhlaleni okanye kubekwe kwi-webhsayithi yesixeko. Eli nyathelo libalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba kufanelekile kwaye lithintele iziphumo ezingalindelekileyo. Abanye abantu basebenzisa uphando lwe-intanethi okanye iholo yedolophu ukuze bafumane inkcazelo ebanzi.

Ukubonelela

Emva kokuchongwa, amavoti equmrhu lowiso-mthetho. Imithetho emininzi ifuna uninzi olulula, nangona lumbi (njenge-"joning formations" okanye imilinganiso yerhafu) ingafuna ivoti ezimbini kwisithathu okanye kwane-revensum kawonke-wonke. Xa ifunyenwe, umthetho upapashwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwikhowudi esemthethweni kwaye unyanzeleka emva komhla ochaziweyo.

I-Ofisi yoMsebenzi weNkqubo

Umthetho ongenawo umgaqo-nkqubo ucebisa nje ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kudibane nezinto, abasebenzi kunye nentsebenziswano.

Unyanzelo Oluyintloko

Amasebe amapolisa abonakala engowona anyanzelisayo, aphatha iinqwelo-mafutha, ingxolo, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho loluntu. Noko ke, imithetho emininzi inyanzeliswa ngamaziko akhethekileyo: abahloli bokwakha imvume yokwakha, amasebe empilo ahlola iivenkile zokutyela, kunye namagosa agunyazisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho akhankanya abanini-mpahla kwizindlu ezimandundu okanye iinqwelo-mafutha ezingasebenziyo.

Iinkqubo zokuvavanya

Iinkqubo zohlolo olusebenzayo . "ezinje ukuhlolwa komlilo waminyaka le kwizakhiwo zezorhwebo okanye ukuqeshwa kwezakhiwo zomgangatho wezindlu ezikhuselekileyo zokuhlolwa kwezakhiwo", "iingozi eziphambili" ngaphambi kokuba zenze umonakalo. Ezinye izixeko zisebenzisa“ ukunyanzelisa imithetho elawulayo,” apho amagosa alinda abamelwane kwaye akhupha izibheno zokwaphulwa kwezakhiwo ezibonakalayo kunokuba alinde izikhalazo.

Iintlawulo, Imicaphulo Nemikrozo

Ukugwetywa kwemithetho yokwaphula kwahluka kakhulu. Ukuqhekezwa okuncinane njengengca eyomile kungabangela intlawulo ehlawulwayo exabisa ii-50, ngoxa ukwaphulwa kwemithetho enzulu yokwakha kunokuthi kubangele intlawulo yemihla ngemihla, kumise imiyalelo yomsebenzi osisiqendu, okanye kwanetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, isixeko singachitha iingozi ngqo (umz., ukudiliza isakhiwo esingakhuselekanga) kwaye sibeke ibhokhwe kwipropati ukuze sifumane iindleko.

Iingxaki Ekunyanzelweni

Kwanamasiko abhalwe kakuhle anokusilela ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho akunakuqinisekiswa. Uluntu oluninzi lunecandelo elinye lomthetho wexesha eliyi-640 kuphela elinomthetho wokunyanzelisa abasebenzi bemithetho yemisebenzi ekhoyo. Ngaphezu koko, eminye imiyalelo ifuna ubungqina benjongo, ekunzima ukuyiqokelela. Unyuko lwemimiselo emifutshane yekota, umzekelo, luye lwawathwalisa nzima amasebe amaninzi okuqinisekisa kuba amaqonga anjengo-Airbbb akasoloko esabelana ngolwazi ngokuzithandela.

Ukulungelelanisa Ukhuseleko Namalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Imimiselo yasekuhlaleni isebenza kumgaqo-siseko wase-U.ISihlaziyi sokuqala sikhusela intetho kunye nendibano; uMthetho weSine Wokwenziwa Komthetho uthintela ukuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni; uHlaziyo lweNhlanu nolweshumi elinesine luqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo. Umthetho ongaqondakaliyo, ogqithisileyo, okanye owenziwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho ungacelw'elwa enkundleni.

Imibuzo eQhelekileyo yoMgaqo-siseko

Ingxolo esebenza kuphela kwimimiselo ethile yomculo iye yapheliswa njengesiseko socalulo olusekelwe kwisiseko. Imithetho yokuzihoya engafaki ndlu ezininzi ingacelw'i phantsi koMthetho weFair House House. Amasiko e-Curfew yabantwana kufuneka alungelelanise ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke namalungelo omzali kunye nelungelo lokuhamba. American Civil Libereties Union (ACLU) iphawule rhoqo ukuba ukugcinwa komgangatho we-ne-prefemial Agement kungachaphazela ngokugqithisileyo uluntu kunye nabantu abanombala abangenayo ngokomlinganiselo osezantsi ukuba abasebenzi.

Inkqubela Efanelekileyo Nesaziso Esilungileyo

Umthetho kufuneka unike abantu abaqhelekileyo ukuqonda okucacileyo koko kwalelweyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ithe yawaphula phantsi amasiko asebenzisa amabinzana afana “nengxolo engayimfuneko” okanye“ okungachananga” ngaphandle kokuwachaza. Ngaphezu koko, abanini-mpahla kufuneka bafumane isaziso kunye nethuba lokuviwa phambi kwalo naliphi na inyathelo likarhulumente elibahlutha amalungelo empahla. Oku kuyimfuneko ngokukhethekileyo ekunyanzeleni ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho enokuthi ikhokelele ekuhlawulelweni okanye ekuphelisweni.

Indlela Entsha Yokwenza Inyanzelo

Izixeko ezininzi ziya phambili “ekunyanzeleni ukuhambela phambili kwenkqubela-phambili” egxininisa imfundo nokuthobela isigwebo. Umzekelo, kunokuba anikele ityala lokwaphula umthetho okokuqala ngexesha eliyiminyaka emi-6, igosa lekhowudi linganikela isilumkiso kunye nommiselo wokulungisa le ngxaki. Ezinye imigaqo inika iinkqubo zokukhulula okanye iimali ezityibilikayo ezibotshelelwe kwingeniso.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Iziganeko Ezenza Umahluko

Ukuhlolisisa iinkqubo zehlabathi zokwenene 93 kubonisa indlela imithetho yasekuhlaleni enokuyiphucula ngayo indlela engenakuthelekiswa nanto.

Umsindo Nobusuku EAustin, ETexas

Isithili sokuzonwabisa esisembindini wedolophu iAustin sajamelana nezikhalazo ezingapheliyo ezivela kubemi abafudukela kwimibutho emitsha. Ngo-2018, isixeko samisa “umthetho wolawulo lwesandi” owawufuna ukuba iibhanti kunye nee-adrum zifake izixhobo zokukhupha isandi (66) kunye nokuvala i-patios ngaphandle ngentsimbi yeshumi ebusuku. Ngeveki. Amapolisa anikela ingxelo yokuhla kwe-40% kwiminxeba enxulumeneyo, kwaye amaxabiso empahla kwindawo alungelelaniswa.

Uhambo Oluzolileyo EPortland, eOregon

I-Portland’s “Safer Street". Umthetho wabangela inkqubo yokuba kucelwe isantya soongingqi, ukunyuka kwemijikelezo yendlela. Emva kokufakwa kwepaseji kwabona unciphiso lwesantya esingu-20% kunye ne-15% kwintlekele yomonakalo. Lo mthetho wafuna ukuba kutyikitywe isicelo soluntu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingingqi ezivumayo zifumene utshintsho.

Ukuhlolwa kokhuseleko lwamazinyo kwisiXeko saseKansas, eMissouri

Emva kothotho lwemililo eqengqelekayo kwimisebenzi yokuqesha engenazo iziphatho zokukhusela umsi, iKansas City yamkela umthetho onyanzelekileyo wokuqesha irhafu. Abaqeshi kufuneka ngoku bafumane ilayisensi baze badlulise uhlolo olusisiseko lokukhusela ubomi qho kwiminyaka emihlanu. Kwiminyaka emithathu yokuqala, umlilo onxulumene nokufa okunxulumene nokuqeshwa kweeyunithi eziqengqelekayo wawa ngama-50%, kwaye inkqubo yazihlawula ngokwayo ngemirhumo yokuqesha.

Imithetho emifutshane emalunga namazinyo eSan Francisco

Umthetho werentejista yeSan Francisco ufuna ukuba abaququzeleli babhalise kwisixeko, baphathe i-inshorensi yetyala, baze banciphise ukuqeshwa kwetyala iintsuku ezingama-90 ngonyaka ukuba ummenywa akakho. Nangona ukunyanzeleka komthetho kuselucelomngeni, lo mthetho uye wanceda ekuthinteleni ukuguqulwa kwezindlu ezinde ze-internat kwiihotela zedeo, ukulondoloza imali nokunciphisa ingxolo nomgqomo kumntu ohlala ixesha elide.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nekamva lemiqathango yasekuhlaleni

Ubugcisa obutsha buyilwe kwaye bubunjwe yimithetho yasekuhlaleni. Izixeko kufuneka zitshintshe imigaqo yazo ukuze zicombulule imibandela ephumayo enjengezithuthi ezizimeleyo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-rane, ugcino-lwazi lwento, kunye nezibonelelo zamandla ezinokuhlaziywa.

Ukunyanzelwa Kwendlela Ezenzekelayo

Iikhamera zesantya neekhamera ezibomvu ezisebenza phantsi kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni, kodwa ziphakamisa inkxalabo efunekayo, njengoko kucatshulwa umnini wenqwelo - mafutha, kungekhona umqhubi, kukhankanywe ingakumbi. Ezinye izixeko ziye zandisa ukusetyenziswa kwazo, ngoxa ezinye ziye zazishiya emva kweengxaki ezingokwasemthethweni.

Imfundo Nento Efihlakeleyo

Ulwamkeleko olubonakalayo, abafundi bepleyiti yelayisensi, kunye neekhamera zesiqu senqanawa zilawulwa yimithetho yasekuhlaleni echaza imida yokugcinwa kogcino-lwazi, iibhodi zolawulo, kunye nokusebenzisa imiqathango. I-Ectronic Foundation Foundation [[FLT: 1]] abaxhasi boluntu ukubala xa izixeko zimkela ubugcisa bokuhlola, ziphikisa ukuba imimiselo kufuneka iquke izivakalisi zokutshona kwelanga kunye nophicotho-zincwadi oluzimeleyo.

Amandla avuselelwayo kunye neentambo zombane

Njengokuba amapali elanga kunye nezithuthi zombane (EV) zixhaphakile, izixeko zimisela imithetho yokuvumela, zifuna iindawo zokupaka ezitsha ekwakhiweni kwazo, kwaye ziyaluthintela unxulumano lwabaninimakhaya ekuthinteleni ufakelo lwelanga. Le mithetho ixhasa ukhuseleko ngokunciphisa ungcoliso lomoya nokukhuthaza ukhuseleko lwamandla.

Isiphelo: Ukuhlangabezana Neemfuno zoLuntu

Imimiselo yasekuhlaleni ingaphezulu kakhulu kune-"bureaucrate red tepes; ingumsebenzi ophilayo, ophefumlayo phakathi koluntu norhulumente walo. Xa yenziwe ngobuchule, ikhusela iintlekele, ikhusela impahla, kwaye iphucula ubunjani bobomi. Imithetho esebenzayo ixhomekeke kwigalelo elinamandla loluntu, ukunyanzelisa okusesikweni nelwenziwa ngamaziko, kwaye ikulungele ukuqhelanisa neemeko. Abahlali abathatha inxaxheba kwiindlebe zikawonke-wonke, basebenza kwiibhodi ze-advisory, okanye bahlala nje benolwazi ngoncedo lwekhowudi yasekuhlaleni baqinisekisa ukuba uluntu lwabo luhlala lukhuselekile yaye lunempumelelo.

Njengoko isantya sotshintsho lwezobugcisa nezentlalo sikhawuleza, indima yomthetho wasekuhlaleni iza kukhula ngokubaluleke ngakumbi. Awona maqela akwindawo ajonge iincwadi zawo zekhowudi hayi njengamaphepha amileyo kodwa njengezixhobo zokulungisa ngokuqhubekayo.