Ukuqonda Unyulo Olusisiseko: Isiseko Sokukhetha Idemocratic Candidatential

Unyulo lokuqala lusebenza njengesiseko sedemokhrasi yabameli, lusebenza njengenyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo lokufumanisa ukuba ngubani oza kuvela kwiivoti jikelele. Olu khuphiswano lokuqala lunika abavoti amandla okubumba imimandla yezobupolitika ngokukhetha ukuba ngabaphi abaza kuthwala ibhanile yeqela labo kukhetho jikelele. Kunokusuka ekubeni nje lulawulo lwezolawulo, unyulo oluphambili lusoloko lungqinelana nonyulo oluqhelekileyo, ingakumbi kwisithili apho iqela ngalinye lezobupolitika lilawula khona ngokulawula okugqithisileyo. Ukuqonda iiprojelo lokhetho oluphambili, iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa ngaphaya kokhetho, kunye nempembelelo yazo enzulu ekulawuleni zibangela abemi ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi kwaye basebenzise umsebenzi wabo woluntu ngokubanziswa.

Yintoni Eyona Nto Ibalulekileyo Yaye Kutheni Ibalulekile?

Unyulo lokuqala lukhuphiswano lokuqala oluqulethwe ngamaqela ezobupolitika ukugqiba ukuba ngoobani abaza kubamela kunyulo oluzayo. Ngokungafaniyo nonyulo ngokubanzi apho abavoti bekhetha phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba kumaqela ahlukeneyo, iprojekthi ibandakanya abavoti abakhetha abathathi-nxaxheba babo phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi kwiqela elinye. Le nkqubo yokuchola ifakwe ngokunzulu kwimpucuko yezobupolitika yaseMelika, nangona inkqubo ethile kunye nemithetho elawula amaprimenti eyahlukeneyo ithe qelelene naphakathi kwee-ofisi ezahlukeneyo kumazwe akwimeko enye.

Ukubaluleka konyulo lokuqala kwandisa ngaphaya kwendima yabo njengendatshane yokuvota. Kwimimandla emininzi ehamba ngonyulo ngaphaya kwe-United States, elinye iqela lezobupolitika ligcina uncedo oluninzi kangangokuba unyulo lokuqala luzimisela ngokuphumelelayo umphumeleli ogqibeleleyo. Kwezi meko, ukukhusela iqela kulingana nokuphumelela iofisi ngokwayo, ukwenza eyona nxalenye iphambili yokhuphiswano nomvali womjikelo. Le nto iguqula amagumbi okuqala kwimicimbi yangaphakathi yedemokhrasi abe yiziganeko ezingundoqo ezibonisa indlela yenkqubo, intetho yezobupolitika, kunye nokuqalwa kwemibutho yolawulo kumgangatho ngamnye.

Unyulo lokuqala lukwasebenza njengenkqubo yokuziphendulela kwezobupolitika kunye nokuvuselelwa kweqela. Lunika amathuba okuba abacel ’ umngeni ukuba bangadli, ukuze bafune amazwi amatsha angene kwibala lemidlalo yezobupolitika, kwaye abavoti babonise izinto abazithandayo ngokuphathelele imigaqo kunye nendlela yokhokelo. Inkqubo yokuqala idala uxinezeleko olunamandla phakathi kwamaqela, inyanzelisa amagosa anyuliweyo ukuba ahlale esabela kwisiseko sawo ngeli xesha eqwalasela ukuphumelela okugqithisileyo. Olu khuphiswano lwangaphakathi lungaqinisa amaqela ngokuqinisekisa abavoti bawo babonise izinto eziphambili, nangona lukwanokudala amacandelo aqhubeka kunyulo jikelele.

Indaleko Yembali Eyenziwe Ngezona Zimvo Ziphambili EMerika

Inkqubo yonyulo ephambili njengoko siyazi namhlanje imela uhlaziyo lwangoku kulawulo-lwazi lwedemokhrasi lwaseMelika. Kwinkoliso yembali yangaphambili yesizwe, amaqela ezobupolitika akhetha abo ayeza kucela uncedo kwiindibano neendibano, apho iinkokeli zeqela kunye neendwendwe zazenza izigqibo emva kweminyango ezivaliweyo zingenalwazi oluninzi. Le nkqubo ixhobisa amandla aphezulu ezandleni zabalawuli beqela kunye noomatshini bezobupolitika, ngokufuthi ekhokelela kwinkohlakalo, ukuxhasa, kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abasebenzisa izilangazelelo ezimxinwa kunokuba basebenzele kwintlalo kawonke wonke.

IXesha leNkqubela-phambili lasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 lazisa utshintsho olutshayelela ukuguqulela kwinkqubo yokukhetha abatshayeleli kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yoomatshini beqela. UWisconsin waba ngurhulumente wokuqala ukuzalisekisa inkqubo esisiseko ecacileyo ngo1901, uvumela amalungu aqhelekileyo eqela ukuba avote ngqo abo bakhethwayo kunokuba ashiye isigqibo kwiqela labaphezulu. Olu tshintsho lwasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke ilizwe njengoko abaguquli bexhasa isixhobo sokwandisa ukubonakala, ukunciphisa ukonakala, kunye nokunika abemi bemihla ngemihla kwinkqubo yezobupolitika.

Inkqubo ephambili kamongameli yaguquka kakhulu emva kweNgqungquthela yeSizwe yeDemocratic yowe-1968. Indibano eyabekwa njengoMphathiswa ongumongameli uHubert Humphrey nangona engazange akhuphisana nesinye isiseko, ebangela ukuba kusasazwe izikhalazo ezisasazekileyo kwaye kucelwe utshintsho. Ekuphenduleni, omabini amaqela aphambili aphinda ayila iinkqubo zawo zokukhetha unyulo oluphambili kunye nobunzima obukhulu ekumiseleni ii-modeli. Oku kuguqula ngokusisiseko imicimbi yezorhwebo, ukwenza iphulo lokulungelelaniso, kunye neenxalenye ezithe ngqo zomvoti zombutho wobumongameli.

Namhlanje, unyulo oluphambili luye lwaqulunqwa ngokucokisekileyo kulo lonke elaseMerika, nangona iingxoxo ziqhubeka malunga noyilo olufanelekileyo nokuphunyezwa kwazo. Imibuzo iyaqhubeka enoba amabanga aphezulu avelisa abo banokunyulwa, nokuba akhuthaza iingcamango ezigqwethekileyo, nokuba iinkqubo ezingezizo zinokuba bhetele kusini na kusini na kusini na kusetyenziswa imigangatho yedemokhrasi. Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxubusho ziqhubekayo, inkqubo yonyulo ihlala iqinile njengendlela engundoqo yokukhetha iqela elingena kumgangatho ngamnye worhulumente waseMerika.

Indlela Okubaluleke Ngayo Ukukhetha Okuthile Okuya Kugqiba Ukuba Ngubani Obalekela Iofisi

Isiseko sokhetho olusisiseko sibandakanya ukuvota abavoti beboshela abavoti abakhethelwe ukutyunjwa kwabo. Imithetho ethile elawula indlela abaphumelele ngayo, nokokuba, iyahlukahluka ngokubhekiselele kumthetho wesizwe, imimiselo yeqela, neofisi efunwayo. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo-ntlobo kubalulekile kubavoti abafuna ukwandisa impembelelo yabo kwinkqubo yokukhetha abaza kuthabatha inyathelo.

Kunyulo oluphambili, umvotelwa ofumana uvoti oluninzi ufumana unyulo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bafikelela kusini na. Le nkqubo ithetha ukuba umvotelwa angakhusela unyuselo lweqela labo ngonyulo olungama-30 okanye ama-40 ekhulwini kuphela ukuba intsimi iquka abaphikisi abaninzi abahlula iivoti eziseleyo. Le ndlela ikholisa abathathi-nxaxheba ngokuzibiza ngokuqinileyo igama elisisiseko, okanye amandla okuqinisa inkxaso kwinani elithile loluntu okanye kwi-centitue eqele.

Inkqubo yokuzidityanisa ingenza iziphumo apho ekugqibeleni umtyunjwa othe wangenayo ingukhetho lokuqala lwabavoti abaphambili, ingakumbi kumasimi axineneyo. Xa abahlanu okanye abathandathu abathathi-nxaxheba bekhuphisana ngomtyunjwa omnye, ophumeleleyo angamela kuphela ingingqi yeqela kunokuba avumelane. Oku kubangele ezinye imigaqo ukuba zifumane ezinye iinkqubo ezilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abakhweli banandipha inkxaso ebanzi phakathi kwamalungu eqela.

Emva konyulo lokuqala, abaphumeleleyo bafumana unyulo lwabaphathi-mikhosi beqela labo kwaye baqhubele phambili kwivoti jikelele. Amagama abo abonakala ecaleni konyulo oluvela kwamanye amaqela, kunye nokhetho oluqhelekileyo . kunye novoti-zizonke ezingadityaniswanga naliphi na iqela .. Olona luphambili lusebenza njengenkqubo yokuhluza, luxinzelele umhlaba ukusuka kwinani elikhoyo lee-aspirins ukuya kwinani elilawulekayo labanyulwayo abamele amaqonga amaqela ahlukeneyo kunye neentanda-ntanda-bulumko.

Isikhokelo esingqinelanayo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokhetho oluphambili

UKhetho lweFonti

Amaphondo avalelweyo athintela ukuba nenxaxheba kubavoti abaye babhaliswa ngokusemthethweni njengamalungu eqela elithile lezobupolitika. Kwezi nkqubo, kuphela amaDemocrates abhalisiweyo angavota kwiDemocratic Primiaries, kwaye amaRepublic abhalisiweyo kuphela angavota kwiiRiphabliki. Abavoli-mikhosi kufuneka babhalise izivumelwano zabo zeqela iiveki okanye iinyanga phambi konyulo oluphambili, kwaye ukutshintsha ubhaliso lweqela kudla ngokufuna ukucwangciselwa phambili ngenxa yeemfuno zexesha elimisiweyo.

Abaxhasi be-primpoints ezivaliweyo baphikisa le nkqubo besithi amalungelo amaqela akhusela amaqela ukuba agqibe iziqu zawo ngaphandle kokuphazamisana nabo bangengomalungu anokungahlangani namaxabiso eqela okanye izilangazelelo ezinde. Ngokumisela inxaxheba kumalungu azinikeleyo, ukuvala ii-primering ngokwentelekiso kuqinisekisa ukuba oovimba ababonakalisa ukhetho oluchanileyo lweqela kunokuba babonise ukuvota okuqulethwe ngabaphikisi okanye abazimeleyo. Le ndlela ichaza amaqela ezobupolitika njengemibutho yangabo enelungelo lokulawula imicimbi yangaphakathi, kuquka nokukhetha kwabo.

Abahlalutyi bathi abalawuli abavaliweyo bangabathandi abavoti abazimeleyo kwaye badala izikhuthazo zokungalawuleki kweengcamango. Kumaphondo abangenawo amasuntswana, abavoti abangenazimvo-zomvo-zomnyaka-mda (abamele isabelo esikhulayo sokhetho kwimimandla emininzi) abakwazi ukuba nenxaxheba ekukhetheni abatshayo nangona bekufanele ukuvota kunyulo jikelele. Oku kusenokuba yingxaki ngokukhethekileyo kwimimandla ephezulu apho oyena mntu uphumeleleyo. Ngaphezu koko, amagumbi okufunda avala angakhuthaza ababhenele ekubheneleni kwiqela eliphambili kunye nabaxhasi bemibutho kunokuba bakhe imiqophi ebanzi.

Amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo eziphambili ezivaliweyo ziquka iNew York, iPennsylvania, iFlorida, neKentucky, phakathi kwezinye. Imithetho ethile iyahluka, namanye amazwe avumela ukubhaliswa kosuku olunye ngoxa amanye emisela ixesha lokubhalisa kwiinyanga ezingaphambili. Ezi zinto zibhaliweyo zingawachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo amaqondo okungenelela kunye neziphumo zokunyulwa, njengoko amaxesha okubhalisa anokuthintela abavoti ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwistartries zemin eziya kuba ngukhuphiswano okanye ezibangel ’ umdla emva kokuba ixesha elidluleyo.

Vula Ukhetho Oluphambili

Abavoti bavumela ukuba babe nenxaxheba nakweliphi na iqela eliphambili kungakhathaliseki ukuba lilungu elibhalisiweyo. Ngosuku lokuqala lonyulo, abavoti bangakhetha ukuba bavote kwiDemocratic condal, irepublicaan, okanye intloko yalo naliphi na iqela elifanelekayo. Olu khetho ludla ngokwenziwa ngasese kwindawo yokuvota, kwaye abavoti abafuni kubhengeza ngokuphandle ukunyaniseka kweqela okanye ukubhalisa neqela kwangaphambili.

Abaxhasi abavulelekileyo bagxininisa ukuba bayakwazi ukuvaleka ngokunzulu kunye namandla abo okuvelisa abathathi-nxaxheba abanobungcathu, abanomtsalane. Ngokuvumela abazimeleyo namalungu amanye amaqela ukuba babe nenxaxheba, amaprimrimp avula amakha iingshukumisa zokwakha imiqolo-mxhelo ngaphaya kwesiseko seqela labo. Le nkqubo iyayivuma into yokuba abavoti abaninzi abafani ngamandla naliphi na iqela elikhulu kwaye bafanelwe lilizwi elinentsingiselo ekukhetheni abaza kuvela ngokubandakanyela jikelele kwiibholoti zonyulo.

Abachasi bezindlu ezivulekileyo baphakamisa inkxalabo ngokuvota okuqulunqwayo kunye nokuhlasela kweqela, apho amalungu elinye iqela akwindawo yokuqala ukuxhasa abathathi-nxaxheba ababuthathaka okanye ukonakaliswa koobhoti. Ngoxa ubungqina bokongeza ukuvota buhlala bulinganiselwe, iinsholo ezitheth' ukubakho ezikhotho zifuna ukulondoloza ulawulo kwiinkqubo zabo zokungaqhagi. Abanye abahlalutyi bakwa bathi ukuvula iprojekthi kunciphisa ukuma kweqela kwaye kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuba amaqela agcine imigangatho edityaniswe kunye nokungaguquguquki kwemicimbi.

Imithetho enenkqubo ezisisiseko ezivulekileyo iquka iWisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, kunye neMissouri. Uzalisekiso lwazizohlukeneyo, namanye amazwe avumela abavoti ukuba batshintshe phakathi kwe-primries yeqela ngeeofisi ezahlukeneyo ngelixa abanye befuna abavoti ukuba bakhethe intloko yeqela elinye kuzo zonke iintlanga kwivoti. Ezi ntlobo zibonisa ulungelelwano olwahlukileyo phakathi kokuthabatha inxaxheba yovoti kunye nokugcina iqela lizilawula kukhetho lwesigaba.

Isalathisi esitsha

Amaphondo amaninzi asebenzisa iinkqubo eziphenduliweyo ezithi ziwele phakathi kwe-primial epheleleyo nevaliweyo ngokupheleleyo. Ama-semi-criptor avumela amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo kunye nabavoti abangasetyenziswanga ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngeli lixa besusa amalungu amanye amaqela. Kwezi nkqubo, uDemocrat obhalisiweyo angavota kwiDemocrat engundoqo, umbhaptizi obhalisiweyo angavota kwiRiphabliki ephambili, kwaye umvoti ozimeleyo angakhetha nayiphi na ilungu eliphambili leqela, kodwa uDemocrat obhalisiweyo ongavoti kwisikhulu seRiphabliki.

Amasuntswana avulekileyo anika amaqela ezobupolitika ukhetho lokumisela ukuba ngaba bavumele abavoti abangakhutshwanga ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwizinto zabo eziphambili. Omnye umbutho angakhetha ukuvula isiseko sawo kwiziqu zawo lo gama omnye umbutho kwilizwe elinye egcina isiseko sawo sithintelwe kumalungu abhalisiweyo. Oku kunika amaqela ulungelelwano lokumisela iinkqubo zawo zokukhetha ngexesha enika unikezelo oluzimeleyo.

Ezi nkqubo zidibeneyo zizama ukulungelelanisa amaxabiso akhuphisanayo: ukukhusela amalungelo amaqela ngeli xesha ziqinisekisa ukuba inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi ebanzi, ukukhusela ukuvota okuzinzileyo ngexesha kubandakanya abavoti abazimeleyo, kunye nokugcina umanyano lomanyano lomanyano lomanyano. Ukwanda kwezi ndlela zophakathi kubonisa uvavanyo oluqhubekayo nokungavumelani okukhoyo malunga noyilo lwenkqubo yonyulo oluphambili.

UKhetho lweQhuba

Unyuso lwenqanaba lokuqala luthetha ngengxaki yabaphumeleleyo ekufumaneni intsalela yabaninzi abangenankxaso ngokuba bafune umjikelo wesibini wokuvota xa kungekho mqobo ufumana umqobo ochaziweyo, oqhelekileyo 50 ekhulwini wevoti. Ukuba umba wokuqala uvelisa umvuzo woninzi, abavoti ababini abaphezulu baqhubela phambili kunyulo olubalekayo olubanjelwe kwiiveki eziliqela kamva, kwaye abavoti bakhetha phakathi kwaba bagqibeli babini.

Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba abachopheli-nxaxheba bafumana inkxaso eninzi phakathi kwabavoti abaphambili, abanokunyusa ugunyaziso lwabo namandla abanyuliweyo. Izixhobo zokukhupha intloko-phambili zithintela abathathi-nxaxheba ekuphumeleleni inkxaso encinane ngenkxaso eninzi kuphela kwimimandla exineneyo, inciphisa amathuba okuba oomatshini abamela kuphela inkqubano yeqela. Ixesha lokubaleka likwanika ixesha elongezelelekileyo lokuvota ukufunda ngeenkwenkwezi zokugqibela kunye nabafuni bokwakha imiqongqothela emininzi.

Noko ke, amagumbi okukhupha angena eendleko ezibalulekileyo. Afuna unyulo olongezelelweyo, iindleko ezinyukayo zabaqeshwa berhafu kunye namaphulo ngeli lixa kufunelwa ixesha namandla amaninzi kubavoti. Ukurhoxa okuqhelekileyo kuthoba kakhulu kunyulo olubalekayo, ithetha ukuba isalathisi sokugqibela singakhethwa ngomkhethi omncinane, omncinci, ummeli omncinci kunokuba abe nenxaxheba kudidi lokuqala. Lo msinga-maphambili ungakhupha izibonelelo zephulo kwaye wenze amaqela adityanisiweyo anciphisa unyulo oluqhelekileyo.

Amaphondo asemazantsi ngokwembali aye asebenzisa i-athom primries, ejiyoji, e-Alabama, eArkansas, naseMississippi phakathi kwabo basebenzisa le nkqubo. Imvelaphi ye-injini ehambayo ehambayo eMzantsi idityaniswe nembali yocalulo lobuhlanga, njengokuba iziqhushumbisi zazisetyenziswa ngamanye amaxesha ukuthintela abaNsundu abathathi-nxaxheba ekuphumeleleni ekufumaneni iinguqu kwimimandla exineneyo. Ngelixa iinkqubo zale mihla zingasasebenzi ngokucacileyo iinjongo zolwaphulo-magama, iyaqhubeka neziphumo zabo kwimiboniso encinane kunye nobulungisa.

Imikhosi yabaphathi

Inani elikhulayo lamazwe liye lamkela iinkqubo eziphezulu ezimbini eziphambili, ezikwabizwa ngokuba yiprimiry yehlathi okanye ii-partarian promiteries. Kule nkqubo, bonke abathathi-nxaxheba beofisi bavela kwiqela eliphambili elinye kungakhathaliseki ukuba lidibene namaqela, kwaye bonke abavoti bafumana ivoti enye kungakhathaliseki ukuba iqela labo libhaliswe. Aba bavoti babini bafumana olona votelo luphambili kunyulo jikelele, nokuba bobabini bangabelungu lombutho omnye wezobupolitika.

IKhalifoniya neWashington ziphumeze iinkqubo eziphambili ezimbini eziphambili kwi-ofisi ezininzi zikarhulumente kunye norhulumente. ILouisiana isebenzisa inkqubo efanayo ebizwa ngokuba sisiqalo sehlathi, nangona ngomahluko owenziwe ngomntlu-guquko ofumana uninzi kunyulo lokuqala uphumelele ngokugqibeleleyo ngaphandle kokuqhubekeka kunyulo jikelele. I-Alaska kutshanje yamkela inkqubo ephambili yesine edityaniswe novolo-volo olunobunganga-mali kunyulo jikelele, emela olunye umahluko kulo ndlela.

Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi intla-bini-iiPrimical zinciphisa ukwenziwa kwemimandla engaphandle ngokudala izikhuthazo kubathathi-nxaxheba ukuba babhenele kwi-constituence ebanzi kunokuba bafake isiseko sobulungu. Kwizithili eziphantsi kweqela elinye, iinkqubo eziphezulu-zibini zingavelisa unyulo-lukhuphiswano phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba ababini abaninzi, zinika abavoti ukhetho olunentsingiselo kwanakwimeko ezisingqongileyo ezingezo ezizizo zomqobo. Ezi nkqubo zikwaphelisa ukungabi nangxaki ejamelene nokuzimela okuzimeleyo kunye nezo eziziqeqeshi zesithathu ezinokukhutshwa kunyulo jikelele kwimi yokhetho oluphambili.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi amaqumrhu aphezulu ababini anokuwakhupha ngokupheleleyo amaqela amancinane kwizithuba zonyulo jikelele kwaye angavelisa unyulo phakathi kwabanyuli ababini abasuka kwiqela elinye, abahluzi bokhetho lwengqondo yokwenene. Kwimimandla enzima yeDemocratic okanye iRiphabliki, abanyuli-wonke bobabini bangavela kwiqela elilawulayo, besenokuba bangayifaki ngokupheleleyo imbono yeqela elincinane. Imibuzo ikwaqhubeka nokuba iinkqubo eziphezulu-2 zivelisa abathathi-nxaxheba okanye zisuka nje zikhuphele abaqhubi abaninzi abakwiminciphiswano ngaphandle kokutshintsha ngokuyintloko iimpembelelo zezobupolitika.

IiPrimetri neeCaucus: Inkqubo Ekhethekileyo

Ukhuphiswano lotyumbo lobumongameli lusebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahluke kakhulu kwezangaphandle kwezinye ii-ofisi. Kunokuba kukhethwe ngqo i-interminee, i-presidentiant kunye ne-caucuses zibone ukuba zingaphi iindwendwe ezifumana umvotelwa kwindibano yesizwe yeqela. Aba bathunywa ngoko ngokusesikweni bachaza umlandeli womongameli weqela, nangona kuqheliselo lwangoku iziphumo zijongwe ngokubanzile kwaneziphumo zecaucus kunokuba zichazwe kwindibano.

Amaqela e-Democratic kunye neRiphabliki asebenzisa imithetho eyahlukeneyo esekelwe kwiziphumo eziphambili. Iqela ledemocratic lifuna ukwabiwa ngokwabelana, abaza kuthabatha abathunywa ngokulinganayo kwisabelo sabo sokuvota, okuqhelekileyo ngomqobo we-15 ekhulwini wokwamkela abathunywa. IRiphabliki ivumela amazwe akhethe phakathi kolwabelo lolwahlulo, ukuthabatha zonke iinkqubo apho umfumani wobuninzi afumana khona abathunywa, okanye ukungena kwe-projekthi. Olu mahluko womthetho ungachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo iphulo kunye neziphumo zobuhlanga.

Amanye amaphondo aqhuba ii-caucus endaweni yamaprincial e-opintellign. IiCaucus ziintlanganiso zeqela apho abathathi-nxaxheba bahlanganisana kwiindawo ezimiselweyo ukuze baxubushe abathathi-nxaxheba kunye nokuchaza iinketho zabo ngemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yokuvota. Ii-Iowa ezisetyenziswayo, ezisoloko zigcinwe kuqala kulo lonke ilizwe, zifumene ingqalelo nangona zimela isabelo esincinane sabathunywa. I-Caucuuses ifuna ixesha elininzi lokuzibophelela kune-primenters, njengoko abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka babekho ngexesha elithile nendawo ethile kunokuvota kwabo ngexesha lokuvota kwabo ngexesha lokuvota.

Ubuchule bobungameli obukhoyo budala iziphumo zoxinzelelo ezikhulisa impembelelo yamazwe aqalayo. Abasebenzi abasebenza kakuhle eIowa nakuNew Hampshire bafumana ingqalelo ye-media, ukuqokelela iingenelo, nokuqonda okunokuthi kubangele ukuba baphumelele kwimilo yamva. Ngokuchaseneyo, abaqhubi abaphantsi kwentsebenziswano kumazwe angaphambili basoloko bebona ukuwa kwephulo labo kungakhathaliseki ukuba banokubhenela ekwahlukane na, uninzi lwamazwe alo amanqaku avota kamva. Le mandla abangela impikiswano eqhubekayo yokuba ngaba khalenda yangoku inika impembelelo encinane, engadluliseli.

Omabini amaqela amakhulu aquka abathunywa abangakhutshwanga kwindibano yabo. Iqela ledemocratic Party lineegens ezinkulu `inkokeli eziphezulu'/iqela lamagosa anyuliweyo anokuxhasa nawuphi na umtshati-mali(-/iiqela eliye laphikisana kakhulu, abagxeki bephikisa imigaqo yedemokhrasi ngokunika impembelelo ekhethekileyo yeqela. Emva konyulo lwango 2016, uDemocrates waguqula imithetho yabo ukunciphisa amandla amakhulu, ebathintela ekuvoteleni kwibhoti yokuqala ngaphandle kokuba umbangi sele ebophelele uninzi lwabathunywa ababotshelelweyo.

Impembelelo Ephambili Yokuguqulelwa Kwezobupolitika

Unyulo lokuqala luye lwabandakanyeka ekunyukeni kwezobupolitika zaseMerika, nangona abaphengululi bephikisana ngobukhulu boxanduva lwabo. Le ngcamango ithi abanyuli abaphambili batyekele ekutyekeleni kwiingcamango ezigqithisileyo kuneenkokeli jikelele, eziquka abaxhasi beqela nabaququzeleli abaphezulu kunabavoti abakwiziko eliphakathi. Abafuni ukuphumelela kwi-primentia ngoko banezikhundla eziphezulu ukuze babhenele kwezi ziko ziphambili, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kubekho i-patrolitistiki ehlaziweyo ehlala ababhinqiniswe ngabaququzeleli bemi bobucuphi bemincuphi kunokuba bathamele ukuba bathandwe ngokulinganayo.

Oku kubekwa kommandla kusenokuphawulwa ngokukhethekileyo kwindlela ezivaliweyo eziphambili nakwiziqithi ezinxilisayo. Xa isithili sikhuselekile kwiDemocratic okanye kwiRiphabliki, esona siphambili siba lolonyulo lokhuphiswano kuphela, kwaye ukhetho oluphambili lomnyuli lugqiba ukuba ngubani onegunya. Ukuba olo khetho luphambili lujongene nomlinganiselo ogqithisileyo wemiqathango, umgcini-ofisi ophumeleyo uya kubonisa ezo zikhethelo kunokuba abonise iimbono ezithe chathayo zokhetho jikelele.

Uphando ngalo mbuzo luvelise izinto ezifunyenwe ngokudibeneyo. Olunye uphando lucebisa ukuba abanyuli abaphambili batyekele kakhulu kunabo bonke abanyuli, kwaye lo mahluko uphembelela ukubekwa kwemiqathango kunye nesimilo sowiso-mthetho. Olunye uphando lufumanise ukuba abavoti abaphambili abagqithisanga kakhulu kubavoti-phambili kubavoti-voti jikelele, okanye ezinye izinto ezifana nokukhetha, ukuchonga kwabachongi, kunye nokwahlulwa-ndaba kudlala indima ezinkulu ekuqhubeleni ipetrolicanti. Ulwalamano phakathi kweenkqubo eziphambili kunye nokwehla komthetho nokwehlahlo-mthetho lusenokuba ahlukane neemeko zoluntu.

Kunyulo oluphantsi kunyulo lokuqala lungabhenca nayiphina iziphumo ezisukrukileyo. Xa kungamasuntswana amancinane abavoti abafanelekileyo abathathi-nxaxheba kwiprojekthi ephambili, abo bavotayo basenokuba abangenisi kumalungu abanzi eqela, ingasathethi ke ngokhetho jikelele. Abaxhasi bemiqathango abaqhutywa ngamandla bangenza isabelo esikhulu sonyulo lokuqala kunabantu ngokubala ngokuba nempembelelo egqithisileyo kukhetho lomndilili. Imigudu yokwandisa ukurhoxa kusenokuba luncedo olulula ngoko ke ngokuqinisekisa ukuba amandla angundoqo afana kakhulu noluntu olubanzi.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Nokuqalisa Kukhetho Oluphambili

Unyulo oluphambili lusoloko lungaphumi kakhulu emva konyulo jikelele, ngokufuthi ngemida ebanzi. Ngelixesha unyulo jikelele lomongameli lubona amaqondo asemva angama-55 ukuya kuma-65 ekhulwini abavoti abafanelekileyo, amaprimenti obungameli asoloko etsala kuphela 20 ukuya kuma-30 ekhulwini. Ukujikela kwiprimenti ye-odoless yephondo kunye nee-ofisi zasekuhlaleni kungade kube phantsi, maxa wambi kuwe phantsi kwimida enye. Lo msantsa uthetha ukuba umsantsa othatha inxaxheba encinci, engenakufumaneka ngokusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kunempembelelo engaphezulu kakhulu kukhetho lomnyulo.

Iimeko ezininzi zinegalelo ekuphethukeni okuphambili. Abavoti abaninzi abaqondi xa kuvela amagumbi aphezulu okanye apho kuncinwa khona, njengoko ama-ofisi e-prime afumana inkcaso encinane yolwazi lweze-media kunye nonyulo lukawonke-wonke. Ukwanda kwemihla ephambili ekhoyo kwiimeko ezinqamlezileyo nakwii-ofisi kudala ikhalenda edidanisayo eyenza kube nzima kwanakunyulwa kwabemi ukuba balandele xa kufuneka bavote. Iinkqubo ezivaliweyo azifaki mvume ezizimeleyo, ezimela isabelo esikhulayo sabanyulwayo, imilinganiselo engakumbi yokuthabatha inxaxheba.

Ukungakhuphina okucingelwayo kokukhuphisana kwizindlu zangasese ezininzi kukwadimaza ukujika. Xa abantu abangoontaka bengenalucelomngeni olunzulu okanye xa omnye umntu otshatelwayo efumana iingenelo ezingaphezulu ekunikeni intlawulo kunye nokunconywa, abavoti bangagqiba kwelokuba inxaxheba yabo ayinakuchaphazela iziphumo ezizintsingiselo. Oku kudala isiprofeto sokuzizalisekisa apho ukujika okusezantsi kubangela ukuba amaqela alawule amagumbi aphezulu, nto leyo efaka ingqinela ingcamango yokuba amaqela amaqela amiselwe kwangaphambili azizinto ezingawufaneleki umgudu wokuvota.

Umahluko okhoyo kwingeniso ephambili unyusa inkxalabo malunga nomelo kunye nokungalingani. Abavoti bokuqala badla ngokuba ngabantu abadala, abazizityebi, abamhlophe, nabafundileyo kunabo bonke abakhethi-wonke. Oku kuthetha ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abanyuliweyo ngemigangatho ephantsi kunabaveleli abadala, banokusabela kakhulu kukhetho lwamaqela aluncedo kunalawo akwindawo ephantsi kwemigangatho. Abavoti abaselula nabavoti-mibala, nangona bebalulekileyo kunyuso-democcititue kwiinkomfa jikelele, ngokufuthi baba nenxaxheba kunyuselo lweDidemocratic Priptue kwiiyunithi ezisezantsi kunabavoties abamhlophe abadala, abanokuchaphazela ukuphumelela kwemibalwa.

Zininzi iinguqu ezicetyiweyo eziye zacetyiswa ukwandisa unyuso lokuqala, kuquka ukudibanisa imihla yokuqala, ukuphumeza ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lovoti, ukuvumela ukubhaliswa kosuku olunye, ukwandisa uvoti kwangexesha lokuqala kunye nokhetho lweposi, kunye nokuqhuba imfundo eninzi yabavoti malunga nonyulo lokuqala. Ezinye imigaqo iye yazama ukubamba ii-primenti ngomhla omnye njengonyulo jikelele lwezinye ii-ofisi ukunyusa ukujika. Ukusebenza kwezi nkonzo kuyahluka, kodwa ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ukunciphisa imiqobo yolawulo kunye nokwandisa izithuba zonyulo oluphambili kuphucula ngokunentsingiselo ukuthabatha inxaxheba.

Indima Yemali Nezinto Ezithandwa Ngamaqela

Ubuncwane bemali budlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimpumelelo yonyulo oluphambili, ngokufuthi kuqinisekwa ukuba ngoobani abathathi-nxaxheba abanokunyusa amaphulo asebenza kakuhle baze bafikelele abavoti ngokunempumelelo. Ngokungafaniyo nonyulo ngokubanzi, apho inkxaso yeqela kunye nenkxaso kawonke-wonke inokubakho, abathathi-nxaxheba abaphambili kufuneka baphakamise imali ngokwabo ukuze bakhe iphulo, baqeshe abasebenzi, baqhube ukhupho, banxibelelane nabavoti. Le ngxosho ibalulekileyo inganceda abavumi abaziziziziziyo abanokukwazi ukuzixhasa okanye abo banonxulumano nee-mbutho ezinikezela.

Ukubaluleka kokubonelela kwamandulo kunyuke kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, njengoko abatshatisiweyo kufuneka babonise ukukwazi kwemali ukuthathwa nzulu ngamajelo eendaba, abaxhasi, nabavoti. Eli xesha libizwa ngokuba "sisigxina esingabonakaliyo"" eliphambi kokuba naluphi na uvoti luphoswe xa abavoti bekhuphisana ukuze banconywe, banikele, kwaye iminikelo. Ngokufuthi ingqina ukuba ngabaphi abathathi-nxaxheba baphuma bengenayo njengeemali ezinzulu. Abangakhuthaziyo ukunyusa imali eyaneleyo ngexesha elingephi na abanokunyanzeleka ukuba barhoxe phambi kovoti kwiimeko ezininzi bafumane na ithuba lokuchaza iinjongo zabo.

Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba ilungisa iziphumo eziphambili zonyulo ngokugqiba ukuba ngoobani abathathi-nxaxheba abafumana ingqalelo nendlela ababoniswa ngayo. Abathathi-nxaxheba abavelisa iingxelo ezinyanzelisayo, bavelisa amaxesha angenakulibaleka, okanye isikhokelo se-media esifanelekileyo sabaphili-ndaba abafumana intelekelelo engalinganiyo xa ithelekiswa naleyo egqalwa njengemipu emide. Le ngxelo ibangela ukuba umntu azibonelele ngokwakheka kwendlela apho uthelekelelo lwemijelo okanye ajongane nenani lovavanyo, elijikayo livelisa ingqalelo olungakumbi kumajelo eendaba.

Izixhobo zokunxibelelana eziphambili zezentlalo-ntle ziye zaguqula iphulo lokuqala ngokunceda abatshayeli ukuba banxibelelane ngqo nabavoti kunye nokwakha izinyuko zengca ngaphandle kokuthembela kuphela kubagcini besango lempukane. Abathathi-nxaxheba bangasebenzisa amaqonga afana neTwitter, Facebook, kunye neInstagram ukwabelana ngemiyalezo yabo, baphendule abachani, kwaye bathumele abaxhasi. Noko ke, unxibelelwano lwezentlalo lwezibonelelo lwentlalo lukwahlula ngokukhawuleza intebengo, lunceda ukuthunyelwa kwemiyalezo emincinane enokuthi yahlukane phakathi kwabaphulaphuli-ndlebe, kwaye lukwazi ukuvelisa ubuchule obudibaniselanisayo obuthi bunganisayo.

Iingxoxo ziye zaba ziziganeko eziphambili kumaphulo aphambili, ingakumbi ezokuba mongameli. Ezi zixhobo zinika amathuba abo batshati abambalwa abaziwayo ukuba bazizise kubo nabavoti kunye nabo bonke abaza kufumana ulwazi lwabo, ubunjani, kunye nobuchule bonxibelelwano. Noko ke, iifomati zengxoxo zidla ngokubeka ingxubusho phambili kunye neentetho kwingxoxo yenkqubo encinci, kunye nemigaqo yokuthatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo. Ngokusekelwe ekucoceni nasekuboneni imiqobo yemali, qhaqhaqhaqhazelishela abo bafumana uncedo xa kubandakanya abo banokwazisa amagama aphezulu kodwa abafumana inkxaso elinganiselweyo.

Unyulo oluphambili nomelo lwemibutho eyahlukeneyo

Unyulo lokuqala lunendima ebalulekileyo ekuboneni enoba amaqumrhu anyuliweyo abonisa ukwahluka-hluka kwabemi neengcamango zabemi abawasebenzisayo. Ukwakhiwa kweenkqubo ezisisiseko kunganceda okanye kuthintele unyulo lwabathathi-nxaxheba abasuka kumaqela angaphantsi, kuquka amabhinqa, abantu bemibala, abantu abasebenza ngeklasi yeLGBTQ, kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abasebenzayo. Ukuqonda ezi zixhobo ziyimfuneko ekuhloleni enoba iinkqubo ezisisiseko zihambela phambili okanye ziyaluthintela umelo lwedemokhrasi.

Uphando lucebisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba basebenze kwanamadoda kunyulo lokuqala xa bekhetha ukuqhuba, kodwa amabhinqa ahlala ephantsi ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwabahlohli. Oku kucebisa umqobo oyintloko wokumela amabhinqa uxhomekeke ekufumaneni imvume kunye nesigqibo sokusebenza kunokuba bakhethe kwii-primes ngokwazo. Noko ke, iinkqubo eziphambili ezifuna ukuqokelelwa kakhulu okanye abathathi-nxaxheba kwezopolitiko abanokufumana inkxaso engekho mthethweni ngandlel

Ixesha kunye nesakhiwo sezindlu zangasese zingachaphazela umelo lwabambalwa ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo. I-Runoff primries, esetyenziswa ngokwembali kumaphondo aseMazantsi, iye yagxekwa ngenxa yokuncitshiswa kwamandla okuvota abambalwa ngokuthintela abathathi-nxaxheba abambalwa ekuphumeleleni ngenkxaso eninzi kumasimi axineneyo. Noko ke, ubungqina obuxhobileyo obuphathelele iziphumo zokukhutshwa kwemiqathango yabambalwa budityaniswa, kunye nezinye izifundo zifumana iziphumo ezingalunganga kunye nezinye izinto ezikhoyo. Unxulumano phakathi kweenkqubo eziphambili kunye nezinye izinto ezifana nobunzima bezithi kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo okuvota kusenokuba zimisela iziphumo.

Iinkqubo ezivulekileyo ezisisiseko zinganyusa umelo ngokuvumela abavoti abambalwa abangabhaliswanga nabangabhaliswanga kunye nabangamaqela aphambili ukuba babe nenxaxheba ekukhetheni abathathi-nxaxheba. Kumaqela apho abavoti abambalwa bengenako ukubhalisa neqela, amagumbi okuvota amancinane angawahluza ngokunempumelelo abavoti kwisigaba esiphambili senkqubo yonyuselo. Ngokuchaseneyo, abanye abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ivaliwe ii-primzite zikhusela amandla abantu abambalwa okukhetha abathandayo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa abavoti abangaphandle koluntu.

Ulwandiso lwemihla yonyulo oluphambili lungachaphazela ukuba ngawaphi amazwi oluntu avakalayo kwinkqubo yokutyunjwa. Xa amaphondo aphambili eqhelekile amhlophe nasemaphandleni, abatshakazi bangenza imiyalezo yabo kunye neendawo zemigaqo-nkqubo ukuba babhenele kwaba bantu basekuhlaleni, benokukwazi ukucutha amaxhala abantu basedolophini kunye noluntu olunombala oluvota kamva. Imigudu yokudibanisa ikhalenda yokuqala okanye ukuba nesiseko sogcino-lwazi lwengingqi ukuqinisekisa ukuba uninzi loluhlu lwempembelelo yokhetho lwamaqela asekuhlaleni ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkqubo.

Iingxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni Nemibuzo YomGaqo-siseko

Unyulo lokuqala lunendawo edidayo kumthetho-siseko, okhoyo ekudibaneni komgaqo-siseko, kwiqela elizimeleyo, nakumalungelo okuvota. Iinkundla ziye zaphikisana nemibuzo malunga nobungakanani anokuthi amaphondo alawule unyulo oluphambili, enoba amaqela ezobupolitika anawo na amalungelo omgaqo-siseko okulawula iinkqubo zawo zokufakelwa kwemiqathango, kunye namalungelo abavoti abanawo ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwizandulela. Le mibuzo engokwasemthethweni iye yavelisa iqumrhu elintsonko lokulawula icandelo lejaji eliqhubekayo.

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo Smith v. Allwright (1944) samisela ukuba unyulo olusisiseko luyinxalenye engundoqo yenkqubo yokunyulwa ephantsi kwemiqathango emiselwe umthetho, ukugatya zonke izihlangu ezimhlophe njengokwaphula umthetho weSindululo seshumi elinesihlanu soMgaqo-siseko. Esi sigqibo sibalulekileyo sayilahla impikiswano yokuba ii-Premistmer zaziyimicimbi yabucala yeqela ngaphaya komgaqo-siseko, ukuvuma ukuba indima ephambili ekugqibeni ukuba ubani ugcina isikhundla sikawonke uzizisa kwimfuno zokhuseleko lwamalungelo okuvotatosa.

Kutshanje, iNkundla iye yawamkela amalungelo eengingqi zezobupolitika phantsi koMmiselo Wokuqala, onokuthi ungquzulwano nemigudu karhulumente yokulawula unyulo oluphambili. ICalifornia Democratic Party v. Jones [2000], iNkundla yawabetha phantsi amaqela aphambili eKhalifoniyani, eyavumela abavoti ukuba bavote nakweliphi na iqela ngalinye nokuba lingene na. Inkundla yaba nelo elinyanzelela ukuba amaqela angabi ngamalungu athathe inxaxheba ekukhetheni inkululeko yamaqela angenamalungu.

Ngoko, iNkundla yaxhasa inkqubo ephambili yeWashington-bini engundoqo ku Shashington State Geage v. Washington State Republican Party [2008], iyihlula kwingubo yokuqala ngokuqwalasela ukuba inkqubo ephezulu-2 ayigqibi ukuba ii-mines kodwa iqhubele phambili abathathi-nxaxheba kunyulo jikelele. Lo mahluko ubalaselisa uhlalutyo oluneyo lwesiseko esifunekayo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo kwaye ucebisa ukuba ube nojikelezo olubanzi kwimixokelelwano elungiselelweni engundoqo yokhetho loluhlu lomsebenzi lobukhobode xa bewahlonela amalungelo abo aphakathi.

Iligigasi eqhubekayo iyaqhubeka ivavanya imida yomthetho osisiseko ovumelekileyo wonyulo. Iimeko zixubushe imibuzo equka ukuba iimeko zingafuna amaqela ukusebenzisa i-primens endaweni yeendibano ukukhetha abalawuli, nokuba iinkqubo eziphambili ezivaliweyo azimiselanga ngokwasemthethweni ukuthwalisa amalungelo abavoti abazimeleyo, nokuba amazwe angalawula imigaqo yangaphakathi esetyenziswa ukuqhuba amaprojekthi. Le meko ibonisa ukuxabana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwamaxabiso akhuphisanayo olawulo, amaqela e-Implacy, kunye namalungelo okuvota.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngeenjongo Zokhetho

Ngoxa unyulo oluphambili lugxininiswe ngokunzulu kwizithethe zezobupolitika zaseMerika, luhlala lunqabile ngokuthelekisayo kwezinye iinkqubo zolawulo-melo. Iinkqubo ezininzi zepalamente zixhomekeke kwiinkokeli zamaqela, amalungu eqela, okanye kwiindibano zeqela ukukhetha abathathi-nxaxheba kunokuba bagcine unyulo oluphambili luvulekile kwiinkomfa ezibanzi. Ukuhlolisisa indlela olunye ukhetho lolawulo-melo lolawulo-melo olulawulwa ngoorhulumente abaza kusiphatha ngayo isibonelelo esixabisekileyo kwiinzuzo neengozi zenkqubo ephambili yaseMelika.

Kulawulo-melo lwamaqumrhu amaninzi aseYurophu, amaqela ezobupolitika akhetha abathathi-nxaxheba kwiinkqubo zangaphakathi ezisenokubandakanya amalungu eqela kodwa hayi uluntu ngokubanzi. UBongamani baseUnited Kingdom, umzekelo, buvumela amalungu eqela ukuba avote iinkokeli zeqela, kodwa ukhetho oluza kuthabatha imigaqo-nkqubo yomntu ngamnye ludla ngokulawulwa yimibutho yasekuhlaleni. Le nkqubo inika amaqela ulawulo oluphangaleleyo kwii-minenenee kwaye inokwenza ukuba alungelelanise ingqeqesho kunye nemigangatho yemigaqo-nkqubo engqinelanayo, kodwa ikwana namandla ekumisweni kweqela lamaqela kwaye isenokumisela amathuba abo bangaphandle.

Amanye amazwe aye azama iinkqubo ezifana neziphambili kwiminyaka yakutshanje. IFransi yazisa iipringi ezivulekileyo zonyuso lomongameli ngo-2011, ivumela nawuphi na umvoti ukuba athathe inxaxheba ekukhetheni iqela ukuze afumane umrhumo omncinane. La magumbi angaphambili atsala inxaxheba ebalulekileyo kwaye abangela umdla kawonke-wonke, nangona aye adale iziphumo ezingalindelekanga kwaye aphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuvota okucwangcisiweyo kwabachasi. I-Italy ikwaye yalinga ngonyulo oluphambili ekukhetheni iinkokeli zeqela nabafundi, nangona ukwenziwa kwayo bekungavumelani namaqela nemimandla.

Amazwe aseMzantsi Merika aye amkela unyulo oluphambili, ngokufuthi njengenxalenye yemigudu yokuqukumbela umgangatho ophezulu. IArgentina, iUruguay, kunye namanye amazwe amaninzi ngoku afuna amaqela ukukhetha abaza kuthabatha ngonyulo oluphambili, abajonga njengezixhobo zokwandisa ukubonakala, ukunciphisa ukonakala, kunye nokukhuthaza igunya ledemokhrasi. Ezi nkqubo ziyahluka ngeenkcukacha zawo, namanye amazwe aphethe amagumbi akwindawo enye kwaye amanye avumela amaqela ukuba akhethe ukuba anokufumana ingeniso enye kuphela.

Utyekelo lwehlabathi lonke lokusetyenziswa kakhulu konyulo oluphambili lubonisa inkqubela-phambili kwidemokhrasi yokuzifunela ngokwahlukeneyo nokungaqiniseki ngeenkqubo zesithethe. Noko ke, amava aseMerika acebisa ukuba iinkqubo eziphambili zivela norhwebo, kuquka ukuba zikho ekunyuseni amakhaya, iindleko zephulo eliphezulu, nemijikelo emide yonyulo. Amazwe acinga ukuba ukusetyenziswa komqeshwa komntu omnye kufuneka alinganisele iindleko ngokuchasene neengenelelo ezingakumbi nokungathathi-nxaxheba nedemokhrasi.

Utshintsho Oluphambili: Unyulo

Ukunganeliseki ngeendawo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo engundoqo yangoku ibangele iingcebiso ezininzi zotshintsho ezijolise ekucombululeni iimpazamo ezivakalayo. Ezi zindululo zisuka kulwahlulo lolwahluko ukuya kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo ukuya kulwahlulo olusisiseko lohlobo olukhethiweyo. Ngelixa kungekho sivumelwano siphumele kucwangciso olunye, oluqhubekekayo uvavanyo kumgangatho wezwe lunika amathuba okuvavanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlola.

Uvota olunendawo ephezulu lufumene uvotelo lwesibini njengotshintsho olunokwenzeka kunyulo oluphambili. Phantsi kwale nkqubo, abavoti bafumana izikhundla zabo ngokukhetha into ekhethwayo kunokuba bakhethe enye. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala, umvoti oza kufumana inkxaso eninzi, kwaye i-okanye abaxhasi babo abambalwa bafumana iziphumo zesibini ezichaziwe. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de omnye umvoti uphumeze uninzi lwabaninzi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukuchola okuceliweyo kukhuthaza iphulo olufanelekileyo, abaphumeleleyo bafumana inkxaso enkulu, kwaye baphelisa imfuneko yokusebenza kokhetho. uMaine uphume umgangatho ophezulu wokhetho lwendawo kunye nokhetho jikelele, kwaye uthathe inkqubo edityaniso oluneyo oludityanisiweyo nemigangatho esukruliweyo kunye noluhlu-okhiweyo.

Izicelo zokomeleza injongo yokuqala yemihla yokunciphisa impembelelo yoorhulumente abakhupha inzala yangaphambili kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba iingingqi ezahlukeneyo zinegalelo elinentsingiselo kwintsalela yokukhetha umkhuphiswano. Usuku oluphambili lwesizwe luza kuba nazo zonke iivotis ngokuba nevoti ngexesha elinye, ukususa iziphumo ezizizo ezongezelelo kodwa okunokwenzeka ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abathathi-nxaxheba begama kwangexesha langaphambili benolwazi kunye neenzuzo zokuxhasa intsebe. Iingingqi zommandla zommandla, apho imimandla eyahlukeneyo yelizwe zivota kwimihla yokujika, zama ukulinganisa ezi zinto ngokugcina iinka zemeko zobungangamgalelo ngexesha langaphambili.

Bambi abaququzeleli baxhasa ukupheliswa kwezindlu zabefundisi ngokupheleleyo nokubuyela kwiinkqubo ezilawulwa ngamaqela, bephikisa ngelithi amasuntswana athoba amaqela, anda, kwaye avelisa abathathi-nxaxheba abangenamandla. Ngale mbono, iinkokeli zeqela kunye nabaxhasi basemagunyeni bakwizikhundla ezingcono kuneendidi ezinyulwayo ukuvavanya iimfaneleko kunye nokunyulwa kwabantu abatsha. Kodwa, esi sicelo sijongene nemiqobo enzulu enikwe ukuzinikela kwasesidlangalaleni kunyulo oluphambili, kunye neengxaki zembali ezingokwenkqubo yeqela ezizintlukwano ezazicelelwe ukuphendula.

Uvota lokugqibela lumele enye indlela entsha, apho abathathi-voti abahlanu abaphezulu kwinkqubela phambili yokungathabathi cartinal kunyulo oluqhelekileyo oluqhutywa kuvotelo olunobungangamsha. Le nkqubo ijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuba unyulo ngokubanzi luquka iimbono ezahlukeneyo ngeli xesha usebenzisa uvotelo oludweliswe ngokwemiqathango ukuvelisa abaphumelele abaninzi. Abameli baphikisa le ndlela izakunciphisa ukhuphiswano, ukwandisa, kwaye inike abavoti ukhetho olunentsingiselo. Ukwamkela kwemiqathango ephezulu-4 kunika ithuba lokuvavanya iziphumo zale nkqubo.

Utshintsho olugunyazisiweyo lobuxhakaxhaka bobuxhakaxhaka bokwenza iintsebenziswano zokuqala zibe luncedo kakhulu ngovota kwi-intanethi, unyuselo olunyuswe ngamaxesha okuvota kwasekuqaleni, kunye neenkqubo zokuvota ngeposi. Ngeli xesha olu tshintsho lunganyuka ngokunciphisa imiqobo, lunyusa inkxalabo ngokhuseleko, ukhuseleko, ukufihla imfihlo, kunye nokunyanzelwa kokunyanzelwa. I-COVID-19 igalelo lokuvota iposi kunye nokuvota kwasekuqaleni, inika ulwazi ngendlela ezi nguqulelo ezichaphazela ngayo inxaxheba kunye nolawulo lonyulo.

Indlela Abavota Abanokuyiphucula Ngayo Impembelelo Yabo Kukhetho Oluphambili

Ukuqonda indlela yokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kunyulo oluphambili kunika abemi amandla okusebenzisa impembelelo engakumbi kubameleli babo kurhulumente. Ngoxa iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zingafani ngorhulumente nangokweqela, imigaqo emininzi jikelele inganceda abavoti basebenzise unyulo oluphambili kwaye benze amazwi abo aviwe kwinkqubo yokukhetha abaza kucela ukunyulwa.

Okokuqala naphambili, abavoti kufuneka baqonde indlela engundoqo yombuso kunye neemfuno zobhaliso. Kumaphondo avulekileyo, abavoti kufuneka babhalise neqela ngaphambili konyulo oluphambili ukuba banqwenela ukuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yokutyunjwa kwelo qela. Amazwe amaninzi abeka ixesha lokubhalisa iiveki okanye iinyanga phambi kokuba i-Princial, ngoko ke lilinde de kube phambi kokuba unyulo lungaphumeli ekubeni luvote. Abavoti bangafumana ulwazi malunga nenkqubo engundoqo yombuso wabo kunye neemfuno zobhaliso ngewebhsayithi ye-ofisi yonyulo okanye ngoovimba borhulumente bawo obungeyo. [[FLT: 0]. org[[FLT: 1]

Ukuhlala usazi ngemihla yonyulo ephambili kubalulekile, njengokuba ezi zinto zahluka-hlukeneyo jikelele kwiindawo neeofisi. Ii-Primesters zifumana eyona ngqwalasela, kodwa iziqalelo zobuzwe, urhulumente, kunye nee-ofisi zasekuhlaleni zisoloko zingqinelana okanye zilandelana neziganeko zobomi bemihla ngemihla babavoti. Amaphondo amaninzi agcina iziqalelo zee-ofisi ezahlukeneyo kwimihla eyahlukeneyo, edala ikhalenda entsonkothileyo efuna ingqalelo ekuhambeleni. Ukumisela izikhumbuzo zonyulo nokuzibophelela kwizaziso zonyulo kubaphathi bonyulo kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-votiota ababalulekileyo abafoti abangayiphonsi bemihla.

Abaphandi abaphambili phambi konyulo bavumela abavoti ukuba benze ukhetho lolwazi kunokuba bathembele kuphela kuphawulo lwegama okanye kwizinto ezikhankanyiweyo. Unyulo oluphambili ludla ngokuba namalungu amaninzi akwiqela elifanayo kunye neembonakaliso zengqondo jikelele, bethelekisa ngenyameko iimvelaphi zabo, iimeko zemigaqo, neemfaneleko eziyimfuneko. Abavoti bayakwazi ukufikelela ulwazi oluza kungenelela kwiiwebhsayithi zephulo, abavoti-mvume neengxoxo, abakhokelayo abaveliswa yimibutho engathanga-catistiki, kunye nengxelo yamajelo eendaba. Ukunikela ingqalelo ekuncomeni iimvelaphi zabo, iimeko ezisuka kwimibutho nabantu abathembayo banokunikela ulwazi oluluncedo.

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kuvoto lokuqala okanye ukucela iivoti ezingekhoyo kungenza ukuvota kube luncedo kakhulu kwaye kuqinisekiswe ukuba iimeko ezingalindelekilenga azikuthinteli ukuthabatha inxaxheba. Ngoku amaphondo amaninzi anika amaxesha aphezulu okuvota kwangethuba okanye angavumeli ukuba arhoxiswe, avumele abavoti ukuba bafake iibhola zokuvota ngamaxesha afanelekileyo. Olu khetho lunokuba luncedo ngokukhethekileyo kubavoti ngemimiselo yomsebenzi engaguquguqukiyo, iimbopheleleko zokunyamekela, okanye ezinye izithintelo ezenza ukuvota kube nzima ngemini ephambili.

Ukunikela ngaphaya kovotelo nje kuphela kunokukhulisa impembelelo yomntu ngamnye kunyulo oluphambili. Ukunikela ngokuzithandela kumaphulo, ukunikela kumaphulo, ukuxubusha ngonyulo nabahlobo kunye nentsapho, nokuba nenxaxheba ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwiziphumo eziphambili zonke zinegalelo ekulungiseni iziphumo eziphambili. Kunyulo oluphantsi, amanani amancinane abemi abatshathelweyo anokuba nempembelelo ephawulekayo, enza ukuba umntu ngamnye abe nenxaxheba ngokukhethekileyo. Abathathi-nxaxheba bangaba nenxaxheba kwimibango ethile okanye abathathi-nxaxheba bangaba nempembelelo engakumbi ngokusebenzisa ixesha namandla abo bathenjiweyo.

Ikamva Lokhetho Oluphambili Kulawulo - melo LwaseMerika

Unyulo oluphambili luza kuqhubeka luguquka ngokuguqula iimeko zobupolitika, utshintsho lobugcisa, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo ngotshintsho lwedemokhrasi. Izimo eziliqela zibonisa ukuba iinkqubo eziphambili zingavela njani kwiminyaka ezayo kwaye ziza kujamelana nocelomngeni ekulondolozeni indima yazo njengeenkqubo zokukhetha idemokhrasi.

Ulwando lwabavoti abazimeleyo luphakamisa ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ezisisiseko, ingakumbi ezivaliweyo ezivaliweyo ezingafaki bavoti abangasetyenziswanga. Njengoko ukuchongwa kweqela kuthe buthathaka kwaye abavoti abaninzi bechasa unxulumano oluqhelekileyo, uxinzelelo luza kwanda ekuvuleni amaziko okuzithathela amanyathelo okuzimela ngokwawo. Oku kungakhawulezisa ukusetyenziswa kwesixokelelwano esivulekileyo, ezivaliweyo ezidityaniswe ezizimeleyo, okanye ezingekho rhanisistiki eziphezulu-ixoxo eziphelisa imiqathango esekelwe kwiqela. Ngoko, amaqela ezobupolitika aya kukuthi axhathise iintyaniso ezithimba ukulawulwa kwawo, adale uxinelo oluqhubekayo phakathi kweqela le-clus ne-INFUS.

Utshintsho lobugcisa luza kuqhubeka lucacisa indlela amaphulo aphambili aqhutywa ngayo nendlela abavoti abafikelela ngayo kulwazi olumalunga nabatshayeli. Ijelo-ndaba loluntu, ugcino-lwazi, kunye nezibhengezo zamanani sele ziguqule iindlela zephulo, kwaye ukuvela kobugcisa obufana nobuchule obungeyonyaniso kunye nobunzulu obunzulu kuza kudala amathuba amatsha kunye neengxaki. Amagosa okhetho azakufuna ukutshintsha amanyathelo okhuseleko ukuze athethe ngezisongelo ezisuka kwiinkqubo zokhetho ezisebenzisa ikhompyutha okanye ezisebenzisa iselula.

Inkxalabo ngokuhla kunye nokungalungi kwezobupolitika zaseMerika zisenokuqhubeka zisenza uvavanyo ngeminye imiqathango engundoqo. Ama-odolo angathatha ngokukhula ukuvota okuziziintloko ezimbini okanye eziphezulu-mane primies, okanye ezinye izinto ezisunguliweyo ezenzelwe ukukhuthaza ubungcathu nolwakhiwo olulungelelanisiweyo. Impumelelo okanye ukungaphumeleli kwezi zimvavanyo kumazwe afana ne-Alaska, eKhalifoniya, kunye neMaine ziza kuphembelela ukuba amanye amagunya alandele isikhokelo okanye agcine izakhiwo ezisisiseko.

Indima yemali kunyulo oluphambili iya kuhlala ikho, ngempikiswano eqhubekayo ephathelele umgaqo wezemali, impembelelo yabanikeli bezityebi neePaCs ezinkulu, nokuba iinkqubo zezemali zikawonke-wonke zingayinciphisa ibala lemidlalo. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezisikelwe umda wephulo lezemali ziye zenza kube nzima ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho yezemali, kodwa amaphondo agcina igunya elithile lokulawula unyulo oluphambili kwaye angazama ngenkxaso yoluntu, imiqathango yeminikelo, kunye neemfuno zokutyhila iimfuno.

Iinguqu zokhetho lwendalo ziya kuphinda zitshintshe iindidi zabanyuli abaphumelele kunyulo oluphambili. Njengoko abemi baseMerika beya ngokwahluka, abavoti abaphambili baya kuqukeka iinguqu zemibala, abavoti abaselula, kunye nabavoti abaneziqalelo ezahlukeneyo kunezo ziphambili eziqhelekileyo. Le ndaleko ingavelisa abathathi-nxaxheba kunye neqonga ezibonisa bhetele ukutshintsha kwamanani abantu belizwe, nangona umlinganiselo walo tshintsho uza kuxhomekeka ekubeni aba bathathe inxaxheba kusini na kumacandelo amaqela abantu abaya kusabelana nawo.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ukufikelela kwempilo, kunye nezinye iingxaki zoxinzelelo lwenkqubo ziya kuvavanya ukuba iinkqubo ezisisiseko zingavelisa iinkokeli ezikwaziyo ukusingatha iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo ezifuna ukucinga okude nokwakhiwa komanyano. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi iinguqu ezingenisa ingqiqo emfutshane yexeshana, ukuqina kwengqiqo, kunye nokuxhasa izicwangciso-mali ezimxinwa kusini na ezikhoyo kwizicombululo ezizinzileyo. Nokuba iinkqubo eziphambili zingatshintshwa ukuze zincede ezi ntswelo zizezona ziyimfuneko ngelixa lokugcina idemokhrasi zihlala zingumbuzo ocacileyo oza kubumba ulawulo lwaseMelika kangangamashumi eminyaka.

Isiphelo: Unyulo oluphambili njengeZiko leDemocratic Institutions

Unyulo oluphambili lumela indlela eyahlukileyo yaseMerika yokukhetha abanyulwa ngolawulo-demokhrasi, ebonakalisa iimbopheleleko ezinzulu kulawulo oluqhelekileyo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika, nokungaqiniseki ngamandla aphakamileyo. Ngoxa ezinye idemokhrasi zinikezela ngokukhetha abatshayo kwimibutho yeqela, i-United States iye yamkela inkqubo enika abemi abaqhelekileyo amandla okumisela amaqela ezobupolitika kunyulo oluqhelekileyo. Olukhetho lubonisa amandla nobuthathaka bempucuko yezobupolitika yaseMelika: ukukholelwa kubulumko obuqhelekileyo nakwidemokhrasi ekwahluleleneyo ngaphandle kokukrokraniswa kwegunya lequmrhu kunye nokwenza izigqibo eziphambili.

Inkqubo yonyulo ephambili iye yavela ngokubhekiselele kwimvelaphi yayo eqhubekekayo, ilungelelanisa ukutshintsha iimeko zobupolitika, iimfuno zomthetho, kunye nobuchule bobugcisa. Izakhiwo zanamhlanje azifani kakhulu nokhuphiswano lwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 olwacelw'ucelomngeni lokuqala lokulawula amaqela. Ii-Presidentiant ziba nengcaciso, imiboniso enyaka wonke ebumba intetho yesizwe yezopolitiko. Urhulumente kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, ngexa zifumana ingqalelo encinci, zingqinelana ngokulinganayo ekuboneni ukuba ngubani olawulayo kunye nemigaqo elandelwayo.

Ngaphandle kokuba kusembindini kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika, unyulo oluphambili lujongene nogxeko olubalulekileyo kunye nocelomngeni. Ukujika-jika kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuba abanyuli abaphambili bamele abantu ababanzi okanye abaphenjelelwa ziingqondo. Impembelelo yemali nesixhobo sokusasaza ulwazi ibangela imiqobo yokungena enokuthi ingabikho abafanelekiyo abanokufikelela kubanikeli abatyebileyo okanye abangenayo. Ukwanda kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo eziphambili ezinqamlezayo kudala ukudideka kwaye kusenokuba luncedo kwabathathi bemisebenzi yephulo elincumisayo elinokulungela ukuqhuba imithetho entsonkothileyo.

Kanti unyulo oluphambili lukwangumgangatho obalulekileyo wedemokhrasi obalulekileyo kwaye lunika iindlela zokuziphendulela kwezobupolitika kunye nokuzihlaziya. Luvumela abacel ’ umngeni ukuba bakhuphise ukukhuphisana kwezoburhulumente, bavule amathuba amatsha okungena kwezobupolitika, banike abemi impembelelo ethe ngqo kubameli babo. Ukungafihlisi kwenkqubo ephambili kubathathi-nxaxheba kwangaphandle kuye kwavelisa zombini ukuphazamiseka okunenzuzo kwiminqweno eqinileyo kunye nokunyuswa kweedemokhrasi, okubonisa uxano olusemgangathweni kwezotho lwedemo-demokhrasi phakathi kozinze notshintsho, ubuchule kunye notshintsho, iqela lomntu ngamnye.

Njengokuba ulawulo-demokhrasi lwaseMelika lujamelene nocelomngeni olusuka ekuthatyathweni ngokweengcambu, ukugqwethwa, nokuncitshiswa kokholo kumaziko, indima yonyulo oluphambili ekunciphiseni okanye ekuncitshiseni ezi ngxaki iya kuhlala ixhatshazwa. Imigudu yotshintsho iya kuqhubeka izama ezinye iinkqubo ezicetyelwe ukukhuthaza ubungcathu, ukwandisa, kunye nokuphucula ukuma. Impumelelo yezi nzame ixhomekeke ekuhloleni ngenyameko ubungqina, ekuzimiseleni ukufunda kuzo zombini impumelelo nokungaphumeleli, nokuzibophelela ngokuqhubekayo kwimigaqo yedemokhrasi emiselwe ukuba isetyenziswe kunyulo lokuqala.

Ekugqibeleni, unyulo olusisiseko aluncedi ngokwemvelo okanye alukwenzakalisanga kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Iziphumo zalo zixhomekeke kwinjongo yabo ekhethekileyo, kumongo obanzi owenziwayo apho basebenza khona, kunye nokuthenjiswa kwabemi ababandakanyeke kubo. Ngokuqonda indlela abasebenza ngayo abaphambili, ukwamkela amandla abo kunye nezithintelo, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokungaphumi, abavoti banganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinjongo zabo zokukhetha ziphumele injongo, abamele inzala ephambili ephambili kwimbuthweni karhulumente wakho. Ulwazi olungakumbi ngonyulo nokhetho oluphambili, batyelele iKhomishini ye-[FL:] U. U. umgangatho wokhetho unganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinjongo zabo ziphumele injongo yokukhetha, okanye ujongana kwimibutho enjenge-FLT [FLD:2] i-Roctives Convention [FFF:FF]