Oorhulumente baxhomekeke kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ukuze bachaze amandla abo neembopheleleko zabo, bedala ulwalamano olunamandla phakathi kwegunya lorhulumente nolawulo lukarhulumente. Olu khokelo lomgaqo-siseko lukhokela ngendlela amisela ngayo imithetho, imigaqo enyanzelisayo, ikhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, kwaye inceda abahlali babo ngeendlela ezininzi. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano kunceda kucace indlela amagunya asebenza ngayo kwinkqubo yorhulumente kunye nesizathu sokuba ulwahlulo lwamagunya lusebenze kubo bonke abami baseMerika.

Isiseko soLawulo loMgaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela isiseko sayo yonke imisebenzi karhulumente eMelika, udala inkqubo elungeleleneyo yolawulo. UMthetho oLandlisiweyo weSihlalo weSihlalo ulondoloza imigaqo yolawulo, ebhekisela kulwahlulo lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente. Eli candelo liqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso oluvumela amaphondo ukuba ahlangabezane neemfuno zasekuhlaleni ngoxa ebambelele kwimilinganiselo yesizwe nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko.

ISiHlanziso seshumi leMigaqo-siseko sithi: "Amagunya anganikwanga iUnited States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga nguwo eUnited States, ngokulandelelanayo, okanye kubantu. Eli lungiselelo lisisiseko liqinisa ingcamango yokuba urhulumente wesizwe unikwe wona kuphela loo magunya, ngoxa amazwe enegunya elibanzi kwimicimbi engayalelwanga ukulawula urhulumente.

Injongo yale njongo kukuqinisekisa imigaqo yorhulumente nokuqinisa ingcamango yokuba urhulumente wesizwe ugcine amandla alinganiselweyo, adwelisweyo. Abafaki-zicelo bayila ngabom le nkqubo ukukhusela ukuxinana kwamandla kumbutho omnye worhulumente nokukhusela ulawulo lwamarhulumente omntu ngamnye.

Ukuqonda Amandla Agciniweyo

ISindululo seshumi elinamashumi asixhenxe sichaza ukuba onke amandla angengowakunikwa urhulumente urhulumente anikwe oorhulumente belizwe. La magunya abekelwe isiseko segunya likarhulumente yaye anceda amazwe akwazi ukulawula abemi bawo kwiimbambano ezahlukahlukeneyo ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Amandla okubuyisela oorhulumente bamazwe anceda ukugcina ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwabo norhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Kwakhona ivumela inkululeko yokuzama iingcamango neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Maxa wambi amazwe abizwa ngokuba yi "oomantlola bedemokhrasi" ngenxa yesi sizathu. Le ndlela yovavanyo yenza ukuba kubekho izisombululo ezintsha kwiingxaki zentlalo, uvavanye iinkqubo ezintsha, kwaye ufunde kwiimpumelelo neentsilelo zomnye.

Ingcamango yamagunya abekelwe abahlali iquka uludwe olukhulu lwemisebenzi karhulumente. Amazwe anegunya kwiinkqubo zemfundo, izaphuli-mthetho, umthetho weentsapho, amalungelo empahla, ukufakwa kwempahla, ubugcisa, isakhiwo sikarhulumente, neminye imimandla emininzi echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi babemi. Olu lawulo lubanzi lwamandla karhulumente lubonisa ukuqonda kwabalawuli borhulumente ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basoloko bekwisikhundla esingcono sokusingatha iimfuno ezikhethekileyo nokhetho lwengingqi yabo.

UNondyebo Nomlinganiselo Ongalawulekiyo

Ngoxa amaphondo enamagunya abalulekileyo, kufuneka asebenze kwimida yomgaqo-siseko. ISupremacy Claus ye-United States (Artle VI, Clause 2) iqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente yenziwe yalumkela, kwaye izivumelwano ezenziwe phantsi kwegunya le-United States, zibumba "Umthetho ongaphezulu kakhulu weLizwe", kwaye ngaloo ndlela zithatha indawo yokuqala kuyo nayiphi na imithetho yorhulumente engqubanayo.

Iinkundla zelizwe zibotshelelwe, kwaye zithotyelwe ngumgaqo-siseko karhulumente, umthetho ophakamileyo. Eli qela lezakwalizwi liqinisekisa ukuba xa imithetho karhulumente neyorhulumente ingquzulwano, umthetho karhulumente ulawulayo uyalawula ngezantsi/kodwa kuphela xa urhulumente wesizwe elawula phakathi kwamagunya akhe adweliswe ngokwesiseko somgaqo-siseko. ISupremacy Claus ayiliniki igunya elingenamda; kunoko, imisela ukuba imithetho esemthethweni karhulumente ithathe indawo yokuqala phezu kwemithetho karhulumente kwiindawo apho urhulumente wesizwe unegunya elisemthethweni.

UmGaqo-siseko weRhulumente: ISiseko sikaRhulumente

Urhulumente ngamnye eUnited States usebenza phantsi komgaqo-siseko wakhe, osebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo olawula elo lizwe. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko wesizwe umisela isiseko sorhulumente wesizwe nemida, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe udla ngokuba mde, umnini-nkcukacha, kwaye ulula ukutshintsha. La maxwebhu anikela isiseko esingqalileyo sendlela oorhulumente belizwe abasebenza ngayo kunye namalungelo abanawo abemi kuwo kumarhulumente abo.

Umahluko ongundoqo phakathi koRhulumente noMgaqo-siseko woManyano

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe mde kakhulu kunomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, oqulathe amagama angama-4,543 kuphela. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe wonke mde kunamagama angama-8,000 kuba unezinkcukacha ezingakumbi ngokuphathelele ulwalamano lwemini-yonke phakathi korhulumente nabantu. Lo mahluko ubalulekileyo kubude ubonisa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa ngala maxwebhu.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe u-avareji yamagama angama-26,000, phantse amaxesha amathandathu ubude kunomGaqo-siseko wesizwe. UmGaqo-siseko ka-Alabama udlula kumagama angama-310 000, uwenza ube ngowona xwebhu lude lulawulayo ehlabathini. Lilonke igama leKhalifoniya, lo gama iVermont imalunga ne-500 kuphela. Olu tshintsho lubonisa indlela akhetha ngayo iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulawula umGaqo-siseko ngokusekelwe kwimbali yawo ekhethekileyo, kwizithethe zezobupolitika, kunye nezinto eziphambili.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe udla ngokuquka imimiselo enkcubeko eya kulawulwa yimimiselo karhulumente. Ithetha ngemibandela ecacileyo karhulumente enjengamalungelo amanzi kumazwe asentshona, imimiselo yokungcakaza, kunye neenkqubo zemfundo. La malungiselelo akhethekileyo avumela amazwe ukuba afake izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zemigaqo-nkqubo kumthetho wawo osisiseko, ewenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukutshintsha kunomthetho oqhelekileyo.

Ukunyusa amalungelo oManyano kuMgangatho weSizwe

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe awunakuphikisana nomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., kodwa unganika amalungelo awongezelelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko olungaphaya koko kufuna umthetho wesizwe. Lo mgaqo uvumela ukuba kunikelwe umelo olukhulu lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunemfuneko yomGaqo-siseko wesizwe, ukwenza oko abaphengululi bezomthetho bakubiza ngokuba "ngumgangatho ophezulu, hayi uphahla" lwamalungelo.

Nangona umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ungenakungqubana noxwebhu lwesizwe, amazwana ayakwazi ukuchaza okanye ukucacisa amalungelo angaphezulu kunalawo akwimiGaqo-siseko karhulumente. Umzekelo, umgaqo-siseko omninzi karhulumente uqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ilungelo lokuzimela, lokukhusela indalo, okanye amathuba emfundo angachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko wesizwe.

Amatyala angamashumi amane anesine aquka lowo "uyakufanelekela ukuvota," ngu "omiselweyo ukuba avote" okanye "umnyuli ofanelekileyo" oku kuqwalaselwa okucacileyo kwamalungelo okuvota kwimithetho-siseko karhulumente kunika inkxaso ecacileyo yombhalo ukukhusela ukukhuselwa kunemithetho-siseko karhulumente, ethetha ngokuvota ngokuyintloko ngokuphuma ekulungiseni imilinganiselo enokuthi ilikhanyelwe njani ilungelo kunokulinika elo gama.

Isakhiwo noMbutho

Ngokufuthi befuziselwa ngumGaqo-siseko wesizwe, babalaselisa isakhiwo sikarhulumente worhulumente baze ngokuqhelekileyo bamise isibhengezo samalungelo, isebe eliphetheyo elikhokelwa yirhuluneli (futhi elinye okanye ngaphezulu lamagosa, njengerhuluneli-mikhosi negqwetha-gosa-gosa likarhulumente), indlu yowiso-mthetho, kunye neenkundla zikarhulumente, kuquka inkundla ephakamileyo karhulumente. Esi sakhiwo sidityaniswe nomgangatho karhulumente ngokuvumela ulungelelwaniso oluthe ngqo lwemeko.

Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente umisela isiseko seenkundla, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye namasebe aphetheyo. Achaza amagunya nemisebenzi yamagosa karhulumente, amisela iimfuno zokuba nesikhundla, amisele iinkqubo zonyulo, amisele imigaqo esisiseko yoorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Imimiselo emininzi yezorhulumente ikwaquka imigaqo-nkqubo yerhafu, imida yamatyala, kunye neenkqubo zoqingqo-mali ezithintela indlela oorhulumente abanokunyusa nokusebenzisa ngayo imali.

Indlela Amandla EzomGaqo-siseko Asetyenziswa Ngayo Abemi

Amazwe asebenzisa igunya lawo elingokomGaqo-siseko ukulungiselela iinkonzo eziyimfuneko kunye nenkuselo ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi. Umlinganiselo wamandla karhulumente ubanzi ngokuphawulekayo, uchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bentlalo ukusuka kwisiqinisekiso sokuzalwa kwezabelo zomthetho-mthetho.

Imfundo: Imbopheleleko KaRhulumente

Bathetha ngeembambano zikarhulumente ezicacileyo ezifana nemfundo, ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni, kunye nemithetho engangqubani nomthetho wesizwe. Imfundo imela enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo zoxanduva lomgaqo-siseko karhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo nomGaqo-siseko wesizwe, ongakhankanyiyo ngemfundo, phantse yonke imimiselo karhulumente iquka amalungiselelo okumisela umsebenzi karhulumente wokunika imfundo kawonke-wonke.

Amazwe asebenzisa igunya lawo elingokomGaqo-siseko ukuseka iinkqubo zemfundo ezibanzi, ukususela kwiinkqubo zobuntwana kwiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke. Amisela imilinganiselo yofundo, isiqinisekiso somfundisi- ntsapho, iindlela zokuxhasa isikolo, kunye neemigaqo zokuphendula. Imimiselo yorhulumente idla ngokuchaza ukuba imfundo kufuneka ibe "inkulu kwaye iphumelele," okanye ihlangabezane neminye imigangatho yomgangatho, inika isiseko socelomngeni olusemthethweni xa amazwe engaphumeleli kwizikolo zemali ezaneleyo.

Ukuzinikela komgaqo-siseko kwimfundo kuyahluka ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwamazwe. Eminye imiGaqo-siseko yorhulumente ineenkqubo ezineenkcukacha malunga nokulawulwa kwemfundo, iinkqubo zenkxaso-mali, kunye nemigangatho yomgangatho. Eminye inikela ukhokelo oluqhelekileyo kuphela, ishiyela kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe. Ezi zinto zibonisa umahluko wemeko neziganeko zembali eziza kuqala

Impilo Kawonke - wonke Namandla Okhuseleko

Amazwe anamandla abanzi "amagosa" okukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. La mandla, asekelwe kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye noMthetho-siseko weSihlaziyo weshumi, enza ukuba amazwe akwazi ukulawula imisebenzi echaphazela intlalo-ntle yoluntu. Eli gunya libandakanya yonke into esuka kuhlolo lwezempilo lwevenkile yokungenisa imigaqo yolwamkelo kwiinkqubo zongxamiseko.

Oorhulumente basebenzisa igunya lomgaqo-siseko ukumisela imithetho yempilo ekhusela abemi kwizifo, kwiingozi zemeko zemekobume, nakwiimeko ezingakhuselekanga. Bagunyazisa ulawulo lwezibhedlele namakhaya anyamekela abalupheleyo, baphathe izifo, babonise ukujoliseka kwizifo ezingxamisekileyo, baphendule kwiimeko zempilo. Ngexesha leemeko zempilo, amarhulumente anokusebenzisa amandla ongxamiseko ukuze ahlalise abantu, amashishini asondeleyo, okanye agunyazise amanyathelo okukhusela okukhusela, kufuneka avumelane nemigaqo-qhinga lokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ukukhusela imekobume kumela omnye ummandla obalulekileyo wamandla karhulumente. Amazwe alawula umgangatho womoya namanzi, alawula ubuncwane bendalo, akhusela izilwanyana ezisengozini, alawule umhlaba. Nangona imithetho yemeko-bume imisela imilinganiselo ephantsi, amaziko afumana ukhuseleko oluthe xhaxhe olusekelwe kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni nezinto eziza kuqala.

Okusesikweni Kokwaphula Umthetho

Isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho sihlala singumsebenzi oyintloko phantsi kwenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko. Amazwe achaza izityholo ezininzi zolwaphulo-mthetho, izigwebo, iinkqubo zentolongo ezisebenzayo, nokulawula ukuvavanywa nokukhutshwa kwetyala. Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente ulungiselela inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, ngokufuthi kuquka izipili okanye ukukhuselwa kwezikwesi sigqeba seSigqeba samaLungelo sesizwe.

I-Romati idala kwaye ibonelele ngamasebe amapolisa, iiofisi zomgwebi, namanye amasebe okunyanzelisa umthetho. Amisa iinkundla zokuwisela umthetho ityala, amisele okanye amisele iinkundla ezikhethiweyo, amisele iinkqubo zenkundla. Amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko wezomthetho ulawula iinkundla zabachopheli-tyala, ibheyile, ukuphendla nokuthamba, nezinye iinkalo zenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho ezikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngoxa zisenza ukuba umthetho usebenze.

Umahluko phakathi kweenkqubo zomthetho-mthetho karhulumente ubonisa ukuba urhulumente usebenza. Amazwe asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezifana nesohlwayo sentambo, inkqubo yeziyobisi, imigaqo yokugweba imigaqo-nkqubo yokubuyisela imo-nkqubo. Amanye amazwe aye asiphelisa isigwebo sokufa ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, ngoxa amanye eyisebenzisa ngokukhutheleyo. Amanye anento yokuba nomyayi ongekho mthethweni, ngoxa amanye egcina imiqathango engqongqo. Oku kubonakalisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo kunye nemilinganiselo ethandwayo kulo lonke ilizwe.

Ulungiso lwezoqoqosho nolawulo lwezoshishino

Amazwe anegunya elikhulu lokulawula amashishini nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho kwimida yawo. Agunyazisa iingcali zoogqirha namagqwetha ukuya kubachebi beenwele nakwiingingqi zezindlu. Alawula iinkampani ze-inshorensi, iibhanki, neminye imicimbi yezemali.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe unika isiseko solu gunya lolawulo lomthetho ngeli linye eliwulinganiselayo. Umgaqo-siseko omninzi karhulumente uquka amalungiselelo okukhusela amalungelo empahla, ukuthintela iintlobo ezithile zerhafu, okanye ukumisela urhulumente amandla okuthatha izinto zakhe zabucala. Le mida yomgaqo-siseko iqinisekisa ukuba umgaqo-siseko wezoqoqosho usebenza kwiinjongo zikawonke-wonke ezifanelekileyo ngaphandle kokubeka umthwalo ngokungafanelekanga kwinkululeko yomntu okanye kwinkululeko yezoqoqosho.

Kwakhona iUnited States isebenzisa igunya elingumGaqo-siseko ukukhuthaza inkqubela yezoqoqosho. Inganikela izikhuthazo zerhafu, ivelise amacandelo akhethekileyo ezoqoqosho, ivelise iinkqubo zokuphuhlisa umsebenzi, ixhase iinkqubo zokuphuhlisa umsebenzi. Umgaqo-siseko welizwe usoloko uchaza indlela le misebenzi yokuphuhlisa kwezoqoqosho emele ilungiswe ngayo kwaye nokuba ziziphi iinjongo zikawonke wonke ezimele zisebenze ngayo.

Izakhiwo Nezothutho

Iiprojekthi zolawulo lwezibonelelo zikarhulumente zimela umsebenzi obalulekileyo wombuso osekelwe kwigunya lomgaqo-siseko. Amazwe akha aze agcine iindlela zohambo, iibhulorho, iinkqubo zokuthutha uwonke-wonke, amanzi kunye nezinye izibonelelo eziyimfuneko. Umgaqo-siseko worhulumente usoloko uquka ulawulo lwendlela izibonelelo ezinokuxhaswa ngayo, enoba zinokusetyenziswa ngayo ngerhafu, ngamaqhina, okanye ngomanyano lwabantu.

Inkqubo yezothutho ihlala ingumsebenzi karhulumente. Amazwe alawula ukufakwa kweminxeba yabaqhubi, ukubhaliswa kwezithuthi, imithetho yeetrafiki, kunye nokhuseleko lwendlela. Aceba kwaye akha iinkqubo zokuthutha, ukusuka kwiindlela zaselunxwemeni ukuya kwiindlela zasekuhlaleni. Asenokusebenzisa iinkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke, iinqwelo-moya, namazibuko enqanawa. Le misebenzi ifuna oovimba belizwe ababalulekileyo kwaye ibonise ezona zinto ziphambili malunga nokuhamba, inkqubela yezoqoqosho, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ungaquka amalungiselelo akhethekileyo malunga nemiqathango yezenkxaso yemali namatyala. Amatyala amaninzi afuna imvume yabavoti kwiintlobo ezithile zamaqhina okanye athintele ukuba lingakanani ityala elinokungeniswa ngurhulumente. Ezi zithintelo zomGaqo-siseko ziqinisekisa ukuba uxanduva lwemali lomthetho-siseko lo gama zisenza ukuba amazwe enze utyalo-mali oluyimfuneko.

Umthetho Wentsapho Nolwalamano Lwasekhaya

Umthetho wentsapho uhlala uphantsi ngokupheleleyo kwegunya lesizwe. Amazwe achaza iimfuno zomtshato, iinkqubo zoqhawulo-mtshato, imilinganiselo yokugcina umntwana, iinkqubo zokukhulisa umntwana, nemithetho yokufumana ilifa.

Irejista isebenzisa igunya layo lomgaqo-siseko ulungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo kumthetho wentsapho. Kufuneka ikhusele intlalo-ntle yabantwana ngoxa ihlonela amalungelo obuzali. Kufuneka ilungiselele iinkqubo ezilungeleleneyo zokuphelisa imitshato ngeli xesha ikhusela amaqabane omtshato asengozini. Kufuneka ikwazi ukukhulisa abantwana ngokuqinisekisa okona kulungileyo. Le nkqubo intsonkothileyo ibonisa amaxabiso nezona zinto zibalulekileyo.

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kuye kwahluka kakhulu kumthetho wentsapho, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ukulingana komtshato namalungelo abazali.

Imizekelo esebenzisekayo yesenzo somGaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Ukuqonda indlela oorhulumente abasebenzisa ngayo igunya lomgaqo - siseko kuyacaca ngemizekelo ecacileyo yezenzo zikarhulumente ezinceda abemi:

Uzalisekiso lomgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo

  • Ukumisela imithetho yemfundo enyanzelekileyo efuna abantwana baye esikolweni
  • Ukuyila iiprojekthi zemali ezihambisa ii-dola zemfundo karhulumente kwimimandla yesikolo
  • Ukumisela iziqinisekiso nemigangatho yemfundo ehambelana namalungiselelo emfundo
  • Ukunika abantwana abaneziphene iinkonzo ezikhethekileyo zemfundo
  • Iinkqubo zeyunivesithi nezoluntu ezisebenza
  • Ukunika abafundisi- ntsapho inkxaso-mali nokumisela imigaqo yoqeqesho

Amanyathelo Okuqalisa Empilo Kawonke - wonke

  • Ukufuna ukugonywa kwesikolo ukuze kuthintelwe ukuqhambuka kwezifo
  • Ukuhlola iivenkile zokutyela neendawo zokutya ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko
  • Ukulawula amaziko onyango kunye noku-asethi
  • Ukusebenza kwamasebe ezempilo karhulumente afuna ukuchanabeka kwaye asabela kwizifo
  • Ukuvalwa komsebenzi wokutshaya kwiindawo zikawonke wonke ukuze kukhuselwe impilo kawonke wonke
  • Ukulawula ukusasazwa kweziyobisi zonyango olugunyazisiweyo kunye nokujongwa kwe-opioid

Ukubuyiselwa kwezoqoqosho noqoqosho

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Ukuseka imithetho encinane yemivuzo engaphaya kweemfuno zikarhulumente
  • Ukulawula iinkampani ze-inshorensi ukukhusela abalawuli
  • Ukunyanzela imithetho yokukhusela abathengi kubuqhetseba nezenzo zokukhohlisa
  • Ubekelo lwemilinganiselo yokhuseleko emsebenzini ngeenkqubo zeOsha
  • Ukulawula izibonelelo-mali ukuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi uthembekile

Uphuhliso lwezibonelelo

  • Ukwakha nokugcina iinkqubo zoohola bendlela
  • Ulawulo lweenkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke kwimimandla yasedolophini
  • Ukulawula iipaki zikarhulumente neendawo zokuzonwabisa
  • Ukuphuhlisa ukubonelela ngamanzi kunye nezibonelelo zonyango
  • Ukwakhiwa nokusebenza kwezakhiwo zephondo
  • Ukuveliswa kwezibonelelo ezibanzi ze-asethi yokwandisa ukungena kwe-intanethi

Ulawulo Lwezobulungisa Lwezaphuli - mthetho

  • Ukuchaza amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho nokumisela isohlwayo phantsi komthetho wesizwe
  • Ukusebenza kweenkqubo zentolongo neendawo zokuvalela
  • Ukulawula uvavanyo neenkqubo zokuvalwa kwemiqathango
  • Ukubonelela ngenkxaso-mali yomthetho wasekuhlaleni
  • Ukumiswa kweenkundla zeziyobisi nezinye iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokugweba
  • Ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zokhuseleko loluntu kubamangalelwa abangomanyumnyezi

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo

  • Ulawulo lomoya namanzi ukukhusela impilo yoluntu
  • Ukulawula amahlathi, izilwanyana nendalo
  • Ukunyanzelisa imithetho yemekobume nxamnye nabangcolisi
  • Ukukhusela izilwanyana ezisengozini nendawo ehlala kuyo
  • Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba nokuphuhliswa kolawulo
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yolawulo lokuphinda kusetyenziswe

Indaleko Yamagunya Omgaqo - siseko Karhulumente

Ulwalamano phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente nelorhulumente luye lwaguquka ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekuhlaziyweni komGaqo-siseko. Ukuchazwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ngamandla karhulumente, ingakumbi malunga noClaus wezorhwebo kunye noLawulo lwe-145, kuye kwayila imida yegunya likarhulumente ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Kwibutho Labantu

Imbali yangaphambili yaseMerika yabona amandla karhulumente alinganiselweyo kunye negunya eliphangaleleyo. Amazwe asebenzisa ulawulo oluphangaleleyo kumgaqo wezoqoqosho, inkqubo yoluntu, namalungelo abantu. Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye neReconstationon yaphawula utshintsho olubalulekileyo, ngokuLamlelwa kweSimi sokuHlaziyiselwa kweMinyaka Elishumi Elinasine ekwakuthintelwa okutsha komthetho kwisenzo sorhulumente sokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Inkulungwane yamashumi amabini yazisa igunya lorhulumente elandayo, ingakumbi ngexesha leNew Deal kunye nombutho wamalungelo abantu. Umthetho wesizwe nezigqibo zenkundla zaya zimisela imilinganiselo yesizwe kwimimandla eshiyekileyo kumazwe. Noko ke, amazwe ahlala enegunya elibalulekileyo kwaye aqhubeka ekhonza njengabanikezeli abaphambili bemfundo, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, neenkonzo zentlalo.

Amashumi eminyaka akutshanje aye abona ingqalelo ehlaziyiweyo kwimigaqo yorhulumente kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo maxa wambi ziye zawalinganisela amandla karhulumente kunye negunya lorhulumente eliqinisiweyo, ngoxa kwezinye iimeko urhulumente ekhula ifikeleleka. Oku kuxinezeleka okuqhubekayo kubonisa imibuzo esisiseko ngokulungelelaniswa okufanelekileyo phakathi kobuzwe kunye nokwahluka-hlukene kwemibutho eMerika.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Kwigunya Likarhulumente

Urhulumente ujongene neengxaki ezintsha njengobugcisa, ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi, nokutshintsha kwentlalo kudala imiba enqamleza imida yemo yezulu. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, i-intanethi, ugcino-lwazi kunye nezifo ezimandundu, zonke ziphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ngaba ukusondela ngorhulumente kuyafaneleka kusini na okanye enoba kufuneka urhulumente athathe inyathelo.

Amazwe ayaqhubeka efumana izicombululo zenkqubo. Amanye amaphondo aye avelisa ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume, iinguqu zezonyango, uhlaziyo lolwaphulo-mthetho olunemithetho echaphazelekayo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho eyathi kamva yaphembelela inkqubo karhulumente okanye yamkelwa ngamanye amazwe. Olu vavanyo lubonisa ukuqina okuqhubekayo kwamaphondo njengeeklarejile zedemokhrasi.

Kwangaxeshanye, iimfazwe phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente nelorhulumente ziyaqhubeka. Ukungavisisani ngokugcinwa kwabantu bemitshato, ukugunyaziswa komjuxuzo, inkqubo yonyango, kunye nomthetho wemekobume kubonisa ingxalabo eqhubekayo ngokuphathelele umgangatho ofanele ulawule imimandla ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo. Le ngxabano idla ngokuphelela kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, ezimele zichaze amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko ukumisela ulwabeko olufanelekileyo lwegunya.

Iinkqubo zokuHlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe wahluka ngobude nangobungakanani kwaye ngokungafaniyo nomGaqo-siseko wesizwe, zibanzi kakhulu kumda kwaye zilungiswa rhoqo. Oku kutshintsha kuvumela iimeko ukuba zivumelane neemeko ezingundoqo kunye namaxabiso aguqukayo alula kakhulu kunenkqubo yokulungisa yesizwe.

Amazwe asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukulungisa umgaqo-siseko wawo. Amazwa amaninzi avumela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba icebise ukubuyiselwa, ngoko eya kubavoti ukuze bavunywe. Amazwe amaninzi avumela ukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko owenziwe ngobuchule, ukuvumela abavoti ukuba baphume ngokupheleleyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Amanye amaphondo agcina iindibano zexesha kwintlanganiso zomgaqo-siseko ziqwalasele uhlolo olubanzi.

Ukulula okuphakathi komgaqo-siseko karhulumente othelekisa nomgaqo-siseko wezwe ogqwethiweyo uneengenelo kunye nokungakhuseleki. Unceda oorhulumente baphendule ngokukhawuleza kwiingxaki ezintsha nezichaphazelo ezichanekileyo zomgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, kungakhokelela kwimiqathango egqugqisiweyo enokuthi ixoxwe kakuhle ngomthetho oqhelekileyo. Ubuninzi bokuzinziswa komthetho kuyahluka kakhulu phakathi koorhulumente, okubonisa izithethe ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika nezithethe zomgaqo-siseko.

Ukusebenzisana Kwamagunya Karhulumente Nokungavisisani

Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko wahlula amandla phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente, ulawulo olusebenzayo ludla ngokufuna intsebenziswano phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente. Iinkqubo ezininzi zikarhulumente zixhomekeke kumazwe ukuze zizalisekiswe, kuveliswe unxulumano oludibanisa inkxaso-mali nemigangatho karhulumente kunye nolawulo lwesizwe kunye nokubhetyebhetye.

Umanyano lwamaPhondo

I-Conipadism ichaza inyaniso yale mihla apho oorhulumente bezentlalo-ntle kunye norhulumente basebenza kunye ukucombulula iingxaki zomgaqo-nkqubo. Iinkqubo zomanyano zisoloko zinikela inkxaso-mali kumazwe aneemeko ezidityanisiweyo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho impembelelo kurhulumente kwimigaqo yolawulo lorhulumente ngoxa egcina igunya lokuzalisekisa urhulumente. Imizekelo iquka iMedicaid, inkxaso-mali esetyenziswa kwiinqanawa, inkxaso yemfundo, kunye neenkqubo zokusingqongileyo.

Le ndlela yentsebenziswano ivumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba aqhubeke neenjongo zesizwe ngoxa ebhekisele kwimisebenzi yesizwe eyahlukahlukeneyo kunye nolawulo. Noko ke, inkqubo yorhulumente esebenzisanayo ibangela ukuba kubekho ukuntsonkotha kwaye inokwenza kube nzima kubemi ukwazi ukuba ngowuphi umgangatho karhulumente obeke iziphumo ezithile.

Intsebenziswano yesigqeba

Kwakhona izivumelwano ziyasebenzisana ngezixhobo ezidityanisiweyo, izivumelwano ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nokusebenzisana okungacwangciswanga. Ii-interstate zivumela amazwe ukuba athethe ngeemeko zengingqi ezifana nokwabiwa kwamanzi, ucwangciso lwezithuthi, okanye ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo ezingoochwepheshe. Ezi zivumelwano zifuna ukuvunywa kwesivumelwano kodwa zinceda amazwe anokucombulula iingxaki ezinqamleza imida yesizwe ngaphandle komthetho-rhulumente.

Izixhobo zobuchule ezigunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kwabantu abakwilizwe elinye, ezivumela ukuhambelana nokuphumelela kwezoqoqosho. Imibutho yengingqi idibanisa iimeko ukuze zilungelelanise imibandela efana nokhuseleko lwemekobume, ulawulo longxamiseko, okanye inkqubela yezoqoqosho. Ezi nkqubo zentsebenziswano zibonisa ukuba ulawulo lukarhulumente alufuni kuthetha ukuba wodwa okanye ukungakwazi ukusingatha iingxaki zephondo.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye NgemiGaqo-siseko KaRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu, ngokufuthi unikela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo kunemfuneko yomGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Iinkundla zikarhulumente zichaza amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko ngokuzimeleyo, maxa wambi zifikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo kuneenkundla zikarhulumente ezitolika amalungiselelo afanayo.

Ingcaciso yomGaqo-siseko weSizwe esizimeleyo

Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe zisebenza njengeengcaciso zokugqibela zentsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko karhulumente. Xa zitolika amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente, iinkundla zikarhulumente zisenokukhangela kwisikhokelo sorhulumente kodwa zinganyanzelwanga yiso. Le nkululeko ivumela amazwe ukuba anikezele ukhuseleko olungakumbi lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye olusekelwe kwimibhalo yesizwe, kwimbali nakumaxabiso.

Umgaqo-siseko omninzi wesizwe uquka amalungelo angafumanekiyo kumGaqo-siseko wesizwe, njengamalungelo acacileyo obuqu, amalungelo emekobume, okanye amalungelo emfundo. Iinkundla zeli lizwe ziye zasebenzisa la malungiselelo ukuwisa imithetho karhulumente okanye zifuna inyathelo lorhulumente ngeendlela umthetho womGaqo-siseko wesizwe ongayi kugunyaziswa. Lo mthetho womgaqo-siseko wesizwe unika umaleko obalulekileyo wokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Imizekelo Yokukhusela Urhulumente Onyusiweyo

Amazwe aye asebenzisa umgaqo-siseko wawo ukulungiselela ukhuseleko olomeleleyo kwiindawo ezininzi. Ezinye iinkundla zeli lizwe ziye zawachaza amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko obuqu ukuze kukhuselwe amalungelo okuzala, uthintelwe ulawulo lukarhulumente, okanye kuthintelwe ukuqokelelwa kolwazi olungqongqo kunemfuneko yomthetho wesizwe.

Amalungiselelo okulingana komgaqo-siseko wesizwe aye achazwa njengokwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwiimpawu ezingachatshazelwanga yimfundiso yokhuseleko yorhulumente. Amalungiselelo olwaphulo-mthetho olusemthethweni karhulumente maxa wambi afuna ukhuseleko olomeleleyo kubamangalelwa kuneBhili yamaLungelo karhulumente. Ezi zikhuselwa zikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho-siseko njengemithombo ezimeleyo yamalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ikamva loLawulo loMgaqo-siseko kaRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko welizwe uza kuqhubeka uguquka njengoko iimeko zijamelene nocelomngeni olutsha namathuba amatsha. Ukuqhambuka kwemibandela efana nobukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ugcino-lwazi kunye nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kuya kuvavanya ukuba isiseko somgaqo-siseko esikhoyo sihlala sanele kusini na okanye sifuna ukulungiswa.

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwamandla karhulumente norhulumente luza kuhlala luphikiswa, neendawo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo ezibona ukutshintshana kwendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye imibandela zisenokufuna umanyano oluthe lwandiswa lulawulo oluthe lwaneemeko, ngoxa ezinye zingangenelwa kuvavanyo nokwahluka-hluka komthetho-siseko omiswe luHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine kunye nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe unika ulungelelwano olu hlengahlengiso luqhubekayo.

Umthetho womgaqo-siseko wesizwe ufuna ukuqwalaselwa kakhulu ngabemi, abaququzeleli bemithetho, nangabaphengululi. Nangona umthetho womGaqo-siseko wesizwe usoloko ulawula intetho yesidlangalala, umgaqo-siseko wesigqeba uchaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngeendlela ezinzulu. Ukuqonda indlela oorhulumente abasebenzisa ngayo igunya lomgaqo-siseko ekukhonzeni abemi kunceda abemi babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi yaye amagosa karhulumente amele aphendule.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho KomGaqo-siseko KaRhulumente

Urhulumente usebenzisa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe wabo ukuze bancede abemi ngeendlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa komgaqo-siseko wamandla phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente kudala inkqubo elungelelanisa umanyano lwesizwe nolwahluka-hluka lwasekuhlaleni, nto leyo eyenza ukuba kubekho imilinganiselo yesizwe efanayo kunye novavanyo lwamazwe.

Amagunya abuyisela oorhulumente bamazwe anceda ukulondoloza ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwabo norhulumente worhulumente. Kwakhona avumela inkululeko yokuzama iingcamango neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Esi sakhiwo somGaqo-siseko siye sangqineka siqinile kwaye sivumelana nemeko ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.

Ukusuka kwimfundo ukuya kwimpilo kawonke-wonke, ukusuka kwisigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kwizibonelelo, ukusuka ekukhuseleni imekobume ukuya kumgaqo wezoqoqosho, amagunya alawula ubomi babantu abahlala apho. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente ulungiselela isiseko sokulawula oku ngoxa ukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nokumisela igunya likarhulumente. Ukuqonda esi siseko somgaqo-siseko kunceda abemi baqonde indlela abasetyenziswa ngayo ngurhulumente nendlela abanokuyilawula ngayo inkqubo.

Ulwalamano phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente nelorhulumente luyaqhubeka luguquka, lubunjwa zisigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo, inkqubela yezopolitiko, kunye neenguqu zentlalo-ntle. Kodwa imigaqo esisiseko yomgaqo-siseko wolawulo lorhulumente kunye namagunya orhulumente abekelwe imvume ibalulekile kulawulo lwamaMerika. Oorhulumente bamarhulumente baza kuqhubeka besebenzisa igunya labo lomgaqo-siseko ukusingatha iimfuno nokhetho lwabantu babo abahlukahlukeneyo, besebenza njengeeklabhu zedemokhrasi kunye nabanikezi beenkonzo zikawonke wonke ababalulekileyo.

Ulwazi olungakumbi ngomthetho womgaqo-siseko kunye norhulumente, tyelela i- Consitution Ancodition ukusuka kwiThala leencwadi leeKhorasi okanye uphando lobuncwane kwiZiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe . Ukuqonda umgaqo-siseko wezwe wakho ubaluleke ngokufanayo, kunika ukufikelela kokubhaliweyo komgaqo-siseko nolwazi ngobume nolawulo lukarhulumente.