Isiseko somGaqo-siseko seziHlaliso zoMgaqo-siseko

Inkqubo yokulungisa isekelwe ngokunzulu kwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko weUnited States. Inqaku I lomGaqo-siseko linika iBhunga igunya lokwenza imithetho, kwaye inkqubo yokulungisa isebenza njengenkqubo yokucoca loo mithetho. Le nkqubo ibonisa ukuqonda kwabasebenzi bomthetho ukuba umthetho kufuneka ulungelelanise neemeko ezitshintshayo, iimfuno zikawonke-wonke, kunye nolwazi oluvelayo. Ukukwazi ukulungisa iindleko kwenza abenzi bomthetho bakwazi ukusabela kugcino-lwazi olutsha, inkxalabo yombiso, kunye nokuguqula amandla ezobupolitika ngaphandle kokuqalisa inkqubo yomthetho wokuyila.

Inkqubo yokulungisa ikwaquka umgaqo wokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano ngaphakathi kwisebe lowiso-mthetho ngokwalo. Indlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi esebenza phantsi kwemimiselo eyahlukeneyo yemithetho elawula ukulungiswa, enokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezahlukileyo kuxhomekeke kwigumbi eliqwalaselweyo. Oku kungafani kwemiqathango akuyiyo ngengozi; ibonisa uyilo lwamafashoni ukuqinisekisa ngokucokisekileyo nokukhusela izilangazelelo zobugqeba kwiinkqubo zowiso.

Ukuqonda Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Okunzulu

Utshintsho lumela okungaphezulu kunokutshintsha nje kwemali; sisixhobo socoselelo lwemithetho kunye nengxoxo yezobupolitika. Xa abenzi bomthetho becebisa utshintsho, bazama ukuphembelela isimo sokugqibela somgaqo-nkqubo. Iziphengululi zingasebenza imisebenzi emininzi ngexesha elinye: zingacacisa ulwimi oludidayo, zongezelele amalungiselelo amatsha, zisuse amacandelo angamkelekiyo, okanye zitshintshe lonke ikhondo lenkqubo lecandelo lomthetho.

Ukubaluleka kokulungisa kudlulela ngaphaya kwesiphumo sako sokwexeshana kwingxelo enye. Le nkqubo yokulungisa idala ingxelo yenjongo yomthetho ethi kamva iinkundla zidibane xa kutolikwa imimiselo. Xa isigqibo esithile samkelekile okanye salahliwe, inika ukuqonda oko abenzi bomthetho babenenjongo yokuwufeza umthetho. Oku kuchaza kwenza ukupheliswa kwenkqubo kubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ekumiseleni imbali ecacileyo yemithetho.

IziHlanziso zikwasebenza njengesixhobo sokuqinisekisa iimvakalelo zezobupolitika ngaphakathi kwiNgqungquthela. Iintlobo zokulungisa ezicetyiswayo, iingxoxo ezizibangelayo, kunye nemibutho ejikeleze zona ityhila iintambo kunye nezivumelwano phakathi kwamaqela. Ukuqwalasela inkqubo yokulungisa ngoko kunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kwimpembelelo yezobupolitika ebumba ulawulo lwamaMelika.

Inkqubo Yomgaqo Wokuhlaziywa

ISiseko seKomiti

Inkqubo yokulungisa iqala ngokunyanisekileyo xa ikomiti ifikelela kwimali. Iikomiti zilapho owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo nongacaciyo womthetho ukhoyo. Amalungu eKomiti, asoloko enobuchule obukhethekileyo kulo mbandela, ahlola umgca wemali ngomgca kwaye acebise utshintsho. Ezi zimo zomgangatho wekomiti zisoloko zingowona ulandelayo kuba anokuwubuyisela uxwebhu phambi kokuba afike kwigumbi elipheleleyo.

Izihlalo zekomiti zisebenzisa ulawulo olubalulekileyo ekuthi ngalo ukulungiswa kwemiqathango eqwalaselwayo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, izihlalo zingayila inkqubo yokulungisa iziphumo ezizodwa ukuze zibonise iziphumo ezizithandayo ngokulinganisela ixesha lengxoxo, ngokubeka phambili izinto ezithile ezitshintshiwe phezu kwabanye, okanye ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokulungisa ukunqanda iinguqu ezingafunwayo. Eli gunya lokugcina amasango lenza ukuba iindawo zokhokelo zekomiti zifuneke kakhulu kwaye zibe nentsingiselo yezobupolitika.

Ikomitana engaphantsi ingenza indima kwinkqubo yokulungisa. Kwiziqendu eziphambili zomthetho, amaqumrhu angaphantsi adla ngokuqhuba uhlolo lokuqala nokucebisa ukuhlaziywa phambi kokuba ikomiti epheleleyo ithathe ityala. Esi sakhiwo sekomiti sineziqu ezibini eziqulunqiweyo sivumela uvavanyo olunenkcukacha ezingakumbi kunye nokucocwa kolwimi lwemithetho.

Umiso lwempikiswano yefloor

Xa kuvela ityala kwikomiti, lisiya kumgangatho wegumbi ngalinye, apho kunokucetyiswa khona ukuhlaziywa komnye umgangatho. Imithetho elawula ukuhlaziywa komgangatho yahluka kakhulu phakathi kwendlu neNdlu yeeNdlu zeMali, ibonisa umlinganiselo nomgangatho owahlukileyo kunye nezithethe zamagumbi amabini.

Kwindlu yabameli, iKomiti yeMimiselo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuboneni ukuba ziziphi izilungisi eziza kuqwalaselwa phantsi. Imithetho yeKomiti ikhupha umthetho wemithetho engundoqo echaza iiparameters zengxoxo, kuquka ezo zishenxiso ziselulungelelwaneni. [ umthetho ovaliweyo uthintela naziphi na iziphelo, umthetho osisigxina ovaliweyo uvumela kuphela impempepho ekhethekileyo, kunye [[FLT:] nomthetho womthetho wolawulo ngaphaya kwenkqubo yokulawula. Ikomiti ivumela nayiphi na i-applement.

KwiNdlu yeeNgwevu, inkqubo yokulungisa idla ngokuthambeka. Abaququzeleli bangacebisa ukubuyiselwa kwetyala elininzi ngaphandle kwemvume yangaphambili, kwaye umqobo wokuqwalasela ukulungisa uphantsi. Noko ke, imithetho yeBhunga leNtlanga ikwavumela i-filibusters[, enokuthi ngokunempumelelo ithintele ukucingisiswa kwetyala ngaphandle kokuba ama-60 eemitha zokuvota ukuvulela ukuvuselelwa. Le nto ibangela ukuba kubekho ingqikelelo enzima apho ii-senatorss kufuneka zilungele ukulungelelanisa ummiselo kwazo nxamnye nemfuneko yokukhusela i-bipartistan ukukhusela inkxaso ebanzi ukuze zokosoyisa imiqobo.

Iindidi Zozinyuso Nohlalutyo Olwandisiweyo

IziHlaliso eziBanzi

Izilungisi ezingaphantsi zitshintsha umba ongundoqo wemali, ukutshintsha iziphumo zayo zenkqubo, ubungakanani, okanye iindlela zokuzalisekisa. Ezi zindululo zidala eyona ngxoxo iphambili ngenxa yokuba zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo oko umthetho uza kukufeza. Utshintsho olusezantsi lungatshintsha amanqanaba emali, lutshintshe imiqathango yokungaguquguquki kwinkqubo, okanye dibanisa ngokupheleleyo iimfuno zomthetho ezintsha. Abenzi bomthetho basebenzisa iziphelo ezisezantsi ukuphuhlisa inkqubo yabo nokuvavanya amandla ezobupolitika eengcamango eziphikisanayo.

IziHlaliso zoBuxhakaxhaka neziGcino-qhinga

Ulungiso lobuchule lulungisa iimpazamo ekulungiseni, ukungavisisani phakathi kwamacandelo, okanye ulwimi oludidayo olunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingacwangciswanga. Nangona kuncinci kuneziphumo ezitshayelelayo, utshintsho lobugcisa luyimfuneko ekuveliseni umthetho osebenza njengoko ucetyiwe. Igama elinye elilahlekileyo okanye isibhekiso esicacileyo singadala iminyaka yokucaciswa okanye ukudideka kolawulo. Abasebenzi bomthetho nabameli abanamavayo bavavanya ngenyameko iindleko zemibandela yobugcisa kunye nokuzicebisa ukuba zilungiswe ukuze zilungiswe phambi kwengxelo yokugqibela.

IziHluzi Zohambo Nemibutho Esetyenziswa Emoyeni

Ukulungisa okungahambelaniyo nokudibanisa ngokupheleleyo amalungiselelo okubhexa, ngokufuthi kusetyenziswa ubuchule bokudlula bomthetho othile ukuqhubela phambili ngenye indlela enzima kwimilinganiselo. Abakhweli banodumo olunzima kwezobupolitika zaseMelika. Kwesinye isandla, bangavumela ulalanisa ngokuvumela izinto ezininzi eziphambili ziqhubeke ngexesha elinye. Kwelinye icala, bangakujongela phantsi ukubonakala kwelinye icala nokuphendula ngokufihla amalungiselelo aphikiswayo ngaphakathi kwityala eliqhelekileyo. Uqheliso lokudibanisa abakhweli-hashela inqwelo-moya luye lwabangela imigudu yotshintsho kuwo omabini amagumbi, nangona lusaqhubeka luyinkqubo eqhelekileyo yemithetho yowiso-mthetho.

Inxulumene nabakhweli ziphawuli , ezixhasa ngokuthe ngqo iiprojekthi ezithile kwisithili okanye kwiphondo lelungu. Ngelixesha iibhanile zavalwa okwexeshana ngo-2020201 ngenxa yokuchitha imali eninzi, babuyiselwa kwi-2021 kunye neemfuno ezintsha zokubonisa. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi inkxaso yoncedo lwamabhastile kwinkxaso yomthetho kwaye banika amalungu umthi ekudluliseni iityala ezibanzi.

Izicombululo Eziphawulekayo Nezingena Esikhundleni

Utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lususa ulwimi olukhethekileyo kwimali yetyala, lungasusa onke amacandelo okanye iinkqubo. ukulwa nokulungisa kungacetyiswa ukususa ilungiselelo eliphikisayo elingekhoyo kwabaninzi, ngokunempumelelo linciphisa umlinganiselo womthetho. Indlela yonkqenkqeza phambili ingulo ye- esezantsi elungisayo [[, ethatha indawo yalo wonke umbhalo wetyala onentsebenziswano. I-mente etshintshayo iqala ngokunempumelelo inkqubo yomthetho ngokutsha, ngokufuthi ibonakalisa inkqubo eyahlukileyo.

Ukusetyenziswa Okufanelekileyo KweziHluzi

Abenzi bomthetho abanamava bayaqonda ukuba utshintsho lungafeza iinjongo ezicwangcisiweyo ngaphaya kokuphucula nje umthetho. IziHlaliso zingasetyenziswa ukubeka abachasi kwiimeko ezinzima zezobupolitika, zibanyanzelela ukuba bavote kwimilinganiselo edumileyo kodwa engahambelaniyo okanye bakhusele iindawo ezingathandwayo. Eli qhinga, maxa wambi libizwa ngokuba i-rama kwiBhunga, lingenza izinto zezobupolitika ezixhatshazwayo kukhetho olulandelayo.

IziHlaliso zikwasebenza njengezixhobo zokubonisa. Xa ilungu licebisa ukuba kulungiswe into engenamathuba asengqiqweni okudlula, lisenokuba lisebenzisa inkqubo yokulungisa ukunxibelelana nabantu abakhoyo, amaqela abantu abanomdla, okanye iinkokeli zeqela ezijongene nezinto eziza kuqala. Kwaneenguquko ezingaphumelelanga zinokuvelisa ukukhutshelwa kwejelo-ndaba, ukukhuthaza, nokuseka udumo lwelungu kwimbambano ethile.

Ixesha lokulungisa linokuba libalulekileyo. Izigwebo ezicetyiweyo ezicetyiweyo ekuqaleni kule nkqubo zingaphembelela indlela yengxoxo elandelayo, ngoxa utshintsho olucetyisiweyo oluthe lwapheliswa emva kwexesha lunganyanzela ukuba kwenziwe izigqibo ngokungxama ngokuqwalasela okulinganiselweyo. Abenzi bomthetho kufuneka baqwalasele ngenyameko xa befuna ukuzisa izindululo ukuze bavakalise amathuba abo okuphumelela nokufikelela iinjongo zabo ezibanzi zobupolitika.

Indima yeeKomiti ZeNgqungquthela

Xa iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemali enye, kuhlanganiswa ikomiti yenkomfa ukuxolelanisa oku. Iikomiti zeNgqungquthela zidlala indima eyodwa kwinkqubo yokulungisa ngenxa yokuba zingenza ngokuphumelelayo uguqulelo olutsha lomthetho oludibanisa amalungu akwiindleko zombini. Ingxelo yekomiti yenkomfa mayivunywe ngawo omabini amagumbi, kodwa ayinakuguqulwa phantsi. Oku kunika iikomiti zenkomfa amandla amakhulu ukubumba uhlobo lokugqibela lomthetho.

Iikomiti zenkomfa zibunjwe ngamalungu amakhulu akwikomiti ezifanelekileyo zombini kumagumbi. La malungu athethana ngasemva kweminyango evaliweyo, avumela urhwebo kunye nokufumana ulwahlulo olunokuthi lulawule inkxaso yoninzi kwiNdlu neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Le ngxelo ilandelayo imela unxulumano oluchubekileyo lwezopolitiko olunokunzima ukutyhilwa, nto leyo ebangela ukuba iingxelo zenkomfa zingafane zoyiswe xa zifike kumgangatho.

Impembelelo YeziHlomelo Kwabaphangi Abahlukahlukeneyo

Amaqela Anomdla Nabaphangi

Amaqela anomdla ayiqwalasela ngokusondeleyo inkqubo yokulungisa ngenxa yokuba utshintsho lungachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo iingenelo okanye umthwalo amalungu awo awufumanayo. Amaqela afumana iinkonzo aqesha abangenisi abahlakulela unxulumano nabasebenzi bekomiti kunye namalungu ukuphembelela ukulungisiswa nokuvota. La maqela anganikezela ngolwimi lokulungisa idrafti, uhlalutyo olusemthethweni, kunye nophando lokuxhasa iindawo zawo. Le nkqubo yokulungisa iprojekthi iba yindawo engundoqo kukhuphiswano lwenzala nempembelelo yeqela.

Imibutho ekusingqongileyo, amaqumrhu oshishino, amaqumrhu okusebenza, namaqela okulungisa amaqela okusebenza, onke abandakanyeka kwinkqubo yokulungisa iingcinga zawo. Ubuchule bokulondoloza iziphumo ezintle okanye izithintelo ezingalunganga ngumlinganiselo oyintloko wokuphumelela kweqela lenzala. Amaqela enzala aphumeleleyo ayayiqonda indlela ecacileyo yokulungisa inkqubo aze afake imali ngokufanelekileyo kwimibutho yawo yemithetho-siseko.

Izicelo zesebe elilawulayo

Amasebe asebenza ngomanyano aza kuzalisekisa umthetho anomdla onzulu kwinkqubo yokulungisa. Amagosa e-arhente anganikela uncedo lobugcisa kwiikomiti zombutho achaze inkxalabo ngamalungiselelo anzima okanye angenakukwazi ukuzalisekisa. Izindululo ezicacisa igunya lombutho, ezinika inkxaso eyaneleyo, okanye ezimisela imiqathango yexesha elifanelekileyo zingabuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ubuchule bombutho bokufeza iimbopheleleko zawo zomthetho.

Isebe eliphetheyo likwasebenzisa inkqubo yokulungisa ukuphuhlisa izinto eziza kuqala kumongameli. I-ofisi yeHouse yeMicimbi yoMgaqo-siseko eququzelelana namaqumrhu ahlangeneyo ukucebisa utshintsho oluvumelana nocwangciso lomongameli. Inkxaso yomongameli okanye inkcaso kwiintshayelelo ezithile zingaguqula ukuvota nokubumba okuqulethwe ngumthetho.

Uhlolisiso LweziHlaliso Ezinempembelelo Kwinkcukacha

UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964

UMthetho waMalungelo ka-1942 wafumana utshintsho oluninzi ngexesha lohambo lwawo kwiBhunga. Olona lwaziwayo yayiyiDirksen Amendment, eyatshintsha isiHloko VII ukucacisa ukuba abaqeshi banokusebenzisa ubuchule obucetyiweyo logama nje bengakhange bacetyiswe okanye basetyenziswe ukucalula. Olu tshintsho lwanceda ukukhusela inkxaso ye-Senevator Everett Dirksen kunye nezinye iiRepublicans, ekugqibeleni enika amavoti afunekayo ukuze kwaphulwe i-filbu emazantsi e-mgane. Inkqubo yokulungisa lo mthetho ibonisa indlela iinguqulelo ezijolisekileyo ezinokubonisa ngayo ukuba zinokwenziwa kombutho obanzi omele ukuvalwa komthetho womthetho womthetho.

UMthetho weNtolongo oNgamandla ka-2010

Umthetho we-Affordible Care Act wabunjwa ngamakhulu eemeko ngexesha lohambo lwawo olude lomthetho. Nangona umzekelo ophawulekayo wawunguMmiselo woMkhosi woLawulo [[FLT: 0], owaphulwa nguSenator Ben Nelson of Nebraska, owanika inkxaso-mali eyongezelelekileyo yesizwe yooMasipala eyandisiweyo noMedicaid. Nangona amalungiselelo athile eNebraska kamva ahlaziywa ngenxa yokukhala kukawonke wonke, inkqubo yokulungisa yayibalulekile ekukhuseleni amavoti angamashumi amathandathu eenjongo eentloko eentloko eenqanawa. I-AA ikwabonisa indlela inkqubo yoxolelwano esetyenziswa ngayo ukwenza uqingqo-mali oluneyo nolwando oluqhelekileyo, ukuvala i-Rocester ngokupheleleyo ukwenzela amalungiselelo athile.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yeNkxaso

ISikethi serhafu neMisebenzi zadluliselwa ngenkqubo yohlaziyo yohlaziyo, ekwakupheliswe kuyo iziphumo zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali. Oku kuthintela ukutshintshwa kwenkqubo yokulungisa iprojekthi ngokuphawulekayo, ukukhusela utshintsho lwenkqubo engadityaniswayo ekubeni idityaniswe kwityala. Abaququzeleli bobabini bacetyiswe ukulungiswa kwentengiso yerhafu, ukutshintsha uhlaziyo, nokutshintsha ukuphathwa kwamaqela ahlukeneyo eshishinini.

Ucelomngeni Nezindululo Zokuguqula Izinto

Ukwanda kweNdlela yokuHlahlela

Ukukhula kobuhlanga kuyenze inkqubo yokulungisa ingxabano yaza yangabi namveliso. Kwixesha lokuvota okumanyeneyo, ukulungisa okuya kuba yi-bipartisan ngoku kusoloko kulahlwa kwimida yeqela. Oku kunciphisa amathuba okulalanisa ukuba inkqubo yokulungisa yenzelwe ukwenza kube lula.

Isakhiwo

Ukusetyenziswa okunyusiweyo kobuchule bokuvala ukulungiswa kwemiqathango kuye kwaphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokucingisiswa kwedemokhrasi. KwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi, imfuno yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso ifuna ngokunempumelelo amavoti angamashumi amathandathu ukuze kuqhubeke umthetho, inciphisa intshukumisa yokuba iqela elininzi licinge ngotshintsho lweqela elincinane. EHouse, iKomiti yeMimiselo idla ngokuvala okanye ilungise imithetho evaliweyo elinganisela ukupheliswa kokuzinziswa kwemiqathango ephantsi.

Izindululo Zokutshintsha

Izindululo zotshintsho eziliqela zijolise injongo yokubuyisela inkqubo yokulungisa umsebenzi wesohlwayo. Abanye bathethelela ukubuyela ekuvuleni imithetho yokulungisa kwindlu njengomsebenzi ongagqibekanga. Abanye bacebisa ukuguqula iNdlu ye-Canten filbuster ukuba ifune i-nerialbuster ethethayo, enokuthi ivumele ukulungiswa kuqwalaselwe ngexesha abambalwa beqhubeka bephikisana. Kodwa abanye bacebisa ukuseka inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokulungisa nokuqwalasela. Ezi nguqulelo zijongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo yezopolitiko, kodwa zibonakalisa inkxalabo eqhubekayo ngempilo yenkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yokulungisa ingumsebenzi obalulekileyo wokubumba umthetho kwiKhomishini yaseUnited States. Kunokuba ibe yingcaciso yobugcisa, ukukwazi ukucebisa nokuthatha imiyalelo ngokusisiseko kuchaphazela oko kumiselwa kwemithetho nendlela esebenza ngayo. Ukuqonda inkqubo yokulungisa kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuphembelela umthetho okanye ofuna ukuqonda indlela ulawulo lwaseMelika olusebenza ngayo ngokwenene.

Inkqubo yokulungisa iquka amaxabiso edemokhrasi okucinga, ukulalanisa, nokusabela kulwazi olutsha. Xa lusebenza ngokunempumelelo, luvumela ukuba kuviwe amazwi ahlukeneyo aviwe kwaye kukhuphiswane nezilangazelelo ezidityanisiweyo. Xa luthintelwe okanye lusetyenziswa, lunganciphisa ukuphendula kwedemokhrasi kunye nokuvelisa umthetho ongakuncedisiyo uluntu.

Kubafundi, abafundisi, nakubemi abatshayelela, ukuqonda indlela ukulungisa okuchaphazela ngayo inkqubo yowiso-mthetho asiyonkqubo nje yemfundo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba nenxaxheba ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi. Le nkqubo yokulungisa inika iinkalo ezininzi zokufikelela kwabo banqwenela ukubumba inkqubo kawonke-wonke, kwaye ukuqonda abaququzeleli bayo linyathelo lokuqala ekuyisebenziseni ngokunempumelelo. Njengoko iingxaki ezijongene nedemokhrasi yaseMelika zinokuqhubeka zisenza indima engundoqo ekuboneni indlela abasebenzi bemithetho abasabela ngayo kwiimfuno zohlanga.