ICataly Engabonwayo: Indlela Izilingo Zomcimbi Ezawaguqula Ngayo Amalungelo Abantu

Xa abachopheli-mvo abaqhelekileyo bebuyisela isigqibo, yenza okungaphezulu kunokusombulula impikiswano enye −it ithumela umqondiso ovakalayo kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho, kwii-odonga, nakwienkundla zexesha elizayo. Unxulumano phakathi kweetyala labachopheli-tyala kunye nophuhliso lomthetho wamalungelo abantu lusoloko lungahoywa. Ngokuguqulela imvakalelo kawonke-wonke kwiziphumo eziqinileyo ezisemthethweni, izigwebo zabagwebi ziye zanyanzelela abenzi bomthetho ukuba bafake intelekelelo enokuba ngenye into engachazwanga. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindlela eziphembelela ngazo ityala lokukhusela abathengi, lihlola imibambo ecacisa iimeko ezingomthetho, kwaye liqwalasela imidlalo eqhubekayo phakathi kwemimiselo yezezomthetho nezenzo zomthetho.

Inkonzo Yabemi Njengendlela Yolawulo - melo Elawula Amandla ECorpotetic

UHlomelo lweSebethi kwiSigqibo soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. luqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchophela amatyala abachopheli-tyala ababandakanya ii-dola ezingama-20. Oku kukhusela kwenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba abemi, kungekhona nje abagwebi okanye abagwebi, baya kuba nelizwi kwimpikiswano echaphazela ubomi babo. Kubathengi, iijaji zisebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola ukuqhathwa kwenkampani. Xa inkampani ithengisa imveliso enesiphene, igqwetha amagama aqinisekisiweyo, okanye ibandakanye nokusebenzisa isigwebo sokukhohlisa, isigwebo sejajingameli sisenokubhenela izenzo ezinokuthi abagwebi bangayiboni. Ubunzima bezengqondo besigqibo siquke iziphumo zemali eziqulukileyo.

Ukusuka Kwisigwebo Somthetho: Iseti yePati yeNtlobano Esemthethweni

Izigqibo zikaJury azizenzekeli ngokuzenzekelayo zidala imimiselo emitsha, kodwa zingenisa intsabelo enamandla. Izigqibo eziphezulu ze-profile zitsala inkcazo ye-media, zivelisa intetho kawonke-wonke, zize zivelise uxinzelelo lwezopolitiko. Abenzi bomthetho, abalangazelela ukuphendula amatyala abandakanya imigaqo efakwe kwezo zigqibo. Umzekelo, umgwebi wejaji unikela impepho yenkxwa-mstyha yezeemvakalelo ebangelwa yimveliso ephilileyo, inyusa abalawuli bokwenza isiqinisekiso sokhuseleko oluchaziweyo. Le nkqubo ayithathi rhoqo ithatha iminyaka j. Kodwa umlinganiselo uyaguquguquka: izigwebo zemingqbo zisebenza njengenkalo kwibhobho yebho yebho enziwe ngamalahle ngenxa yesenzo somthetho-credigni.

Enye indlela engundoqo yindima yomonakalo webhayisekile. Umzekelo, emva komonakalo wetyala we-lib levy puartrio wokohlwaya ukuziphatha okubi kwaye uthintela umonakalo wexesha elizayo. Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U. ibeke imida yesiseko somgaqo-siseko kumonakalo webhaso, isigqibo esithe ngqo sisenokuthumela ii-scanwaves kushishino lorhwebo. Umzekelo, emva kokuba ijaji yetyala inike ii-$4.9 zewaka lezigidi zezigidi zemali kwimposiso nxamnye neenkampani zecuba [FLT] inyathelo leklasi yenkonzo, ithi, ukuphunyezwa okukhawulezayo kwemiqatha yemiqathango yokubhengeza nokukhupha intengiso. Isigwebo. Isigqibo asizange sinikezele umthetho ngqo, kodwa salungiselela amandla epolitiki efunekayo ukuphelisa ushishino lweshishini.

Isifundo Setyala: IFord Pinto Nemfundiso Yokuyila

Kwiminyaka yee-1970, ityala leFord Pinto laba yindawo yokuguqula ukhuseleko lwabathengi. Emva kokuba inkundla yabachopheli-mthetho inike i-R225 lezigidi zemali ehlawulwayo (kamva elincitshisiweyo) ixhoba elitshayo iPito elithe laqhushumbisa ngenxa yoyilo lwetanki yepetroli, isigqibo esibhenqweyo seFord's bebenefice eyabeka ixabiso eliphantsi kubomi babantu. Isikhalo sasembutho sakhokelela kwiNational Highway Savement Savery Savery Savement Ad Administration ukunikezela ngemilinganiselo engqongqo yokhuseleko, kwaye iinkundla zikarhulumente zaqalisa ukwamkela iingcamango ezinamandla zentengoleko zemveliso. Nangona ekugqibeleni isigqibo sejaji yejaji yaluneli yatshintshwa kwisibheno setyala semali, impembelelo kumgaqo somthetho olandelayo, kuquka nemithetho yenqwelo-mafutha eyomeleleyo yokukhusela, iyaphicophelela.

Imbali Ehamba Ngamatye: Iimvavanyo Ezazakha Umthetho Wabangcamli

Ukuze uqonde ngokupheleleyo impembelelo yabachopheli-tyala, kubalulekile ukuhlolisisa imbali. Izigwebo eziliqela zejaji zenkulungwane yama-20 zalungisa indlela engqalileyo yomthetho wamalungelo abalaseleyo.

Ekuqaleni Kwenkulungwane Yama - 20: Ukungathembani Nokufumana Imali Entle

Phambi koMthetho weKhomishoni yeFederal Trade Commission ka-1914, abathengi baxhomekeke kakhulu kumthetho oqhelekileyo kunye netyala labachopheli-tyala lokuvavanya ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo. Kwimeko ezifana ne-Elct Model Co. of New Jersey v. United States [11], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ityala elithintelayo lokulwa kwetyala emva kokuba inkundla yenkundla esezantsi ibhence ikhohla inteli yenkampani exhaphazayo kunye nezenzo zorhwebo. Usasazo ezingqongelwano zejaji zalel'intekotho zaqinisekisa ukuba ikhomyuziyamyuziyamyuziyamvo zifuna ukukhusela abathengi kwiindlela ezingekho ngqiqwenileyo. Ngalo ndlela, i-FTC Act yazalwa, ikhupha i-Codest Trentel Comment igunyativel yokhuseleko lorhwebo.

IXesha lasemva kwemfazwe: Ukwanda Kwezixhobo Ezisetyenziswayo

Ngexesha lee-1950 kunye nee-1960, izigqibo zabagwebi kwityala lesiqinisekiso, isalathisi sowiso-mthetho satyhala iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ukuba zamkele i-UNIX commercial Code (UCC) kumacandelo achaziweyo. Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motor[ [1960]), i-New Jersey i-comgamgamfa yomonakalo kwi-mfatho owenziwe kakubi ngoluhlu loqhutyo olunesiphene, ukugatya komkeli we-okthamslayidis. Uqikelelo lwe-qhinga lokuchophela. "Uqikelelo lwaba abathengi abanako ukuthelekisa ukhuseleko olungundoqo ku-2010) (1960) (1960), i-14), echaza ukuba i-omatisi-omatisi-osi-osi-mali yangoku.

Iminyaka yee-1980: Izibhengezo zobuxoki noMthetho weLanham

Izibhengezo zobuxoki phantsi komThetho weLanham zathintelwa ngokwesithethe ngemithetho engqongqo. Noko ke, izigqibo eziphakathi kwabachopheli-tyala eziziswa ngabakhuphinana abancinci . njenga PPX Enterperises v. Ukhuselo lwesandi-luvo [] oluxhomiswe kukunganyaniseki kokuthi ukubhengeza okukhohlisayo kwenzakalisayo kungekuphela nje kuphela kwezorhwebo kodwa kwanezoshishino ezinyanisekileyo. Iinkundla zandisa ukuma okuthe , yaye ekugqibeleni iBhunga lathi vumela nawuphi na umntu okholelwa ukuba lonakelelwe zizibhengezo zobuxoki zokugweba ukukhombisa ukukhohlakala. Olu lwandisa luxhomekeke kwizigwebo ezibonisa umonakalo wokwenene wehlabathi lokuzingxenga.

Umatshini Wanamhlanje: Izenzo Zodidi Nomonakalo

Kwisibhengezo somthengi sangoku, iimpawu ezimbini zenkqubo yokuchophela ityala zinempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo: inkqubo yeklasi kunye namandla okufumana imposiso. Zombini zenza izihlomelo zokukhuthaza abathengi ukuba balandele iintelekelelo ezinokuthi ngandlel ’ ithile zibe zincinci kakhulu okanye zibe nexabiso elininzi, kwaye zombini zivelisa izigwebo ezixhokonxa uphengululo lwemithetho.

Iintshukumo Zodidi Nomonakalo Owenziweyo

Uvavanyo lwe Jury kwizenzo zodidi luvumela iqela labameli babathengi ukuba linike ubungqina bomonakalo osasazekileyo. Umzekelo, Brown & Williamson umsebenzi wodidi ngo-1990 ubandakanya amawaka entshayi ezimawaka ezi nkampani ezibunzileyo eziye zathi zathi zathi zathi zathi shwaka ngokukhohlisa ngokusasaza malunga "nolundi". Isigqibo esichasene nenkampani asizange sinikeze intlawulo kuphela kodwa sinyanzele iBhunga elikhuthaza igunya leFRAP kwimveliso yecuba phantsi koMthetho wokuKhutha Nokulawula Icuba Kwentsapho ka-2009. Izinto ezifunyenwe ngabachongi ngolwazi olunembayo malunga nobuxoki ngenkampani kunye nenkohliso zaziluncedo ekwakheni ulwa komthetho.

Kutshanje, kwire: Volkswagen "Izinzo Ezicocekileyo" Urhwebo, Ukuthengisa, kunye nemveliso zeLiterable Litigation zabona amajaji kwizigqibo ezininzi ze-ligings ezifak' isandla kwimida karhulumente kunye nemigangatho yokhupho olunamandla. Ngelixesha ekugqibeleni elityala lizinzile amawaka ezigidi, indima yejaji ekumiseni ityala linika isikhokelo somthetho wokhuseleko lwendawo engqongileyo kwizixhobo zokoyisa.

Umonakalo Obangelwa Kukuzenza Ube Ngumqondiso

Umonakalo wetyala sisixhobo esinamandla kakhulu kugcino lwamalungelo abathengi. Ngenxa yokuba iijaji zisoloko zingaphazanyiswa luhlalutyo lobugcisa, zingabonisa ucaphulo lwesimilo ngemali engaphaya kwelahleko ye-compansi. Nangona iinkundla ze-applatte zinokubhukuqa okanye zinciphise iimpendulo ezinkulu, amathuba nje emikhosi yezolawulo lwemali eninzi exhobisa ukhuseleko lwabathengi. Umzekelo, i- i-Liebeck v. McDonald’s Restautaunts[[ [184])) ityala elingunyaka eli-2010) xa kunikwa i-Rhofu ye-av etshayo eshushu.

Ikhonkco langaphandle kunye nohlalutyo

Ukuhlahlela ngokubhekele phaya unxibelelwano phakathi kwamaqumrhu eejaji nomthetho wamalungelo abantu, abafundi basenokujonga ezi zinto zilandelayo:

Ukugxekwa Nemida: Xa Abenzi Bomthetho Abalahlekisayo

Kungaba yimpazamo ukuthatha abachopheli-mthethweni njengendlela engasilelekiyo yokulawula. I Juries ibunjwe ngabantu abangengobasemthethweni abanokulwa nobungqina obuntsonkothileyo benzululwazi, abaphenjelelwa yigqwetha elingumagqwetha, okanye izalatha-cala ezichasene neenkampani zasemanxwemeni. Ezinye izigqibo eziphezulu zipheliswe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwenkundla yetyala ngokugqithisileyo kungabangela ukukhuselwa kwemithetho ekwaphula umthetho okuthi ngokwenene kunciphise ukukhuselwa kwabathengi. Umzekelo, emva komonakalo omkhulu womonakalo kwimibutho elawulayo, iimpepho ezigqithiseleyo ezigqithe iSihlalo somthetho sobucala uLitig, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba abaxhasi bazise izenzo zokuqhatha kwemisho. Intengo yemiqatha ephikisa le nkampani ekhomba iimpambo ezingekho mthethweni.

Ingxaki Yenzululwazi Engekhoyo

Olunye umlinganiselo yi-"flight i-"FLT" iziphumo zesigqibo. Kwiimeko ezibandakanya izifo ezinqabileyo okanye imichiza entsonkothileyo, izijunga zingasekela izigqibo zazo kubungqina obungangqinelaniyo nemilinganiselo yenzululwazi engqongqo. Ngoxa abagwebi besebenza njengabagcini-sango phantsi Idaubert[ imilinganiselo ethanda ukuphoxeka, ezinye izingxengxengxezo ezithiweyo ezifikelela kwijaji ezikhoyo. Ukuba ijaji yejaji iziphumo ezisekelwe kubungqina obubuthathaka obunentsingiselo yenzululwazi, abanokuziva benyanzeleka ukuba basebenzise imimiselo engaxhaswangaxhaswanga nzululwazi, ekhokelela kwimithetho eyingozi okanye eyingozi kubathengi. Umzekelo, ezinye imeko zifuna izilumkiso kwimveliso ezifunyanwa ngumhlaza obangela ukuba kugxekwe "owe-way'injini ye-yo" eluncedo kunxibelelwano lonxibelelwano.

Iimvavanyo Zethu, Ezezorhwebo Nezokulahlekiswa Kweembono Zabantu

Ngapha koko, iinkundla zejaji ziphembelela inkundla yoluvo lukawonke-wonke. Ukuchotshelwa kwamajelo eendaba kufaka amabali abantu abachaphazelekayo, bebeka ubuso bomntu kwiimeko ezingekho semthethweni. Liebeck[ ityala, idla ngokugculelwa njengemeko "Ityala lekofu yekofu yeMcDalid," enyanisweni ityhile ukuba uMcDald's wamkela izikhalazo zokutsha ezingaphezulu kwama-700 ngaphambi kokuba zingaphumeleli ukulungisa iqondo lobushushu bayo. Iindaba zokuvavanyathiswa zitshintshe iimbono zikawonke-okthathi zemali zemali ze-mali epholileyo kwaye zikhokelele ekuqondeni okucacileyo kobugcinezelo lwezentengo yoluntu. Oku kuguqulo, ukuguqula oku, ukuguquka komvo, ukuguquka kokusingela kwimeko yolungiso lwe-gnognognognogconsho "zinziwa-od" ezifunekayo ngokokutyiwayoku.

I-computer Consumer Answers Act (CPA) iqhutyelwa phambili ngokwezityhilo ezikhawulezileyo ezinxulumene nenkundla yetyala lekomiti elawula ii-data zezobugcisa ezikhohliweyo isenokubangela amaphulo okunyanzelisa abenzi bemithetho kwi-intanethi ukuba bazise amatyala obuqu. I-California Consumer Answery Act (CPA) yaphenjelelwa ngokwemo-mbox kwiinkundla zokuchophela iimfa kunye nee ndawo ezinxulumene nokuyila kwe-data kaFacebook. Ngoxa iCPA iyincwadi yenyaniso eyakhiwa ngamangqina asebenza kwinkundla yamatyala, yaza kufumana isiseko esicacileyo solungiselelo sayo.

Ikamva: Iintsana Kumhlaba Omiyo Wamanani

Njengoko iimarike zabathengi ziguquka zibe yinkqubo yezendalo, iza kuqhubeka zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Iingxaki ezifana ne-algorithmic cription, intengiso yempembelelo, kunye neentlobo ezimnyama ezikhoyo zemibuzo yenkohliso efuneka ivavanywe ngabachopheli-mthetho. Ukuvavanywa kwetyala kwakutshanje kwiinkampani ngokuzibhalisa abathengi kwiiplani ezibiza imali eninzi zokuzibophelela kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni amagqwetha jikelele ajonge ukulwa nomthetho wokulwa nokhuselo lwe-tribitle. IKhomishoni yeFederal Trade icarence icagorics ibonise oko kufunyaniswe kuyo ekuthengiseni kwayo okungalunganga. Olu nxulumano lwamatyala lubonisa ukuba kwanakwisizukulwana sogcino-data olukhulu, ijaji ephantsi kwetyala ihlala ibalulekile xa kuthengwa.

Imigangatho ephefumlelweyo yokwamkelwa koMthetho

Imimiselo emininzi yanamhlanje yokukhusela abathengi iquka ngokucacileyo imilinganiselo ethathwe kuqheliselo lwejaji. Inyaniso kuMthetho weLinding (TILA) ifuna ukutyhilwa okucacileyo kwexabiso lenzala kunye nentlawulo .⁠Aya kusabela kwizigqibo zabachopheli-tyala ezibolekisayo ezibekelwe ityala elifihliweyo. Kuzo zombini, umbhalo we-Gagnoson-Mosson Warranty Act wabhaliswa emva kokuchotshelwa kolwazi oluninzi olwaluquka ubungqina obusuka kumagqwetha athetha ngezahlulelo apho abathengi babeshiywe ngaphandle kokufumana isichatho se-acconsolayi. Kuzo zozibini, umbhalo we-wiscsss ubonakalisa imigwebo yemiso-zi.

Isiphelo

Iimvavanyo ze Jury zingaphezulu kakhulu kuneenkqubo zokulungisa impikiswano; zizixhobo zedemokhrasi ezifaka imilinganiselo yoluntu kwimithetho. Ngokunika izigqibo ezibalaselisa izithuba kukhuseleko lwabathengi, ezibangela ukuphaphamisa, kwaye zifake iziphumo zemali ezinentsingiselo kubenzi bomthetho, izigwebo ngokuphindaphindiweyo zinika uvutho-zinzo lotshintsho lwezomthetho. Ingxelo yembali ````Act''' kumthetho wesiqinisekiso somthetho wesiqinisekiso se-FTC kumthetho wesigunyazo zonke iimveliso zecuba elikukhusela , -- iidemon ezithis ezithe tyathanga umthetho othe qho umva umva umva waso kwigumbi labachotho-jaji. Ngexesha eliqhelekileyo, ukurhwantsalela amalungelo eencwadi.