Kwiziphakamiso eziphezulu zamaphulo ezobupolitika, mambalwa amaqhinga aqondwa kakubi okanye afihlwa ngabom njengokhupho. Ngokungafaniyo nohlolo lukawonke-wonke olulungiselelwe ukulinganisa ukuvakala, ukunyanzela uphando luyilwe ngezixhobo zempembelelo, luyilwe ukukhuthaza abavoti kwisigqibo esimiselwe kwangaphambili kunokuqokelela ugcino-lwazi olunyanisekileyo. Abenzi bemkipitali abasebenzisa ezo zinto ngokurhwebelana ngengqondo ngokufihlakeleyo: bakhetha iimpendulo, ulwimi, kwaye bakhethe ukuba zeziphi izibakala ezikhoyo ngobuchule botyando. Isiphumo sisixhobo sonxibelelwano esivakalelwa njengophando kodwa sisebenza njengengxoxo ejongiweyo. Ukuqonda indlela ezi ziincukuyila ezi zinto ezityhila ngayo kungekuphela kwezo zobuchule bokusebenza kwezopolitiko kodwa kwaneengqondo kodwa kwaneendlela yokuguqula ulwazi lomatshini.

Eli nqaku likhupha iingcaphephe ezithile zobugcisa ezisebenzisa ukukhupha iimpendulo ezinqwenelekayo ngokhuhlo olunyanzelwayo, ukuhlolisisa imida yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha neyomthetho abayisebenzisayo, kwaye linika icebiso elisebenzayo kubavoti abafuna ukuyiqonda xa bebuzwa/okanye betyhafiswa. Ukuba usebenza kumaphulo, ufunda unxibelelwano lwezopolitiko, okanye ufuna nje ukuba ngummi onolwazi ongakumbi, ukwazi indlela umsebenzi wokuphembelela ocetyiweyo oyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuqonda unyulo lwale mihla.

Indima Efanelekileyo Yokutyhala Kumaphulo Anamhlanje

Umahluko Kwindawo Engcolileyo Esemthethweni

Iinjongo zovotelo lokwenene zokulinganisa uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngokuchanekileyo usebenzisa amagama ombuzo, umzekelo ongenakuthelekiswa, kunye nemigangatho engqongqo yendlela yokwenza izinto. Iintlangano ezifana ne- American Association for Public Vontany Preference Research (]] APOR) imigaqo yobuchule yokuqinisekisa uphando olubonisa isimo sengqondo sokwenyaniso. Uphotho loxilongo, ngokwahlukileyo, lwenzelwe ukulinganisa. Abamkeli banokuphendula oko bakukholelwayo ukuba kungumbuzo ongathathi cala-th, kodwa umbuzo ngokwawo uyisi sisi sithuthozo esingalunganga okanye isityholo esingalunganga. Umahluko: ukukhusela ngokufanelekileyo ukuthembeka kwe-data; ukurhoxaxa-o-o-goqo.

Izinto Eziqhelekileyo

Amagcisa enkamlo alungiselela uhlolo olunyanzelwayo ukufikelela iinjongo eziliqela:

  • Yiza i-ankile yodumo lotshaba [ - ngokungenisa ulwazi olungachananga okanye ngokuzinxulumanisa kwizithuba ezingathandwayo (umz., “Uyazi ukuba u-X uvote izihlandlo ezithathu?).
  • Unyanzelisa umfanekiso osebenzayo - ngokulayishela umtshayelelo wabo njengokuphela kwesigqibo esisengqiqweni kumbandela (umz., “Ngaba uyayixhasa imigudu ka-Y yokunciphisa iirhafu zempahla?”).
  • Uxinzelelo lujika-jikayo-------------------mxhasi wotshaba uziva edidekile okanye ukuba ugqatso sele lugqitywe (umz., “Iingcali ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba iChondate Z ayinathuba-ukuze", uceba ukuvota?”).
  • yenza isiphumo somvolo-mdla - ngokucebisa ukuba uninzi sele lukholele umvoti othile (umz., “Ongaphezu kwama-60% abavoti kwisithili sakho ngoku baxhasa i-Candidate A/* iguqula imbono yakho?”
  • Iposi yovavanyo – nangona oku kufiphaza umgca, amanye amaphulo asebenzisa uvo olutyhalela phambili ukuvavanya ukuba yiyiphi imigca yohlaselo evakala kakhulu phambi kokuba ifakelwe kwizibhengezo ezihlawulwayo.

Umsonto ofanayo ngowokuba “ubhedu” asisiso isixhobo sobundilele kodwa lungenelelo olujoliswe ekuguquleni iingqondo, lungalinganisi zona.

Ubugcisa Boyilo Lweziko Lekhori Bokuchaza Iimpendulo Ezikhethekileyo

Iingcali zephulo zisebenzisa amashumi eminyaka zophando kwinzululwazi yengqondo, yeelwimi, kunye nempembelelo yentlalo ukuze zinyanzelise imibuzo yophando evakala ingokwemvelo kodwa ikhokelela abantu abathe baphendula kwindlela emiselwe kwangaphambili. Ezi ndlela azifane zisetyenziswe xa zithe zazahlula; zisoloko zikho ukuze zichaphazele impembelelo entle.

Imibuzo Ekhokelayo Nolwimi Olunzima

Imibuzo ephambili yeyona ilula inyanzelisa amashishini. Endaweni yokubuza ukuba “Yiyiphi imbono yakho ngoCandidate Smith?” Uhlolisiso olunyanzelisayo lungabuza: “Uyavuma ukuba iinkqubo zikaMthmith ziwachaphazele amashishini asekuhlaleni kwaye ziwaxakekise nexabiso lemisebenzi?" Lo mbuzo uthatha isiqinisekiso (ukuba imigaqo ka Smith iye yawaphazamisa amashishini) kwaye ngoko ucela isivumelwano. Umphendulano unyanzeleka ukuba aqinisekise intengo okanye abonakale ngaphandle kwenyathelo elifanelekileyo. Xa efaka eli khonkco liyenza le mpembelelo. Amagama afana “i-corrutt,”“ angayiboni,” “ichaphaza,” kwaye“ acela ukuba achukumiseke." okanye “achukumile kakhulu. Xa esenziwa ngegama elichaziweyo, abangela ukuxinana nge-offrativel.

Ulwazi Olukhethiweyo Needikhothothothi Zobuxoki

Uphando locotho lusebenza rhoqo kumgaqo we okhetha ukuchaphazeleka ]. Umzekelo, uphando olunyanzelisayo lunokuthi: “Kwixesha lakhe lokugqibela, i-Foffones ivotela ityala elandisiweyo kwimithetho karhulumente. Ingaba oku kukwenza ungabi namathuba angakumbi okuxhasa yona?" Lo mbuzo ushiya ukuba irekhothiso elincomekayo linemisebenzi enzima. Ngokususa iinkcukacha ezingalunganga, ifektha ejini njengelahleko. Ngokufanayo, iidichotomis ezikhombayo ziphendula ngokunyanzeleka phakathi kokhetho olungavumelaniyo. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo: “Ungakhetha umnkokeli oxhasa irhafu yeklasi okanye omnye oxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwemali ephakathi okanye oxhasa ukusetyenziswa kookrwelelo lorhulumente"

Ukudala Inkomfa Yobuxoki Okanye Imiphumo Engalawulekiyo

Abantu bazizilwanyana ezihlala kunye, kwaye iimbono zethu ziphenjelelwa koko sicinga ukuba yimbono enkulu. Uphando olungumdla lusebenzisa le nto ngokusetyenziswa kwemithetho ehambayo. Umbuzo ungaqala: “Uhlolisiso lwakutshanje lufumanise ukuba 7 kwabarhoxi aba-10 kwisithili sakho bakholelwa ukuba u-Chodite X akanalwazi kakhulu ukuba angasingatha ingxaki. Ingaba uyavumelana na?" Nokuba uphando olutsha "" lucetyiwe okanye lungachanwanga kakuhle, abathathi-nxaxheba bangalungisa imbono yabo ukuvumelana noninzi olukhankanyiweyo. Isiphumo sinyuswa xa imibuzo emininzi iphinda-phinda ivumelana. Lo buchule bunamandla ngokukodwa ngenxa yokungacacingisiswanga okanye ukuchasana kwe-Rographins abathembekileyo abaxhomekeke kwisigqibo esinqumlayo.

Ucaphulo olufihlakeleyo kunye nokwenza i-ankile

Uphando olunyanzelisayo lungabuza uthotho lwemibuzo emalunga nolwaphulo-mthetho, izisongelo zobugrogrisi, okanye ukungalungelelani kwezoqoqosho ngaphambi kokuba ubuze ngobuchule bomntu oza kubhaptizwa. Umongo odidayo uyaqhubeka, usenza ukuba abaphengululi bacinge ukuba abaza kufumana i-ankile abangalunganga. Ubuchule obunxulumeneyo, buchaza inani eligqithisileyo okanye elikhuthazayo kwangoko kuvoteko. Umzekelo: “Ukuba ufundile ukuba uCandida Smith wamkela ii-$50 000 ngeminikelo evela kwiinkampani ze-oyile, ngaba ingaphembelela ukuvota kwakho?" Inani eliphezulu le-indonga ye-ankile linokubonwa ngokuchasana kwanokuba iminikelo yomvoti womntu iphantsi kakhulu. Umonakalo wenani usenziwa kumzuzu osele utshaliwe.

Imimandla engwevu engwevu esemthethweni

Imilinganiselo yokunyanzelisa ukuphengulula iyaphikiswa ngokukhawulezileyo. Abahlalutyi bathi ngenxa yokuba ukunyanzelisa uphando kufihla iinjongo zabo zokurhwebisa, bayabakhohlisa abavoti kwaye bangcolise imekobume yenkcazelo. Abaxhasi (ngokuqhelekileyo abasebenzi bephulo) bathi baluhlobo nje “lovavanyo lomyalezo” okanye“ imfundo egcina i-aceror” ekhuselwe ngokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. Inyaniso ichazwa ngokulula, kwaye ulawulo ludityanisiwe.

Umhlaba wolawulo

EUnited States, ukunyanzelisa ukuthotywa kwemiqathango yemali kumiselwe kancinane kumgangatho wesizwe. IKhomishini yoNqumo (FEC) ayikuqwalaseli ukuxinaniswa okukhulu ukuba kube “kucinezeleko lokusebenza kwemali,” ngoko ke, amanye amazwe anemithetho efuna ukubhaliswa kwemali yokuvota okunyanzelisayo. Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0]] i-California kwaye [[FLT:]] i-New York [[FLT]][FLT] [3] ugunyaziso olufuna ukubone inkqubela-yo ekhoyo.[FFFT] i-octive inguquastting. Imeko oluninzi luthiwenzisayo.[5]

Ukucaca Nokukhohlisa

Kwanalapho kusemthethweni, ukunyanzelisa uphando luthandabuzeka ngokwemilinganiselo kuba lulahlekisa abantu ngenjongo yophando. Umvoti osemthethweni kufuneka atyhile ukuba kufuneka uphando kwaye iimpendulo azinagama. Abafofowuni badla ngokushiya olu lwazi okanye bathi baqhuba “uhlolo lwezifundo zaseyunivesithi” xa ngokwenene besebenza kwiphulo lohlolo. [[FLT:]] I-Melika kunye nemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yokuziphatha echaphazelekayo iyayikisa imibhiyo yokuqhatha, kodwa umthendelelo ungowo wokuzithandela. Umnatha ushiyeka ungena kuthandabuzeki ukuba naluphi na uvavanyo lwemnxeba locingo lokwenyaniso, oluthi luphembelela ekuvoleni jikelele.

Ukulinganisa Impembelelo Kukuziphatha Kwezinti

Ukwandisa iziphumo ezithe ngqo zovavanyo olunyanzelwayo kunzima kuba amaphulo anqabileyo ukutyhila ukusetyenziswa kwawo, kwaye uvavanyo olulawulwayo lunqabile kunyulo lwehlabathi lokwenene. Noko ke, uphando olukhoyo kunye nophando lubonisa ukuba ukunyanzela uphando lungatshintsha iimbono kwibala elisondeleyo.

Uhlolisiso lwento ephawulekayo olupapashwe kwi- American Journal of Political Science yafumanisa ukuba inkcazelo engakhiyo enikezelwa kwifomati efana novavanyo inesiphumo esihlala sihleli kuvavanyo lwe-Iowa, ingakumbi xa abavoti babenolwazi oluncinane ngaphambili. Ngamanye amazwi, ukunyanzela uphatho kuluncedo kakhulu kwimijaho ephantsi okanye ii-stampostas apho igama lisezantsi khona. Umzekelo, ngexesha le-2016 Republican Primeries, iqela elingalingeneliyo eliye laqhutyelwa ukuphosa i-Iowaowaowa licebisa ukuba i-Senitor Ted Cruz ixhasa i-Inters yabaphambukeli abangaqhumi, bathi ngokunjalo inokuba nempembelelo kwibhodi yesikolo okanye kwimijaho yemibutho yemibutho yasekuhlaleni, ngokunjalo, kukhutha ithuba elinye lokuphendula.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Nobungqina

Imizekelo yembali ixhaphakile. I-1992 New Hampshire Democratic izityholo eziphambili zokunyanzeliswa ngokuchasene noBill Clinton ngoko novavanyo, ngokucebisa ukuba wayeyiphephe inkonzo yasemkhosini. Ngo-2004, iSwift Boat Veterans yeNyaniso esetyenziswe ukutyhalela amaqhinga okuvota afana nokuhlasela ingxelo yemfazwe kaJohn Kerry, nangona ezo zaziqhutywe ngokugqithisileyo ngezibhengezo nangeziganeko. Kutshanje, kutshanje, kunyulo lomongameli lwama-20202020, unyulo oluzingela i-mastialls eMichigan nasePennsylvania wasebenzisa imibuzo yonyulo ukutyhalela phambili iimpazamo zokungala i-empephani yokhetho. Nangona kunzima ukungqina, ukukhunjululwa okuphindiweyo kokuchachachachacha ngokweekileyo kwe-framenter esusela kwiminxeba ezimbini ukuya kwimibanununu.

Umzekeliso wendlela yengqondo, qwalasela iZiko lophando lwePew uhlalutyo lovoti lwesigqibo. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba abavoti abafumana ulwazi olungalunganga ngomvoti basenokuba nembono engalunganga, kwanaxa ulwazi luvela kumthombo ongaziwayo. Uphando oluninzi lusebenzisa le nto ngokubangela inkohliso yophando lobundilele ngexesha bedlulisela umyalezo ongalunganga kumawaka eentsapho.

Indlela Abasebenzi Bezixhobo Zomculo Abanokukwazi Ngayo Ukutyhala

Abaphengululi bephulo bangathembela kwisibakala sokuba inkoliso yabavoti ayazi ukuba uvoti olusemthethweni lunjani. Imfundo yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuzikhusela. Nantsi iiflegi ezibomvu ezicacileyo:

  • Isimemezo sisebenzisa ulwimi oluninzi olungokweemvakalelo okanye oluneembono ezigqwethekileyo. Abavoteli bokwenene bayawaphepha amagama afana “i-corrupt,”“ ukubawa,” okanye “ii-data ezidume” kuba zikhokelele ngokucacileyo, ngumboniso onyanzelisayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Umfoti akavumi ukuchonga ukuba ngubani ohlawula uvo. Iinkampani zovolo ezigunyazisayo ziza kunika igama lombutho okanye umxhasi. Ukuba umfono-mfokazi ubhadula okanye uthi uvela “kwiqela lophando,” uyakrokrela.
  • Imibuzo ehlaselayo okanye ekhusela umvotelwa othile ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Uhlolisiso olusemthethweni lungabuza malunga nabathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi kunye nemibandela. Uhlolo olunyanzelisayo ludla ngokuchitha imizuzu emininzi lubethelela umxholo omnye okanye umntu omnye.
  • Uvo luquka iingxelo zobuxoki okanye ezingaqinisekiswanga. Ukuba uva intetho oyaziyo ukuba ayiyonyaniso, uvo lusenokuba lwenzelwe ukusasaza iingcamango eziphosakeleyo kunokuba luqokelele iimbono.
  • Isibizo asinayo imibuzo yokufumana amanani eemfuno. uphando lokwenene lubuza malunga nobudala, imfundo, unxulumano, kunye nabanye abantu abakwiziphumo zobunzima. Uphando olucinezelayo luyayiyeka le nto kuba lunenkathalo ngokukuphembelela, hayi ukukulinganisa.

Ukuba urhanela ukuba ukwindawo yokuvotelwa, unokusuka nje uxhome. Ukuxela ubizo kwigqwetha lelizwe lakho okanye ibhodi yonyulo kusenokunceda abalawuli bemikhwa yokuxhatshazwa.

Isiphelo

Uphando lophulo-phulo lumela ubugcisa obumnyama kwintshumayelo yezobupolitika, `a isixhobo esisebenzisa isixhobo sokwenza uphando lophando lokusasaza umyalezo ngaphandle komyalezo obonakala uvela kwiphulo. Ngokuqonda ubuchule bokuyila (ukukhokela imibuzo, ulwimi olulayishiweyo, ulwazi olukhethayo, uvumelano oluphosakeleyo, kunye nepriming , ziyakwazi ukuqaphela xa zisetyenziswa kunokuba zilinganiswe. Abenzi bekampelesi bazakuqhubeka becoca ezi ndlela zinde xa behlala zisemthethweni kwaye zisebenza. Ukuba abahlali be-demokhrasi basebenza njengoko becetyiwe, kufuneka bakwazi ukwahlula phakathi komzamo wokwenyaniso nokuzama ukuzama ukukulungisa. Ixesha elilandelayo uphendula ngononophelo lwezopolitiko, phulaphula ngenyameko. Ukuba imibuzo efana nokukuphembelela kuwe, bayazi ukuba bayakwazi ukuphendula ngendlela yokuziphendulela inyathelo lokuqala.