Table of Contents

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usebenza njengamaxwebhu asisiseko amisela inkqubo yokulawula kwiphondo ngalinye. Ezi zixhobo zinamandla azichazi nje kuphela isakhiwo namandla karhulumente kodwa zikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugqibeni indlela abasebenza ngayo oorhulumente bengingqi, imithetho abangayimiselayo, kunye nemigaqo enokuthi isebenze. Ukuqonda ulwalamano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi komgaqo-siseko worhulumente kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela imithetho nemigaqo emiswa ngayo nokunyanzelelwa kumgangatho woluntu.

Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni eUnited States lwahlukile ngokusisiseko kulwalamano lwamazwe asekuhlaleni. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. awuthethi nto koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kunye noMgaqo-siseko weSihlaziyo weSizwe noweshumi elinesiThandeki ongawaphathi igunya elinikwe urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, iphondo, imimandla yephondo, kunye namanye amacandelo aphantsi ezobupolitika.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samaGunya kaRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente umisela ubukho kunye nomgangatho wamagunya karhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo namazwe, anezikhundla ezingokwemvelo zolawulo, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badalwa ngamazwe yaye abanamalungelo emfuza ekho kuwo okanye nawaphi na amandla athile. Lo mgaqo usisiseko ubumba zonke iinkalo zendlela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abasebenza ngayo noko banokukufeza.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uyahluka kumgangatho wamandla awunika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Eminye imimiselo yorhulumente inika imvume ephangaleleyo yokuvumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bazilawule, ngoxa eminye ilawula ngokungqongqo kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Olu tshintsho ludala umsebenzi odityanisiweyo wemithetho eyahlukeneyo kulo lonke ilizwe, imo nganye ichaza indlela yayo yokuzilawula.

Umthetho we Dillon: Ifreywood yesiko

Enye yezona mfundiso zinempembelelo kakhulu elawula ulwalamano phakathi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye namagunya asekuhlaleni aziwa ngokuba ngumthetho ka Dillon. Ithenjiwe emva koMgwebi weshumi elinethoba noweshumi elinethoba uJohn Forrest Dillon, owachaza ngokudumileyo umgaqo, u-Dillon's Ruler lulwakhiwo olungqongqo lwegunya loorhulumente basekuhlaleni eUnited States. Le mfundiso iguqule umthetho karhulumente wasekuhlaleni kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwe- 150 kwaye iyaqhubeka iphembelela indlela iinkundla eziwachaza ngayo amandla karhulumente ongingqini namhlanje.

Umthetho ka-Dillon uthi amagunya karhulumente asekuhlaleni alinganiselwe kwaye anwenwela kuphela kuloo mandla achaza amagama: (1) anikwe amagama; 2) abhekiselele okanye ngokuyimfuneko kwisiganeko kumandla anikwe ngokucacileyo; kwaye 3) abaluleke ngokupheleleyo kwizinto ezivakalisiweyo kunye neenjongo zombutho – hayi eziluncedo kuphela, kodwa eziyimfuneko. Ngaphezu koko, umthetho uthi nawaphi na amathandabuzo afanelekileyo enkundla nokuba ingaba amandla anikwe aya kulawulwa kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Amashumi amane kumazwe angamashumi amahlanu asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lomgaqo owaziwa njengoMthetho kaDillon ukumisela imida yegunya elingokwasemthethweni likamasipala. Oku kusetyenziswa komthetho kubonakalisa impembelelo ehlala ihleliyo yale ndlela ingqongqo yokufikelela kumagunya karhulumente. Phantsi kwale nkqubo, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka basoloko bejonge kwimimiselo yomgaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho ukugqiba enoba banalo na igunya lokuthatha izenzo ezithile.

Umthetho wasekhaya: Ukwandisa i-Autonomy yangaphakathi

Ukuphendula imiqathango ebekwe nguLawulo lukaDillon, amazwe amaninzi amkele imimiselo yomthetho wasekhaya kwimimiselo yawo. Ulawulo lwasekhaya eUnited States ludla ngokubonisa ukutshintshwa kwamandla okulawula ukusuka kwiphondo ukuya kwiphondo okanye koorhulumente bomasipala ukuzalisekisa imigaqo-siseko soluntu. Olu tshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lumela utshintsho olungundoqo kwindlela amazwe anikezela ngayo amandla koorhulumente bawo basekuhlaleni.

Kulawulo lwasekhaya, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe unika oomasipala kunye/okanye ubalo-manani amandla okudlulisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemithetho ukuze bazilawule (kuphela nje ukuba imithetho ayingqubani nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe nowezwe). Le ndlela iguqula ingcamango emiselwe nguLawulo lukaDillon, ivumela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba basebenzise amagunya ngaphandle kokuba bayalelwe ngokukhethekileyo ngumthetho wesizwe.

Imbali yolawulo lwasekhaya eMelika yaqala ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Ngo1875, iMissouri yaba lizwe lokuqala ukwamkela ulawulo lwasekhaya ngokuquka kumgaqo-siseko wayo omtsha umthetho wekhaya onikwe imvume yabemi bezixeko abangaphezu kwekhulu elinamashumi amahlanu. Ngo-192, iKhalifoniya yaba lizwana lesibini lokugunyazisa ulawulo lwasekhaya xa umgaqo-siseko wayo omtsha wamkelwa. Amanye amazwe anika amalungelo okulawula amakhaya amadolobha ebudeni beminyaka eseleyo yenkulungwane ye-19 kuquka iMinnesota neWashington.

Kummandla wasekuhlaleni, kukho iindidi ezine apho urhulumente anokuvumela igunya elilawulayo: iBhosa – amandla okukhetha uhlobo lukarhulumente, i-odolo-gosa kunye nokulungisa intlawulo yemithetho yemithetho, i-Fambal – amandla okusebenzisa urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngendlela ebanzi okanye elinganiselweyo, iFiscal – igunya lokumisela imithombo yengeniso, ukuboleka irhafu kunye neminye imisebenzi yemali enxulumene nayo, iSebe-odonga – igunya lokumisela imithetho yemisebenzi, imiqathango yengqesho kunye nokuthelekisa intswana. Ezi maqela amela iindawo ezingundoqo apho umthetho wasekhaya unganika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni i-e-equququququ.

Indlela ImiGaqo-siseko Karhulumente Ewachaza Ngayo Amandla Endawo

Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza nokulinganisela igunya lorhulumente. La malungiselelo omgaqo-siseko adala imida esemthethweni oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abamele basebenze kuyo, echaphazela yonke into ukususela kwirhafu ukuya kumhlaba ekusetyenzisweni komthetho.

Izabelo zamandla ezi-Gawulayo

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi unemiqathango ekhethekileyo enika amagunya athile asekuhlaleni. Ezi zichaza ngokucacileyo zinika igunya elicacileyo koorhulumente basekuhlaleni lokuthatha inyathelo kwimimandla ethile ngaphandle kokufuna ugunyaziso oluthe kratya lomthetho-mthetho. Umzekelo, eminye imimiselo yorhulumente inika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni amandla acacileyo okwamkela umgaqo-siseko, iintlobo ezithile zerhafu, okanye ulawulo lwemisebenzi ethile kulawulo lwabo.

Inqaku le-IX lomgaqo-siseko karhulumente, elidla ngokubhekiswa kuye ngokuba "Umthetho wasekhaya" inqaku, linika zombini uvumo lwamandla koorhulumente bengingqi kwimpahla yabo, kwimicimbi kunye norhulumente, kwaye lithintela amandla kaRhulumente wokusebenza ngokunxulumene nempahla karhulumente wasekuhlaleni, imicimbi, kunye norhulumente i-pursuant kuphela kwimithetho ekhethekileyo kwisicelo solawulo lwasekhaya okanye kwimithetho jikelele. Lo msebenzi-"unika igunya kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngexesha lokwahlula ulawulo lwesizwe. //iimpawu solawulo lwasekhaya lwale mihla.

Imiqathango yoMgaqo-siseko kwiGunya lasekuhlaleni

Nangona umgaqo-siseko karhulumente unika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni amandla, kwakhona bamisela imiqathango ebalulekileyo. Le miqathango iqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenza ngaphakathi kwemida emiselwe ngumthetho osisiseko karhulumente kwaye bakhusela izilangazelelo ezithile zikarhulumente ekungeneleni kwengingqi.

Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente udla ngokuquka amalungiselelo alinganisela igunya likarhulumente kwimimandla enjengerhafu, ukuhlahlela amatyala, kunye nomthetho okhethekileyo. Ezi zithintelo zibonisa imiqathango ebonakalisa ukuba ngamagunya afanele ahlale kumgangatho worhulumente kwaye anokunikwa ngokukhuselekileyo abantu basekuhlaleni.

Indima YeziTshato zikaMasipala

Umthetho-siseko kamasipala usebenza njengomgaqo-siseko wengingqi, uchaza isixeko okanye isakhiwo, amagunya, kunye nemisebenzi karhulumente wedolophu. Kumaphondo asekhaya, amandla okwamkela i-tractimet asoloko enikwa ngumgaqo-siseko wesizwe, unika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ulungelelaniso oluphawulekayo ekulungelelaniseni izakhiwo zabo zikarhulumente.

EUnited States, isixeko esilawulayo, isixeko somgaqo-siseko, okanye isixeko solawulo lwamakhaya sisixeko apho inkqubo yolawulo ichazwa ngoxwebhu lwaso lukamasipala kunokuba ichazwe kuphela ngomthetho karhulumente (umthetho). Izixeko eziqhubayo zidla ngokunandipha inkululeko engakumbi kunezixeko zomthetho jikelele, nangona zihlala ziphantsi kwemigaqo-siseko nemimiselo ethile karhulumente.

Impembelelo yomGaqo-siseko weRhulumente kwiingingqi zomgaqo-nkqubo okhethekileyo

Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente ubumba imithetho yasekuhlaleni nemigaqo-nkqubo kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo eziphantsi kwemiqathango. Ukuqonda indlela amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko achaphazela ngayo imigaqo ethile yezopolitiko kunceda kubonise impembelelo esebenzisekayo yala maxwebhu asisiseko kulawulo lwamihla le.

Irhafu nengeniso

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usoloko uneenkqubo ezilawula igunya lerhafu lengingqi. Le mithetho yezomgaqo-siseko ichaza iindidi zeerhafu ezinokubekwa ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, iindidi zeerhafu, naziphi iinkqubo abamele bazibeke phantsi kwazo. Amalungiselelo anjalo aneziphumo ezinzulu kwimali karhulumente wasekuhlaleni neenkonzo ezinokwenziwa ngabemi bawo.

Umgaqo-siseko omninzi wamazwe umisela imida kwixabiso lerhafu yempahla okanye ufuna imvume yabavoti kwirhafu ethile. Le miqathango yomgaqo-siseko inganyanzela urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukuba afumane ingeniso, abanyanzele ukuba bafune ezinye iinkonzo zenkxaso-mali okanye banciphise iinkonzo. Amanye amazwe aye amkela iinguqu zomgaqo-siseko, ezifana nenkqubo yeKhalifoniya 13, ezithi ngokuphawulekayo zimisele igunya lokuhlawula irhafu kwaye ngokusisiseko zimisele ulwalamano lwemali phakathi korhulumente norhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Umthetho wasekhaya unika igunya lowiso-mthetho lokumisela imithetho kwimicimbi enjengendawo yokuhlala, ukhuseleko loluntu, nerhafu yasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokufuna ukuvunywa ngurhulumente. Noko ke, nakumaphondo olawulo lwasekhaya, amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko asenokumisela imiqathango yeentlobo zerhafu ezinokubekwa okanye ziseke imilinganiselo ephezulu engenakuphakanyiswa ngaphandle kokuvota.

ISebe leMicimbi yezemfundo

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe udlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yemfundo. Umgaqo-siseko omninzi karhulumente uqulethe amacandelo emfundo amisela imbopheleleko karhulumente yokunikela imfundo kawonke-wonke. La malungiselelo omgaqo-siseko aye aba sisiseko sokumangalela intlukwano evavanya ukungalungisi nokulingana kwemigaqo yemali yesikolo.

Lulwimi olungqalileyo lwamacandelo emfundo yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente ahlukene ngokuphawulekayo. Olunye umgaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba urhulumente anikezele kwinkqubo "efanelekileyo nefanelekileyo" yemfundo, ngelixa ezinye zigunyazisa "yanele" okanye "efanelekileyo" amathuba emfundo. Iinkundla zitolike la malungiselelo omgaqo-siseko alungelelanisa amaqondo ahlukeneyo embopheleleko kurhulumente worhulumente ukuqokelela izikolo zengingqi.

Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente ukwachaza igunya lezikolo zasekuhlaleni. Eminye imimiselo inika izikolo inkululeko ebalulekileyo kwimimandla yemfundo ekwenzeni izigqibo, ngoxa eminye igcina ulawulo oluqinileyo lombuso. Le mimiselo yemithetho-siseko ichaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwizigqibo zokufundisa ukuya kwizigqibo zomsebenzi wokufundisa ukuya kulwakhiwo lwezibonelelo.

Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba nokuzingela

Ugunya loorhulumente basekuhlaleni lokulawula ukusetyenziswa komhlaba ngemithetho yokuhlala kunye nezinye izilawuli ekugqibeleni zithathwa kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente. Ngelixesha ukuhlanganiswa kweendawo kuthathwa njengomsebenzi wasekuhlaleni, imimiselo yorhulumente imisela isakhiwo apho ilizwe lasekuhlaleni lisebenzisa khona umgaqo-mthetho.

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usenokuba nemigaqo ekhusela amalungelo empahla kwaye ubeke umda womlinganiselo oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanokuthi bawathintele ngawo amasebe okusetyenziswa komhlaba. Iimfuno zomGaqo-siseko zokuhlawulela nje kuphela xa impahla ithathiwe ukuze isetyenziswe nguwonke-wonke, umzekelo, uthintela ubuchule boorhulumente basekuhlaleni bokunyanzelisa iintlobo ezithile zomhlaba ukusebenzisa imimiselo ngaphandle kokunikela imbuyekezo kubanini bempahla abachaphazelekileyo.

Ukongezelela, amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko wengingqi malunga nolawulo lwasekhaya okanye ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni abonisa ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokuyamkela na imithetho yokuhlahlela ngaphandle kogunyaziso olukhethekileyo lwemithetho yowiso-mthetho. Kumazwe oLawulo lukaDillon, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basenokufuna igunya elicacileyo lomthetho ukubandakanyeke kulawulo lwamakhaya, lo gama imigaqo yolawulo yamakhaya idla ngokuba namandla okulawula angokwemvelo.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Namagosa

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe umisela isiseko sokusebenzisa koorhulumente basekuhlaleni amagunya amapolisa,(8) igunya lokulawula impilo, ukhuseleko, nentlalo-ntle yoluntu. La malungiselelo angokomGaqo-siseko amisela umgangatho wamandla oorhulumente basekuhlaleni okwamkela imithetho ethetha ngemibandela efana nemithetho yokwakha, imimiselo yempilo, kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.

Kumaphondo olawulo lwamakhaya, amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko asoloko enika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni amandla aphangaleleyo okucombulula inkxalabo yasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, kwanakula mazwe, imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko ingasikela imiqathango ethile okanye ifune iinkqubo ezithile zokwamkelwa kwabo. Imimiselo yezomgaqo-siseko karhulumente ikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, njengenkululeko yokuthetha okanye ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo, ikwamisela ummiselo wegunya lolawulo lorhulumente.

Amatyala KaMasipala Nomanyano

Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente udla ngokuquka imiqathango emisela uqingqo-mali olumisela urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukuba abe namatyala. Le miqathango yetyala yenzelwe ukukhusela ababuthi berhafu kwiimbopheleleko zemali ezigqithiseleyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba bafanele banikwe imbopheleleko yemali kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni.

Imiqathango yamatyala eMgaqo-siseko ithatha iindlela ezininzi. Eminye imiqathango imisela umlinganiselo omkhulu wamatyala owexabiso eliphantsi, ithintela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ekubolekeni ngaphaya kwepesenti yerhafu yempahla yabo. Abanye bafuna imvume yovoti kwiintlobo ezithile zamatyala, ukuqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa kwedemokhrasi kwiimbopheleleko ezinkulu zemali.

Le miqathango yomgaqo-siseko ingachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo amandla oorhulumente basekuhlaleni okuxhasa iiprojekthi zezibonelelo nezinye inkqubela yamakomkhulu. Amagosa asekuhlaleni kufuneka asebenzise ngobulumko iimfanelo zomGaqo-siseko xa eceba amanyathelo amakhulu, maxa wambi efuna izakhiwo zenkxaso yemali ukuze afeze usukelo lwawo lo gama ehlala kwimida yomGaqo-siseko.

Ukungalingani kweMigaqo-siseko kaRhulumente Ngaphezu kweMithetho yasekuhlaleni

A fundamental principle of American constitutional law is that local ordinances must comply with state constitutional provisions. When a conflict arises between a local law and the state constitution, the constitution prevails. This supremacy ensures consistency in fundamental legal principles across all jurisdictions within a state.

Ucelomngeni lomGaqo-siseko kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni

Imithetho yendawo ingacelw ’ umngeni enkundleni ngenxa yokuba ichasene namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. Le mingeni isenokusekelwe kwiingcamango ezahlukeneyo zomgaqo-siseko, kuquka nezibhengezo zokuba umthetho wasekuhlaleni ungaphezulu kumandla kamasipala anikiweyo, uqhekeza amalungelo omntu ngamnye akhuselwe ngumgaqo-siseko wesizwe, okanye ungquzulwano nemigaqo-siseko karhulumente.

Xa iinkundla zihlola imingeni kwimithetho yasekuhlaleni, kufuneka zitolike umgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye nomgangatho wegunya elinikwe urhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Kumaphondo oLawulo lukaDillon, iinkundla zisebenzisa imigaqo engqongqo yokwakha, zicombulula amathandabuzo ngokuchasene nobukho begunya lasekuhlaleni. Kumaphondo, iinkundla zisenokusebenzisa imigaqo yokutolika ephandle, kodwa imigaqo-siseko yasekuhlaleni imele ivumelane nemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko.

Igunya lokukhulula kunye neGunya loMgaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko wezwe umisela isicwangciso sokukhululwa kwelishwa ``imfundiso yomthetho karhulumente enokuthi ilawule imithetho yasekuhlaleni engqubanayo. Ngoxa ukhukuliso lusoloko lufezwa ngemithetho karhulumente, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe unika igunya elipheleleyo lobu bungangamsha borhulumente phezu kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni.

Oorhulumente bangayibeka imiqathango kulawulo lwasekhaya, ukulwa amadabi asemthethweni phezu kwegunya likamasipala. Ulungelelwano phakathi kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente lungumzabalazo ozingisileyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwabonwa ukucinywa kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni ekhutshwayo kwimimandla enjengemithetho yemivuzo encinane, ukuvalwa kwengxowa yeplastiki, nemimiselo yemipu, ngokufuthi iphakamisa imibuzo ngokulingana okufanelekileyo phakathi korhulumente kunye negunya lasekuhlaleni phantsi komgaqo-siseko.

Umahluko ekufikeni komGaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Amazwe angamashumi amahlanu aye asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza unxulumano phakathi komgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye negunya likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Olu mahluko lubonisa amava ahlukeneyo embali, izithethe zezobupolitika, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ekhethwayo kulo lonke elo lizwe.

Ulawulo lwasekhaya olunamandla

Amanye amazwe aye amkela amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko akhusela ngokunamandla ulawulo lwezikhundla. Amandla olawulo lwamakhaya akhoyo koorhulumente abathile basekuhlaleni ngawona afikeleleka kude kwelo lizwe, ewenza urhulumente wasekuhlaleni abe liqabane elipheleleyo norhulumente ekunikezeleni iinkonzo ebantwini.

Kula maphondo, umthetho-siseko wamakhaya unika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni igunya eliphangaleleyo lokuthetha inkxalabo yasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokufuna imvume yomthetho karhulumente. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ungakhusela ngokucacileyo iindawo ezithile zokwenza izigqibo zasekuhlaleni ekungeneleni kwemithetho, ukudala isangqa sokuzilawula kwasekuhlaleni apho indlu yowiso-mthetho ingenakuhlasela ngokulula.

Ulawulo lwe-Dillon

Kumazwe oLawulo lukaDillon, igunya elilinganiselweyo kuphela elinikwe oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngokugqithisa imimiselo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. La mazwana agcina ulawulo oluqinileyo lombuso kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, efuna oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba babhekisele kwiziphiwo ezithile zegunya ngezenzo zabo.

Umthetho ka Dillon uyaqhubeka uchaza ulwalamano olusisiseko lwemeko------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo

Imeko ekwimeko yomthetho wasekhaya kunye nomthetho ka Dillon isebenzisa umthetho ka Dillon kwimicimbi okanye amaqela karhulumente angamiselwanga kwilungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko okanye kumthetho onika umthetho wasekhaya. Amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo ezidibanisa iziqalelo zombini, enika umthetho wasekhaya kwiintlobo ezithile zoorhulumente basekuhlaleni okanye kwiindawo ezithile zemibandela ngexa esebenzisa uMthetho kaDillon kwenye indawo.

Ezi nkqubo zidityanisiweyo zibonisa imigudu yokulungelelanisa iingenelo zokuzilawula kwasekuhlaleni nemfuneko yokulawulwa nokusebenza kwemithetho. Zivumela ukuba amazwe anike ubuchule apho bufuneka kakhulu khona ngoxa kulawulwa imicimbi yezopolitiko ngokubanzi.

Ukuvela kwendaleko yomgaqo-siseko weRhulumente kuRhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Imigaqo-siseko karhulumente elawula urhulumente wasekuhlaleni iye yatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Amazwe amaninzi aye atshintsha umgaqo-siseko wawo ukuze andise okanye athembise igunya lasekuhlaleni ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko nezinto azithandayo.

IziHlaliso zoMgaqo-siseko eziYandisa iGunya lasekuhlaleni

Kuyo yonke inkulungwane yama-20, uninzi lwamazwe lwamkele utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ukuze lunike oorhulumente basekuhlaleni inkululeko engakumbi. Ezi ziphendulo zidla ngokusabela kunxunguphalo olubangelwa kukungalawuleki koLawulo lukaDillon kunye nemfuneko yokuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bacombulule iingxaki zasedolophini ngaphandle kokusoloko beya kwindlu yowiso-mthetho.

Ulungiso lomthetho wasekhaya lunika igunya loorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukwamkela irhafu kunye nokusebenzisa amandla anxulumene nemicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Ezinye izindululo zinika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha zamagunya asekuhlaleni, ngeli xesha ezinye zinika igunya elibanzi phantsi komda wemithetho. Ulwimi olungqalileyo lwala malungiselelo omgaqo-siseko luchaphazela ubukhulu becala umgangatho wenkululeko yasekuhlaleni eziwunikayo.

Utyekelo Lwakutshanje Lokukhuthaza Urhulumente

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amanye amazwe aye aqhubela ekubekeni igunya phambili, izikhululo zikarhulumente ziqhubeka ziwacinezela amasiko asekuhlaleni kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yenkqubo. Ngoxa le migudu yokukhulula idla ngokuphunyezwa ngemimiselo kunokuba kulungiswe umGaqo-siseko, zibonisa iimbono eziguqukayo ngokulungelelana okufanelekileyo phakathi korhulumente kunye namagunya asekuhlaleni.

Le ngcamango ibangele impikiswano kunye nokubekwa ityala, kuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bephikisa ngelithi ukukhutshwa kukarhulumente kuchasene nomthetho-siseko womgaqo-siseko. Iinkundla kufuneka zichaze amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko wezomthetho ukuze kufunyaniswe ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ingayiwuphelisa kangakanani amasiko asekuhlaleni kwiindawo eziphantsi kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Uncedo Olusebenzisekayo Lolawulo Lwasekuhlaleni

Ulwalamano phakathi komgaqo-siseko karhulumente negunya likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni lunentsingiselo enzulu esebenzisekayo kwindlela abantu abalawulwa ngayo nemigaqo abanokuyamkela ngayo.

Impembelelo ekuhlaziyweni

Imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente enika igunya elibanzi lolawulo lwekhaya yenza oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bakwazi ukusebenza njengeelaboratori zedemokhrasi, ukuzama iinkqubo ezintsha ezidityaniswe neemeko zasekuhlaleni. Izixeko kunye nezixa ezinezikhundla ezinamandla zomgaqo-siseko zingamkela iindlela zokusikela imilinganiselo eqingqiweyo efana nokukhusela imeko-bume, ukulingana kwezindlu ezinokufikeleleka, kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho ngaphandle kokulinda ukuvunywa kwemithetho-mthetho.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko engqongqo ingathintela ukuphuhliswa komgaqo-siseko wasekuhlaleni ngokufuna ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafumane ugunyazo olukhethekileyo lukarhulumente ngaphambi kokucombulula iingxaki ezivelayo. Kumazwe oLawulo lukaDillon, amagosa asekuhlaleni asenokungakwazi ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwiingxaki zasekuhlaleni kuba engenalo igunya elicacileyo lomgaqo-siseko okanye lomthetho ukuba athathe amanyathelo.

Imiphumo Yokuziphendulela Kwedemokhrasi

Ukwabiwa kwamandla phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni kuchaphazela ukuphendula kwedemokhrasi. Xa oorhulumente bengingqi benegunya elibalulekileyo lomGaqo-siseko, abemi balapho banokuphendula amagosa asekuhlaleni ngezigqibo ezichaphazela uluntu. Oku kuphendula koluntu kungenza ukuba idemokhrasi ithathe inxaxheba kwaye kuqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo zibonakalisa oko kuthandwa ngabantu.

Nakanjani, xa kwenziwa izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kumgangatho wesizwe ngenxa yokwahlula umgaqo-siseko kwigunya lasekuhlaleni, uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwabemi kunye nabenzi besigqibo lunganyanzeleka kakhulu. Abahlali bangakufumanisa kunzima ngakumbi ukuphembelela izigqibo zomgangatho karhulumente ezichaphazela uluntu lwabo, ezinokucutha ukudityaniswa kwedemokhrasi.

Iingxaki Kumagosa Asekuhlaleni

Amagosa karhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka asebenzise imiqathango entsonkothileyo yezomgaqo-siseko wesizwe ukuze afumanise umgangatho wegunya lawo. Oku kufuna ukuba ahlolisise umgaqo-siseko, yaye, ngokufuthi, abuze amagqwetha awazi kakuhle umthetho karhulumente. Iimpazamo zokuchaza imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko zinokuphumela ekubeni imithetho yasekuhlaleni iphelelwe lixabiso, ichithe ixesha kunye nobuncwane.

Ukuntsonkotha komgaqo-siseko karhulumente kunokubangela ukungaqiniseki enoba izenzo ezicetyiswayo zasekuhlaleni zivumelekile kusini na. Oku kungadimaza oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ekuququzeleleni iinkqubo ezintsha okanye ekucombululeni iingxaki ezivelayo, kwanaxa isenzo esinjalo sisenokugunyaziswa ngokomGaqo-siseko.

Ukucaciswa kwamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente olawula igunya likarhulumente. Izigqibo zomthetho zibumba intsingiselo esebenzisekayo yenkcazelo yomGaqo-siseko kwaye zimisela imida phakathi korhulumente namandla asekuhlaleni.

Imigangatho yokucaciswa komGaqo-siseko

Iinkundla zephondo zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza xa zivumela umgaqo-siseko onxulumene norhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ezinye iinkundla zisebenzisa imigaqo engqongqo yokwakha, zitolika iimvume ezingqongqo zegunya lasekuhlaleni. Ezinye zisebenzisa iindlela ezizizo, zifunda imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko yokuxhasa ukuzilawula kwasekuhlaleni apho umbhalo uvuma.

Iinkundla ezininzi zisasebenzisa uMthetho ka-Dillon ukuncedisa ekutolikeni imithetho edluliselwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho, irhafu okanye imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente onika urhulumente wasekuhlaleni igunya. Ukukhethwa kolwazi lwendlela yokuchaza indlela kungayichaphazela ngokuphawulekayo iziphumo zamatyala avavanya imithetho yasekuhlaleni okanye ukuthandabuza umgangatho wamandla asekuhlaleni.

Ukulungelelanisa Imeko Nezilangazelelo Zasekuhlaleni

Xa ichaza imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko wephondo, iinkundla kufuneka zilungelelanise iinjongo eziphikisanayo. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente ubonisa umnqweno wokulondoloza ulawulo lwelizwe kwimicimbi yenkxalabo karhulumente ngokubanzi nokuqonda ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka babhetyebhetye ukuze bacombulule iingxaki zasekuhlaleni. Iinkundla kufuneka zisebenzise la maxabiso aphikisanayo xa zicombulula iimpikiswano eziphathelele umgangatho wolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Izigqibo zomthetho ezichaza imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko wemeko-siseko zinokuba nemiphumo ehlala ihleli kulwalamano lwesizwe nendawo. Izindululo ezisungulwe ziinkundla eziphakamileyo zikhokela iinkundla eziphantsi kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ekuqondeni imida engokomGaqo-siseko, ukubumba ulawulo kangangeminyaka okanye kwamashumi eminyaka.

Ingqikelelo lwengqikelelo kwimisebenzi yesakhelo somGaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Xa sihlolisisa indlela eyahluke ngayo imiqathango yomgaqo - siseko phakathi korhulumente basekuhlaleni, sifumanisa ingqiqo ebalulekileyo ngeengenelo nokungabi namsebenzi kwezi ndlela zihlukahlukeneyo.

Ukufundisisa Ngelixa: Amazwe Alawula Amakhaya Aneengcambu

Amazwe anemiqathango emikhulu yomgaqo-siseko wekhaya abonisa iingenelo ezinokwenzeka zenkululeko yasekuhlaleni. La maphondo asoloko abona iinguqu ezingakumbi zemigaqo-nkqubo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kunye noluntu olwahlukeneyo olusebenzisa iindlela ezibonisa iimeko zalo ezikhethekileyo nezinto ezithandwayo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kula mazwe banokusabela ngokukhawuleza ekuvezeni imingeni nemigaqo elungeleleneyo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni.

Noko ke, umthetho wasekhaya onamandla ungadala imingeni. Ukwahlulwa komgaqo-nkqubo kwimimandla yonke kungenza imisebenzi yezoshishino ibe yenze abahlali badideke.

Isifundo semeko: Ulawulo lweDillon

Imithetho egcina ulawulo lweDillon igxininisa udityaniso kunye nolawulo lorhulumente. La mazwana angafumana ukungaguquguquki okukhulu kwiinkqubo kwimimandla yonke, enciphisa ukudideka kunye nendleko yokuthobela. Ukwenza isigqibo kumgangatho karhulumente kungenza umanyano kwimiqathango enqamleza imida yasekuhlaleni.

Ukusikelwa koMthetho ka Dillon, nokokuba, kungaphazamisa amagosa asekuhlaleni kunye nabemi abafuna ukucombulula iingxaki zasekuhlaleni ngezisombululo ezidityanisiweyo. Imfuneko yokufumana ugunyaziso lwemeko ethile yezenzo zasekuhlaleni ingacotha ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo kwaye inciphise ukusabela kwiimfuno zasekuhlaleni.

Ikamva lomGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente noLawulo lwasekuhlaleni

Ulwalamano phakathi komgaqo-siseko karhulumente negunya likarhulumente uyaqhubeka luguquka.

Iingcinezelo Zotshintsho LomGaqo-siseko

Bambi abaxhasi baphikisa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ukuze kwandiswe ukuzilawula kwasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi kumaphondo anemiqathango engqongqo. Le migudu idla ngokugxininisa imfuneko yokuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bacombulule iingxaki ezingama-21 ezithi zitshintshe imozulu, izindlu ezinokufikeleleka kunye nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi amalungiselelo omthetho wekhaya omgaqo-siseko kufuneka omele womelezwe ukuze kuqaliswe uphuhliso lwasekuhlaleni.

Abanye baxhasa ulawulo okanye ulomeleze umgaqo-siseko karhulumente koorhulumente basekuhlaleni. La mazwi agxininisa ukubaluleka kokulingana kwelizwe ngokubanzi kunye nomngcipheko wokwahlulwa kwenkqubo egqithisileyo. Baphikisa ngelithi ukwenziwa kwesigqibo somgangatho karhulumente kuyimfuneko ukucombulula iingxaki zengingqi nokukhusela izilangazelelo zelizwe ngokubanzi.

Indima yokubhaliswa komGaqo-siseko

Ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko kuza kuqhubeka kubumba ulwalamano lwendawo-yonke. Njengoko amatyala neendawo zingqubana ngemibandela efana nokukhulula, irhafu, kunye negunya lokulawula, iinkundla ziza kubizwa ukuba zichaze imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko worhulumente zize zichaze imida yamandla asekuhlaleni. Ezi zigqibo zogwebo ziya kuphembelela ulawulo lwezenzo kwaye zisenokuxhobisa ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko.

Ukuqhelana Neengxaki Ezintsha

Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente kufuneka ulungelelanise nokucombulula imingeni evelayo. Iingxoxo ezifana nentsebenziswano yengingqi, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye notshintsho lobugcisa zingafuna isiseko somgaqo-siseko esitsha sokumisela igunya phakathi korhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Kusenokufuneka ukuba amazwe alungise umgaqo-siseko wawo ukuze anike ukhokelo olucacileyo ngendlela ezingxaki ezimele zixoxwe ngayo kwinkqubo yorhulumente yommandla.

Isiphelo

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ubumba indlela abasebenza ngayo oorhulumente bengingqi kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo abanokuyamkela. Ngayo ilungiselelo lokumisela ulawulo lwasekhaya, ukuchaza ummandla wamagunya ommandla, nokubeka imiqathango kwigunya lasekuhlaleni, imimiselo yomthetho idala isiseko esisemthethweni apho ulawulo lwengingqi lukhoyo. Ukuqonda esi siseko somgaqo-siseko kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, enoba ngonyuliweyo, njengomphathi, ummeli, ummeli, okanye ummi othembisiweyo.

Umahluko wendlela yokungena ngaphaya kwamashumi amahlanu amanqaku ubonisa ukuba akukho mpendulo ilungileyo kwimibuzo malunga nendlela umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ofanele ukwabela ngayo amandla phakathi korhulumente noorhulumente bommandla. Indlela nganye ibandakanya urhwebo phakathi kolawulo lobulali nolawulo lobulali, phakathi kokwahluka-hlukene kwemigaqo kunye nokudibana, phakathi kokusabela kunye nokusebenzisana. Njengoko amazwana eqhubeka ukuzamana nale mibuzo ingundoqo, umgaqo-siseko uya kuhlala kumbindi wengxoxo malunga nesakhiwo esifanelekileyo solawulo lwaseMelika.

Kubo bafuna ukuqonda okanye ukuphembelela imithetho yasekuhlaleni, ukuqhelana namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente kuyimfuneko. La maxwebhu asisiseko amisela imithetho yomdlalo ukwenzela ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni, amisela oko kunokwenzeka noko kwalelweyo. Ngokubumba ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente wasekuhlaleni, umgaqo-siseko worhulumente uchaphazela kakhulu ubunjani bolawulo nokusabela kukarhulumente kubemi abafuneka.

Ukufunda okungakumbi ngomthetho-siseko wesizwe kunye negunya likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, tyelela [[FLT:] uManyano oluxabisekileyo lwezixeko zelizwe , olunika ubuncwane obuninzi kwimiba yolawulo yasekuhlaleni. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yomthetho-Mgaqo-siseko [[[FLT:]] inika uhlalutyo lobuGaqo-mthetho lwesizwe [[FLT]] olunolwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nobume bemeko-zwe kunye nomgaqo-siseko. [FLT] lunika iingcaciso ezifikelelekayo zemeko yemithetho yezomthetho-siseko, [[FLT] [5] [5] yog.G.G.G.G.G.G.G.G.G.G.G.G.G.G.