Ukuqonda Ulongamo Kweli Hlabathi

Ulawulo luyindawo ebanzi apho inkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe yale mihla yakhiwe khona. Ibonisa igunya elipheleleyo lorhulumente lokuzilawula, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okungaphandle. Le ngcamango, ngexa ithathwa njengengenamsebenzi, intsokothe kakhulu kwaye iguquke ngokuphawulekayo kwiinkulungwane ezingaphaya kweenkulungwane. Ukuqonda ubukhulu bolawulo (iingcambu zangaphakathi kunye nezingaphandle, iingcambu zayo zembali, kunye neengxaki zale mihla yayo, zibalulekile ukufumanisa indlela amazwe azibophelele ngayo kwaye asebenzisana ngayo kwinqanaba lehlabathi lonke. Ukusuka kuxolo lwaseWestphalia ukuya kwiingxoxo ezikungqongileyo kunye namaziko engquzulanisa indalo, ulawulo luhlala lungumgaqo onamandla nolukhuphikiswayo.

Imilinganiselo Ephakamileyo Yolongamo

Ulawulo asiyongcamango engaqhelekanga; luhlalutyelwa kwimibala emibini ephambili: ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Le milinganiso iyaphelelisana kwaye ichaza umlinganiselo opheleleyo wegunya lorhulumente.

Ulawulo lwangaphakathi

Ulawulo lwangaphakathi lubhekisela kwigunya eliphakamileyo kummandla onikiweyo. Ligunya lorhulumente ukwenza nokunyanzelisa imithetho, ukugcina ucwangco, nokulawula imicimbi yasekhaya ngaphandle koxanduva lwawo lwemida. Le ngcamango isekelwe kwingcamango yokuba urhulumente unegunya elipheleleyo ekusetyenzisweni ngokusemthethweni kwamandla, njengoko kuchazwe kakuhle yingcaciso yentlalo-ntle uMax Weber. Undoqo wolawulo lwangaphakathi uquka:

  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Igunya lomthetho: Amandla okumisela, ukutolika, kunye nokunyanzelisa isakhiwo somthetho esisebenza kubo bonke abantu kunye nemibutho ekwimo yezwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ulawulo lwemali: Ubuchule bokuhlawula irhafu, ukuphatha imali kawonke-wonke, kunye nokunikezela izibonelelo ukwenzela iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezinjengemfundo, unyango, kunye nezibonelelo.
  • Ukhuseleko oluphezulu: Ilungelo elipheleleyo lokugcina amapolisa kunye nomkhosi ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwasekhaya nokukhusela kwisongelo sangaphandle.
  • Ufikelelo lolawulo: Umthamo wokuzalisekisa imigaqo nemigaqo kummandla wonke, ukusuka kumaziko asedolophini ukuya kummandla wasemaphandleni.

Imeko ephulukana nolawulo lwangaphakathi (ngokomzekelo), ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya okanye ukuwa kolawulo(-ii-compuments) ukuze zisebenze njengequmrhu elidityanisiweyo lezobupolitika, elidla ngokukhokelela kwikhamandela le-oyile kunye nokungazinzi okusasazekileyo.

Ulawulo lwangaphandle

Ulawulo lwangaphandle lunxulumene nokuvunywa kwenkululeko yelizwe ngabanye oorhulumente nabadlali bezizwe ngezizwe. Kukuvunywa ukuba urhulumente unelungelo lokuqhuba ulwalamano lwakhe lokwelinye ilizwe, angene kwizivumelwano, athabathe inxaxheba kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ngaphandle kokuthotyelwa ligunya langaphandle. Lo mgaqo udla ngokumiselwa ngolwazi lwezobugqeba. Ukuze urhulumente axhamle ulawulo lwangaphandle, kufuneka abe nalo:

  • I-Diplomatic Brind: ukwamkelwa okuqhelekileyo ngamanye amazwe angoongangamsha, asoloko esungulwe ngokutshintshisana koonozakuzaku kunye namalungu kwimizimba yomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.
  • Isantya sokwenza iCape: Igunya elingokwasemthethweni lokutyikityo, lokugunyazisa, nokunyanzelisa izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe nezinye iintlanga okanye imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe.
  • Control ngaphezu komgaqo-nkqubo woMany'eMany: Amandla okuzibekela ngokwawo iinjongo zenkqubo yamanye amazwe, ukubhengeza imfazwe, ukwenza uxolo, kunye nokwenza uthengiso.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukungafezeki kwemida: Umgaqo wokuba ingqibelelo yengingqi karhulumente mayihlonelwe zezinye izizwe, njengokuba ifakwe kwiCharter yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo (iArtle 2(4)).

Ulawulo lwangaphandle luxhomekeke ekuqapheleni nasekumkeleni amanye amazwe. Ngaphandle kokuvuma okunjalo, intsimi ingabakho njengemeko engekhoyo kodwa ingenako ukuma okupheleleyo okusemthethweni kuluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Kolongamo

Ingcamango yanamhlanje yolongamo ayizange ivele ngokupheleleyo, inkqubela yayo isenokufunyanwa ngeziganeko ezibalaseleyo zembali ezaguqula ulawulo lwezobupolitika lwaseYurophu ekugqibeleni lwalo lonke ihlabathi.

IPanama Yoxolo YaseWestphalia (1648)

Izivumelwano ezaphelisa imfazwe yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu zigqalwa ngokubanzi njengokuzalwa kwenkqubo yelizwe langoku. Uxolo lwaseWestphalia lwaseka umgaqo we [[FLT: 0] cugio, i-ius religio, eUnio religio (ummandla olawulwa ngurhulumente, unqulo lwakhe), luqinisekisa ukuba negunya lokumisela unqulo lwengingqi yabo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kumagunya angaphandle. Ngokubanzi, izivumelwano zazisa imbono yokuthembeka komhlaba kunye nokungavumelani nemicimbi yeminye imiba. Olu lawulo lwaseWestpaniya lwaba ligumbi lolwalamano lwezizwe, lugxininisa ukuba akukho gunya langaphandle loMlawuli oNgcwele wamaRoma, uPopulson, okanye omnye ukumkani . Ngokubanzi, ungenelela ngokusemthethweni ulawulo lwe-olawulo lwe-omlawuli. [Frantin:]

Ukuqalisa Kwemfundiso Yokungalawuleki Nempembelelo Ekhoyo Entlalweni

Kwiinkulungwane zasemva kweWestphalia, iingcinga zaqalisa ukuchaza iziseko zegunya lombuso. Isithandi sobulumko saseFransi uJean Bodin, emsebenzini wakhe SIXIIIIII Books of the Commonweal[ [1576], , elwela ulawulo olupheleleyo nolungunaphakade olubekwe kumlawuli. Kamva, uThomas Hobbes, [[FLT:] ku-[FLT]] [[FLT]] , [1651], ithe ingu-1651], ithe ingumthetho owenziwe ngesivumelwano sobuntlalo loluntu, nto leyo inika ulawulo oluthile kumlawuli ekutshintshisaneni kokhuseleko nocwangco. Ngokuphikisanayodwa, uJohn Locle, uthetha ukuba ekugqibeleni ulawulo oluselulungele ulawulo oluqhelekileyo. Ezimvo zahlukeneyo lwezi inguqulelo zezobupolitika ze-Genestruption, ukusuka kwilizwe le-Expencelvences, ukusuka kwilizwe le

Ukuqhambuka Kolongamo Oluthandwayo

Umgaqo wolawulo oluqhelekileyo uqinisekisa ukuba igunya lorhulumente lisuka kwimvume yabalawulwa. Le ngcamango yaba semgangathweni kwingcamango yedemokhrasi kunye nokuqhelisa. UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States uqala nge "Thina bantu," ngokucacileyo urhulumente omtsha wesizwe ekuthandeni kobumi obudibeneyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ulawulo oluqhelekileyo luye lwaguquka luquka iingcamango ezifana ne-athom yendalo, ulawulo lommeli, kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane. IStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy inikela umlawuli wobukhosi [[FLT: 0] ochaza ezi ziganeko zentandabulumko.

Iintlobo Ezahlukileyo Zolongamo

Kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika, ulawulo ludla ngokubekwa kwiintlobo eziliqela ezibalaselisa iinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zegunya likarhulumente:

  • Ulongamo lwe-Legal: Amandla asesikweni, omgaqo-siseko ukwenza imithetho. Kwinkqubo yepalamente, ulawulo olusemthethweni lukwindlu yowiso-mthetho; kwinkqubo yomongameli, lungabelana nomphathi-ntloko kunye nejaji. Iinkundla zidla ngokuchaza imida yolawulo olusemthethweni ngohlalutyo lwezomthetho.
  • Ulawulo olungumGaqo-siseko: Amandla asebenzayo okuphembelela ukwenza izigqibo. Oku kunokuhlala kumaqela ezobupolitika, amaqela abantu abanomdla, okanye kwanempembelelo, kwaye kusenokungasoloko kuhambelana nolawulo olusemthethweni. Umzekelo, ulawulo olunamandla lwezixhobo okanye umkhosi lungasebenzisa ulawulo lwezobupolitika ngaphaya kwemida esemthethweni.
  • Ulongamo lobupoma: Imfundiso yokuba igunya elipheleleyo lilelabantu. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziswa ngonyulo, ngezonyulo, nangezinye iindlela zedemokhrasi. Umgaqo-siseko omninzi ubiza ngokucacileyo ulongamo loluntu njengomthombo wawo onke amandla karhulumente.
  • Ulawulo lwezoqoqosho: Ubuchule borhulumente ukulawula imigaqo yakhe yezoqoqosho, kuquka inkqubo yemali, imimiselo yezorhwebo, kunye nolawulo lwemiba. Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi jikelele kunyanzele ngokuphawulekayo ulawulo lwezoqoqosho kumazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi lawo akwimibutho yemali okanye atyala kakhulu kwimibutho yemali yezizwe ngezizwe.
  • Ulawulo lobuGcisa bobuDegital: Yingcamango entsha evelayo kwinkulungwane yama-21, ibhekiselele kulawulo lwezwe kwisiseko salo samanani, ugcino-lwazi, kunye ne-webhsayithi. Ingxoxo ngokubhekiselele kugcino-lwazi lobulali, ulawulo lwe-intanethi, kunye nokhuseleko lweziko lwezibheno luxhonywa ngokukhulayo ngokwezikonga zamanani.

Ucelomngeni Lolongamo Lwangoku

Ngoxa ulongamo lusengumgaqo osisiseko womthetho wezizwe ngezizwe nowezobupolitika, umgaqo walo osebenzayo uye wacelw ’ umngeni zizinto eziliqela ezinxulumeneyo.

Ukudityaniswa Kwehlabathi Nenkxalabo Ngezoqoqosho

Ukudityaniswa kwezoqoqosho lwehlabathi kuye kwadibanisa uqoqosho lwelizwe lwentengiso, ingeniso kunye nemveliso. Iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, iimbutho zobonelelo lwehlabathi, kunye neemarike zemali zamazwe ngamazwe zidla ngokuphembelela kwiinkqubo zasekhaya eziphikisana okanye ezingaphezulu kwezoorhulumente abanyuliweyo. Ilizwe linokufumanisa ukuba imigaqo yalo yerhafu inyanzelwa lukhuphiswano lwamazwe ngamazwe, okanye ukuba imigaqo yalo yemekobume yemekobume iphenjelelwe yizivumelwano zezorhwebo lomhlaba wonke. Le zoqoqosho iyakwazi ukuphelisa ukulawulwa kwesithethe okunxulumene nolawulo.

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe noLawulo lwezizwe

Izintlu zentlangano yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iWorld Trade Organization, iNgxowa-mali yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, kunye ne-European Union ifuna ukuba amazwe amkele imithetho emanyane nezobugqeba ezilinganiselayo ezithi zizenze izigqibo zawo ezingathanga mntu. Umzekelo, amazwe e-EUU athe afaka ulawulo olubalulekileyo kwiindawo ezifana nenkqubo yemali (i-Euroraccone), ulawulo lorhwebo, kwakunye nezinye izinto zolawulo lobugwebi besizwe, kunye nemithetho ethile yesizwe elawulayo kunye negunya lesizwe elilawula imimandla yonke liphawu elizingisileyo lezobupolitika zanamhlanje. [[FFLT:0] I-UN TRATERR.[FLD:1] ngokwayo] iyazilinganisa ukuhlonipha ulawulo (Artle 2(7) kunye nokhuseleko lwecandelo lesahluko VII, olunokulungenelela kwimicimbi egqithisileyo.

Amalungelo Abantu Nembopheleleko Yokukhusela

I-Pfull-Holocaustt Amalungelo abantu ivavanye umgangatho opheleleyo wolawulo. Umgaqo we ukulungelelanisa ukukhusela (R2P), owamkelwa yi-UN ngo-2005, uqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lubandakanya uxanduva lokukhusela abantu kwizenzo zobundlobongela. Xa urhulumente engaphumeleli ukuzalisekisa lo msebenzi, uluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe lungangenelela, kwanokuba nempikiswano ebalulekileyo. Oku kuguqula ukuqonda okungokwesithethe kolawulo kusuke kusekulungelweni lomthetho ukuya kumsebenzi onxulumene nonyaka, kubangela impikiswano enzulu malunga nemiqathangonyaka yokungangeni-ngaphaka.

Iintlaselo ze-cyber kunye nemfazwe yolwazi

Kule nkathi yamanani, ulawulo luxhatshazwa kakhulu kwikhompyutha. Ama-odoli ajongene nohlaselo lwekhompyutha oluvela kubadlali bangaphandle abaphazamisa izinto ezintle, abe impahla ekrelekrele okanye bangenelele kunyulo. Ukuxhathisa kolo hlaselo kudla ngokuba nzima, kwaye iingcamango ezingokwesithethe zolawulo lwelizwe zizama ukusetyenziswa kumanzi nemeko engekho mgaqweni ye-intanethi. Amanye amaphondo aye azama ukubeka ulawulo lweziqumrhu ngemithetho efuna ukuhlaziywa (njengeRashiya neTshayina) okanye ngokwakha izibonelelo eziphezulu.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Kulawulo

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo ethile kusinceda sibone indlela ulongamo olusetyenziswa ngayo, olunesabelo kuyo, noluye lwaphikiswa.

IUnited States: Umzekelo Wolongamo LweFederal

I-United States inikela umzekelo obalaseleyo wolongamo olwahlulwe phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye norhulumente ongaphantsi kancinci. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. usasaza amandla phakathi korhulumente worhulumente kunye norhulumente, ngomgangatho ngamnye ogcina amalungelo athile aphezulu. Ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe enegunya elipheleleyo kwimithetho yamanye amazwe, ukhuseleko, kunye norhwebo lwamazwe, umisela ulawulo olubalulekileyo kwimfundo, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Olu cwangciso lwesizwe maxa wambi lukhokelela kwiimbambano, njengengxoxo emalunga namalungelo alo rhulumente ekuwiseni umyaleko olunolawulo lwezwe. Ukuqonda ulawulo lwe-U.S.

Umanyano LwaseYurophu: Ulongamo Oluthenjiswe

Ngokunokwenzeka i-European Union lelona lingelo linemanyukunyuku ekwabelaneni ngolawulo. Amaphondo akwilungu ahlala engowona mgaqo, kodwa ngokuzithandela aye atshintshela kumaziko e-EU kwimimandla efana norhwebo, ukhuphiswano, umthetho wemekobume, kunye, kunye, nemali. Umthetho we-EU uthatha indima ephambili kumthetho wesizwe kwimimandla emininzi, kwaye iNkundla yezobulungisa inegunya lokutolika loo mithetho. Lo mzekelo "umthetho othenjiweyo" uvumela ukusebenza ngokwamacandelo ngexesha elinye ngoxa ulondoloza ugcino-luvo lobuzwe kunye nezakhiwo zolawulo. I-Brettettendatorendum yayingu, ngokomphambili wayo, malunga nolawulo loMbuso boMhlanga obumanyeneyo obungakhutha u-Rhulumel ukusuka kwi-Exrusselm.

ETshayina: Ulongamo Olusenyongweni Kwihlabathi Elizaliswe Lihlabathi

ITshayina imela ukungqinelana okunamandla okulawula urhulumente, ingakumbi ngenxa yokukhula kwayo okukhawulezayo kwezoqoqosho. Urhulumente waseTshayina uhlala elawula ngamandla intetho yezopolitiko, ukufikelela kwe-Internet, kunye nempembelelo yamanye amazwe kwimida yayo, uyikhaba ngawo okokugqibela into ayijongi njengendlela engachananga namazwe aseNtshona. Kwangaxeshanye, iTshayina ibandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo ekulawuleni kwezoqoqosho, ithelelana namaziko amazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe, kwaye iprojelo luphembelele inyathelo elifana neBelt ne-Aroad Itificie. Imo yayo ibonisa ukuba ulawulo alufuni ukuba luzizodwa; kunoko, isetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokuqhuba urhwebo ngomnye.

Amazwe Amancinane Nolongamo

Amazwe amancinane anjengeSingapore, i-Iceland, okanye amazwe aseBaltic ajongene nocelomngeni olukhethekileyo. Ulawulo lwawo olulinganiselweyo kunye nokuxhomekeka kwezoqoqosho kubamelwane abakhulu kubenza babe ngamaxhoba okunyanzelwa. Amazwe amancinane amaninzi afuna ulawulo ngezivumelwano eziququzelela, njengamalungu eNATO, okanye ngokusebenzisa umthetho kunye nolawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Imeko yeKosovo ibonisa indlela ulawulo olunokuqhubeka ngayo kangangamashumi eminyaka, amanye amazwe ayazi ukuba ayalulawula, amanye angavumi ukwenza oko, nto eshiya umgangatho wawo wezizwe ngezizwe zingachananga.

Ikamva Lolongamo

Ingcamango yolawulo ayimi nje. Njengoko ubugcisa obutsha, uloyiko lwezizwe njenge inguqulelo yemozulu, kunye namandla atshintshayo ayakuvela, intsingiselo kunye nokuqhelisa ulawulo kuza kuqhubeka kuguquka. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi ulawulo lupheliswa yimikhosi yomhlaba wonke, ngoxa abanye bephikisa ngelithi luhlala luqinile kodwa luphinda luvuselelwe. Ukuvela kwemibutho ekhuthaza umpuluko kumazwe amaninzi kubonisa umnqweno wokulwa nolawulo lwesizwe oluchasene nemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe nezikhulu zomhlaba. Ngokuphikisana noko, imfuneko yokulungisa iingxaki ezingaphaya kwemidabini.

Ekugqibeleni, ulawulo asiyomeko epheleleyo, engekho nto. Luludwe lwemiqathango nezenzo ezithi kuxoxwe kwimekobume yehlabathi jikelele entsonkothileyo. Ukuqonda imilinganiselo yayo, imbali, kunye nocelomngeni lubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela amazwe alungelelanisa ngayo ulungelelwano olucekethekileyo phakathi kokuzimela ngokwawo kunye nokusebenzisana kwe-atcimption kwinkulungwane yama-21.