IOath enguMongameli kunye neZisekelo zomGaqo-siseko wayo

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla singaphezulu kakhulu kunokucengceleza izithethe. Sisenzo somthetho esisisiseko esidibanisa umongameli ozayo kumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe,(*) umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Isifungo simiselwe ngokucacileyo Article II, Icandelo 1, Clause 8[[FL:1] lomGaqo-siseko, othi:

[FLT]]" I-I-enza uluvo olunzulu (okanye isiqinisekiso) ukuba ndiza kuqhuba i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States ngokuthembeka, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa elona khono lam, ndigcine, ndikhusele kwaye ndikhusele umGaqo-siseko wase-United States.[[FLT]]]

Esi sivakalisi sinye singqinela umgaqo ongundoqo womthetho: ukuba akukho mntu, nkqu nomongameli, omi ngaphezu komyalelo osemthethweni. Isifungo singummiselo osisifungo sikawonke wonke, esisibophelele sokusebenzisa igunya lolawulo kuphela kwimida emiselwe ngumGaqo-siseko. Ngokusithabatha, umongameli uvuma umsebenzi wokusebenza ngokwemithetho nokuxhathisa nasiphi na isilingo sokulawula ngokuthanda komntu ngamnye. Ngalo ndlela umthetho unikwa i-screding, i-ankile yobuqu, kanye ngexesha lokuthatha isikhundla.

Ummandla Wesinyithi

Isifungo siqulethe iinxalenye ezimbini ezibalulekileyo. Eyokuqala, umongameli ufunga ukuba uyayiyeka ngokuthembeka i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States. Eli binzana lifuna ukuzimisela, ukunyaniseka, kunye nokusebenza ngokusemthethweni kwayo yonke imisebenzi edibene nomphathi-mikhosi. Liyayichasa ngokupheleleyo nayiphi na ingcamango yokuba umphathi onegunya okhululekileyo angawuhoyi umthetho okanye ummiselo. Okwesibini, umongameli ubhambathiso ku-, sserver, sctar nokhusela umGaqo-siseko. Oku kuyimbopheleleko yokuvuma ukuphakamisa umGaqo-siseko nxamnye nazo zonke izisongelo, nokuba ngowasemzini okanye ngowasesakhamanyeneyo. Ezi ziqululo zisenza umgangatho osemthethweni ngokuchasene nazo zonke izenzo zolawulo.

UMgaqo-siseko awufuni mbhalo okhethekileyo wesifungo ngaphaya kwamazwi amiselweyo, kodwa isithethe sidibanise ibinzana " ngoko ke ndincede uThixo" [ ngokongeza ngokobuqu uGeorge Washington. Nangona esi siphawuli sonqulo singeyomfuneko ngokomthetho, sigxininisa uphawu olubalulekileyo, lokuziphatha olusemthethweni lwezifungo. Okubalulekileyo, isifungo singaqinisekiswa kunokuba sifungwe, sivumelane nabo baneempikiswano zonqulo okanye zesazela.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Yegama Elingunobumba

George Washington wathabatha isifungo sokuqala somongameli ngoAprili 30, 1789, kwiHolo yeFederal kwisiXeko saseNew York. Wabeka isandla sakhe kwiBhayibhile waza waphinda wasiphinda isifungo njengoko sibhaliwe, wandula ke wongeza -uku ke ndincede ndiThixo. Esi sithethe silandelwe ngumongameli ngamnye ukususela oko, nangona ukubekwa kwesandla kweBhayibhile kukwasisiko, imfuneko esemthethweni. Isifungo sibekwe phandle ezinyathelweni zeCapitol, ngexesha longxamiseko, kwana nangenqwelo moya, njengoLyndondon B. Johnson kwi-Amplone kuMkhosi womoya emva kokubulawa kukaJohn F. Kennedy.

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, isifungo siye sahambelana nokutshintsha imo-bume yezobupolitika nentlalo. Ukuqinisekisa u-Claus kuyavuma ukuba kunokwenzeka, ukuqinisekisa, isifungo esingeyonkolo, esisetyenziswe nguMongameli Franklin Pierce ngo1853 (ekwakuqiniseki kunokufungela, ukubeka isandla sakhe kweBhayibhile kodwa angayiqabuli). Isifungo asizange sihlale sinjalo, kodwa ukutolikwa kwaso kuvele. Umzekelo, " ngokuthembeka ukuphumeza" ummiselo womthetho womthetho wesifungo sikaMongameli Andrew Johnson, owatyholwayo ukuphula i-10 le ofisi ye-OSTSTSTS.

Isifungo sikwanikwe intsingiselo engakumbi ngexesha lobunzima bomGaqo-siseko. UMongameli Abraham Lincoln, kwidilesi yakhe yokuqala yokuvula, wakhumbuza uhlanga ukuba uthathe isifungo kwi " ukhuseleko, ukhusela, kwaye ukhusela" umGaqo-siseko, kwaye watolika oko njengesiqinisekiso sokuthatha amanyathelo angaqhelekanga . Qutha i-habeas corpus jpus . Ukukhusela i-Umthetho-siseko ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya. Isifungo sinika umgaqo-siseko wesenzo sobumongameli kwiimeko ezimaxokelelwano, lo gama sikwasebenza njengovavanyo olungelulawulo oluqhelekileyo.

Indlela Isinyithi Esiqinisa Ngayo Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Nokuxilonga Nokulungelelana

Isifungo somongameli singumsebenzi ongundoqo kumthetho wenkqubo yamagunya. Ngokufunga ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko, umongameli uyavuma igunya elizimeleyo leBhunga kunye nejaji. Isifungo siqinisa umgaqo wokuba umongameli akanakukwazi ukuwulawula ngokungenasiphelo imimiselo emiselwe yiBhunga okanye ayihoyi ingcaciso yomthetho. Oku akuthethiwa nje; isifungo sicetyiswa kwiimpikiswano ezinkulu zemithetho.

Ukuphendula Ngokuyalela

UmGaqo-siseko unika inkqubo ekhethekileyo yokunyanzelisa isifungo: ukungaquki. Icandelo II, iCandelo lesi-4 lithi umongameli namanye amagosa asekuhlaleni bangasuswa ukunyanzelwa, nokugwetywa, nokugwetywa, ukungcatsha, ukunyotywa, okanye amanye amatyala aphezulu kunye nokungafezeki. Isifungo ngumgangatho omeleyo apho umongameli athenjiweyo walinganiswa khona. Ukwaphulwa kwesifungo, ngokungavumi ngempazamo, okanye ngokusebenzisa amandla olawulo oluphezulu ukwenzela inzuzo yobuqu. [i-FLT:1] Ikomiti yendlu engaqhubiyo ithelelani izifungo njengengxelo yesiseko sokusetyenziswa kakubi komongameli.

Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha lokugwetywa koMongameli Richard Nixon, amanqaku okungathobeli aquka ukwaphulwa komsebenzi wakhe womGaqo-siseko wokunyamekela ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka. Lo mgaqo mnye wawusemgangathweni wokuyalelwa kokuqala kukaMongameli uDonald Trump, apho ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwerhafu kwabekwa njengesaphulo sobumongameli. Ngaloo ndlela, isifungo asikokuko ukubhambathiswa nje kuphela kodwa sisithembiso esinyanzelelwa ngokusemthethweni esinokuthi sikhokelele ekususweni kwesikhundla.

Isifungo Nomsebenzi Wokunyamekela Imithetho Ukuze Isetyenziswe Ngokuthembeka

Inqaku II, Icandelo 3 lomGaqo-siseko linyanzela umsebenzi wobudlelane kumongameli: " [H] uza kukukhathalela ukuba iMithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembekileyo. [Le binzana lihambisana nesifungo. Bobabini, benza imbopheleleko ebanzi yokunyanzelisa umthetho karhulumente nokulawula isebe eliphetheyo ngokokunjalo. Isifungo sisithembiso sobuqu; [ Ukunyamekela uClauslee ngumyalelo osebenzayo.

Lo msebenzi unentsingiselo enkulu. Kuthetha ukuba umongameli akanakuyityeshela ngokukhethayo imithetho, kwaye akanakukwala ukumisela imithetho edluliswa yiKhonkxalane ngenxa nje yokungavumelani kwemigaqo. Isebe elilawulayo kufuneka linyanzelise imithetho ebhalwe njengebhalwe ngaphandle kokuba inkundla ivakalise ukuba ayivumelani nemithetho. Isifungo sikhusela ukungeniswa kobungangamsha kwisikhundla solawulo lwe-monarchy okanye solawulo lobuzwilakhe. Sigunyazisa umongameli ukuba asebenze phakathi kwesiseko esisemthethweni esimiswe ngamanye amasebe.

Imizekelo yanamhlanje iquka iimbambano ngokunyanzelisa ukufuduka nokuphunyezwa kwemimiselo yokusingqongileyo. Ukuba umongameli uyalela abameli abaphetheyo ukuba bangayithobeli imiyalelo ecacileyo yomthetho, oko kunokwenziwa kungacelwwa njengokwaphulwa kwesifungo kunye nokukhathalelwa kukaCelas. Iinkundla zeSizwe ziye zasicaphula isifungo kwimimiselo yazo, ziphawula ukuba amagosa ephetheyo esebe kufuneka athobele umthetho njengoko uchazwe yijajidiary.

Ukuthelekiswa namagunya Amanye Amagada

Isifungo somongameli siyinxalenye yemimiselo ebanzi yemiGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho eququzelela onke amagosa karhulumente. Article VI, Claus 3 ufuna ukuba bonke abalawuli bemithetho-siseko, abaphathi-mikhosi, kunye nabagwebi babotshwe ngokufungisa okanye ngokuqinisekisa ukuba baxhase umGaqo-siseko. Isifungo esingqalileyo sabagwebi besizwe sidityaniswe kwi-28 U.S.C. . . . . . . ._____ 453: [[FLT:]], I, [igama lomthetho], yenza isifungo esiphakamileyo (okanye ne-ofisi) (okanye abalawuli) ukuba ndizakwenza okusesikweni ngaphandle kokungahlonela abantu, kwaye ndiza kukwenza ngokuthembeka kwaye ndiphumele yonke imisebenzi yam phantsi komGwamGatho-siseko weUnited States.[3]

Amalungu eBhunga athatha isifungo esifanayo. Ezi zifungo zidibeneyo ziqinisa umthetho ngokuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umlungiseleli kawonke-wonke uyavuma ukuba umgangatho ophezulu womGaqo-siseko. Noko ke, isifungo somongameli sithwala ubunzima obungaqhelekanga ngenxa yamagunya amakhulu .

Abalawuli belizwe nabagwebi bakarhulumente bakwafunga ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., benza isakhiwo esimanyeneyo sokunyaniseka komgaqo-siseko kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente. Oku kuthembeka kolawulo kumGaqo-siseko wesizwe kunceda ekuthinteleni amazwe angawuthobeli umthetho wesizwe, njengoko kubonwa ngexesha [ Ingxaki yokuTshabhiswa kweNkulukwano [ kunye nexesha lamaLungelo kaNovelment, xa amagosa karhulumente awayechasa umthetho karhulumente abambelele kwizifungo zawo kwiinkundla.

Isifungo Kumaxesha Entlekele: 1789 Ukuya Kutsho Kule Mihla

Izifungo zikaMongameli ezithatyathwe ngexesha leengxaki zinyuse ukuqina komthetho. Xa uFranklin D. Roosevelt wafungayo ngo 1933, uhlanga lwalusebunzulwini boxinzelelo olukhulu lomoya. Intetho yakhe yokusungula yanxulunyaniswa ngqo nemfuneko yomgaqo-siseko yamanyathelo aqinileyo: " iza kucela iBhunga lesixhobo esiseleyo sokuhlangabezana nengxaki, "brand widget" amandla oMlawuli olawulayo ukulwa nemfazwe engxamisekileyo, ngamandla anokunikwa mna ukuba eneneni sasihlaselwa lutshaba lwasemzini.. Isifungo samnika umthetho osemthethweni wokulwa norhulumente ngomlinganiselo ongenakulinganiswa.

Ngokufanayo, emva kohlaselo lwangoSeptemba 11, 2001, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wafunga ngo-2005 phakathi kwemfazwe eziqhubekayo e-Afghanistan nase Iraq. Isifungo sasebenza njengesikhumbuzi sokuba kwanangexesha lemfazwe, amagunya emfazwe kamongameli kufuneka asetyenziswe kwimida engokomGaqo-siseko kunye ne-statory. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi . I-Rumsfeld kunye [FLT] ne-BOMEDIE v. Bush zakhiwa kwisiqulo sokuba isifungo sikamongameli asibanga singenasiphelo sokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Isifungo saphinda sajongwa ngokungqongqo ngexesha lotshintsho lomongameli wama-2020. Umongameli uJoe Biden wagxininisa i-spreserve, kunye nokukhusela "ulwimi oluthi " kumazwi akhe okuvula, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukubuyiselwa komgaqo-siseko emva kocelomngeni lolawulo olungaphambili. Umsitho ngokwawo, ogcinwe phantsi kokhuseleko olunzima emva kohlaselo lukaJanuwari 6 Capitol, waba ngumboniso ocacileyo wokuba isifungo sinika ulawulo oluqhubekayo lukarhulumente kunye negunya elingokwasemthethweni kwanaphakathi kweziphithiphithi-nxaxheba zezobupolitika.

Umfuziselo we-object. Unyanzeliso lwasemthethweni: Ingaba i-oath ingagwetywa ngokuthe ngqo?

Umbuzo ophindwayo kumthetho-siseko kukuba isifungo somongameli sibangela umsebenzi onyanzelekileyo ngokobuqu, kodwa ukugwetywa kwaso kungenziwa ngummi ukunyanzela umongameli ukuba enze isenzo esithile esifunekayo ngesifungo? IiNkundla zisoloko zikholelwa ukuba isifungo asilolungelo lasese lesenzo. Isifungo singumthetho ofunekayo, kodwa ukwaphula kwayo kudla ngokubhekiswa kwinkqubo yezopolitiko. Oku kuyavisisana nomgaqo wamagunya: isifungo asilolungelo lasese lokwenza inyathelo lesibini. Umgaqo womgaqo womongameli wokusebenzisa ingqiqo ekuphumeleni imithetho.

Noko ke, isifungo sinamandla asemthethweni. Kungakhankanywa enkundleni ukuqinisa umsebenzi kamongameli wokuthobela imimiselo. Abaselula babhala ukuba igunya likamongameli limele liphume emgameni weSigqeba okanye kwisenzo seBhunga, kwaye isifungo “sokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphumele ngokuthembeka” siphikisa ingcamango yokuba umongameli uTruman ufumene uxanduva lwemeko. Ngoko ke, isifungo sisebenza njengempikiswano esemthethweni phakathi kwenkundla yemfazwe yase Korea.

Ukuzama Ukuphumelela Njengendlela Ephambili

Ngenxa yokuba isifungo sisithintela ngokuzithethelela kuphela ngokujongana nezopolitiko, amandla okungaceli tyala kukuxilonga okupheleleyo komgaqo-siseko. Abalawuli benza kube nzima ngabom ukususa umongameli (_ukucela ivoti yesithathu ezibukweni) kwiNdlu yendlu yendlu, ukukhusela ukususwa okungenamsebenzi, kodwa kwakhona bakwenza kwacaca ukuba umongameli osikhabayo isifungo sakhe angakhutshwa esikhundleni. Isifungo sisebenza njengomnqophiso we-olemn nohlanga, ummiselo walo olele kwiBhunga lombutho njengommeli.

Isifungo sisetyenziswa xa kusenziwa izicelo zokuchaza ubunzulu behambo engafanelekanga kamongameli. Amanqaku okungaququzeleli nxamnye noMongameli uAndrew Johnson, uRichard Nixon, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump onke abhekisela kwisifungo njengomgangatho umongameli awephulayo. Nokuba oko kukhokelela ekuvumeni sisigqibo sezobupolitika, kodwa isifungo sinika isifungo somgaqo-siseko sokubeka umongameli esiphendu.

Iingxaki Neengxoxo Zanamhlanje Ezingqonge Ingxowa

Kumazwe aseMerika akhoyo, isifungo somongameli siye saba yingxoxo yabahlaseli. Abanye abahlalutyi bathi oomongameli baye bandisa amandla olawulo oluphezulu ngaphaya komda womgaqo-siseko, bachaza ukuxhomekeka kwimiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, izindululo zongxamiseko, kunye nokucaciswa kwakhona kwemithetho njengokwaphulwa komthetho “kwesifungo sokuthembeka”. Abameli baphendula ngokuthi isifungo sivumela ukungavumelani ngeli gunya legunya eliphezulu kwaye umongameli unembopheleleko yokutolika umGaqo-siseko ngaphandle komgaqo-siseko.

Olunye ucelomngeni lwangoku lukukwanda kwesithethe kunye nolukhuphiswano lwemimiselo. Umsitho wokusungula usuke waba yimveliso enkulu, maxa wambi igquma isiseko somthetho. Abaphengululi abafana iProfessor Sanford Levinson ubuza ukuba uluntu lukuqonda ngokwenene ukubopheka kwesifungo okanye ukusiphatha njengesixhobo esiqhelekileyo. Kodwa intsingiselo esemthethweni iyasala: isifungo singumkhawuleziso wokugqibela phambi kokuba umongameli afumane igunya leofisi. Akukho mongameli unokusebenzisa igunya ngokusemthethweni ngaphandle kokusithatha, njengoko kuchazwe kwiSigqibo seSigqibo II, iCandelo 1.

Ukongezelela, iingxoxo ezimalunga ne- zonqulo ezikhombekileyo ziyaqhubeka. Nangona ibinzana elithi “ndincede uThixo” lingokwesithethe, ukubekwa kwalo ngomgaqo-siseko kuye kwacelwwa phantsi kokumiselwa kuka-Claus. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zisoloko ziyixhasa njengenkonzo yesithethe, kodwa umba ungaphinda ubuye. UmGaqo-siseko uvumela, ngoko umongameli angakhetha ukukhulula umgca wonqulo ngaphandle kwesizathu esisemthethweni.

Indima Yeoli Kulawulo LoMthetho: Isiphelo

Isifungo somongameli sisiko eliphilayo elivala umsantsa phakathi kwemigaqo engekho ngqiqweni yomgaqo-siseko kunye nenyaniso yokulawula. Kukuzibophelela kobuqu okuguqula umlandeli abe ligosa elilawulwa ngumthetho-siseko. Umthetho asiyongcamango engaqondakaliyo; unikwa umntu sihlandlo ngasinye xa umongameli omtsha ephakamisa isandla kwaye ephinda amazwi ama-35. Isifungo siqinisekisa ukuba umongameli uqalisa ukuqulunqa kwakhe ngokuvuma okucacileyo ukuba amandla abo anikwe, kungekhona oko akuzalwangakho.

Ngokufuna umongameli ukuba afumane " ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko, kunye nokukhusela" umGaqo-siseko, isifungo sigada nxamnye nesona sisongelo siyingozi kwiriphabliki: inkolelo yokuba umntu omnye ungaphezu komthetho. Ivavanywe yimfazwe yamakhaya, ukuwa kwezoqoqosho, ukuhlasela kwelizwe lasemzini, kunye nokuvukelwa kwelizwe. Kwingxaki nganye, isifungo silungiselele i-ankile yomgaqo-siseko. Nangona kungekho sifungo siqinisekisa ukhokelo olulungileyo, simisela umgangatho onyanzelekileyo wehambo. Lonto nje i-Constan ihlala ingumsebenzi onamandla emhlabeni, isifungo siya kuhlala singumgangatho obalulekileyo womthetho waseUnited States.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona i [[FLT: 0] Inconuttive: iMongameli Oath; Ugcino-lwazi lwelizwe: umGaqo-siseko weUnited States; Iziko lolwazi lwezomthetho: Impecacago Impicazelo yempikisano [].