Table of Contents

Isibhengezo senkululeko simi njengenye yamaxwebhu aphambili kwimbali yoluntu. Esi sindululo sombutho samkelelwa ngoJulayi 4, 1776, senza okungaphezulu kakhulu kunokubhengeza ukwahlukana kwamathanga aseMerika neGreat Britain. Saseka inkqubo yentanda-bulumko ebanzi eya kubumba ukuphuhliswa korhulumente waseMelika kunye nempembelelo yedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke kangangeenkulungwane ezayo. Ukuqonda indlela esi Sindululo esibekwe ngayo isiseko sikarhulumente waseMelika kufuna ukuba kuvavanywe imigaqo yayo esisiseko, umongo wembali, kunye nempembelelo ehlala ihleliwe kulawulo lwezikomGaqo-siseko.

Imeko Yembali Nokudala Kwesi Sibhengezo

NgoJuni 7, 1776, uRichard Henry Lee wazisa oko kwabizwa ngokuba yiResolution eLee phambi kweKhontinenti, echaza "Ezi zizwe zihlangeneyo zimele zibe, kwaye zifanele zibe khululekileyo kwaye zizimele". Emva kokuba iCongress ixubushe ngenkululeko iintsuku eziliqela, iKomiti kaFrean Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, Robert R. Livingston, noThomas Jefferson , banikwe umsebenzi wokulungisa isindululo esisemthethweni senkululeko, kwaye banika umsebenzi wokubhala kuYefferson.

Esebenzisa amaxwebhu, anjengesibhengezo saseVirginia samaLungelo, urhulumente kunye nowasekuhlaleni sicela inkululeko, kunye nentelekelelo yakhe yomgaqo-siseko waseVirginia, uJefferson wabhala amazwi achukumisayo elungelo labathathi-majoni lokuvukela urhulumente waseBritane nokuseka eyabo isekelwe kwingcamango yokuba bonke abantu badalwa ngokulinganayo kwaye banamalungelo obomi angenantingenwayo, inkululeko, nokusukela ulonwabo. Uxwebhu lukaJefferson lwaphenjelelwa yi-George Mason's Virginia Declaration of Rights, kunye nezifundo zakhe zengcamango yamalungelo emvelo kunye neencwadi zikaJohn Locce, kuquka neeNtreats zoRhulumente Ezibini.

Inkqubo yokuyila yayibandakanya intsebenziswano nokulungiswa ngenyameko. UFranklin noAdams abahleli bedrafti kaJefferson, kwaye uxwebhu lokugqibela lwanikelwa kwiKhonkqele malunga neeveki ezimbini kamva. NgoJulayi 2, 1776, iCongress yelizwekazi yavota ukuvakalisa inkululeko eNgilani, kwaye iKhomishini yenza utshintsho oluninzi kwidrafti kaJefferson, kuquka ukususa iimbekiselo ezigweba ubukhoboka, phambi kokuba iSindululo seNtlalelo sozimeleyo samkelwe ngoJulayi 4, 1776.

Isiseko Sezifundo Zenzululwazi: Amalungelo Emvelo Nengqiqo Ekhanyiselweyo

IMvukelo yaseMerika kunye neMfazwe yeNdebezo yeMpumelelo yalandela iziphumo zoNqanda, umbutho weshumi elinesixhenxe wemfundo ekwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe eYurophu owabangela iingcamango ezintsha ngoluntu, inzululwazi, urhulumente, amalungelo abantu kunye nokuqiqa kunye nengqiqo yokungaxhomekeki kobuzwe. Oyena mthandi-bulumko waseYurophu onempembelelo kwiMvukelo yamaNgesi nguJohn Locke, owathi ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-17 wandisa ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo phakathi kwabo balawulwayo nabo balawulayo, kunye nentanda-ntanda-bulumko ka-Phomasson Jefferson kunye nempembelelo yayo yalonke iphembelela kakhulu kuSindululo seNtshuluko.

Isiseko solu Lwazi lwentanda-bulumko safunyanwa kwizithethe ezininzi zobulumko. UNkosi Kames wanikela isiseko sentanda-bulumko sebinzana elithi "ulonwabo," elalicetyiswa nguJefferson njengelungelo elinokushenxiswa loluntu kwiSibhengezo senkululeko. Ngokwalatha kukaJefferson, isindululo sasingenazingcamango zantlandlolo, kodwa endaweni yoko sasiyintetho yentetho eyabelana kakhulu nabaxhasi beMvukelo yamaMelika, njengoko wayecacisa ngo1825: "Ukungahlonikeli mgaqo okanye imvakalelo, okanye ukukhutshelwa nakweyiphi na incwadi ethile ebhaliweyo ngaphambili, sasicetyiselwe ukuba ibe yintetho yengqondo yaseMelika.

Iphecana likaThomas Paine, Common Sense, elapapashwa ngowe-1776, laphembelela abaqulunqi beSibhengezo senkululeko, njengoko uPange waphikisayo ngokufutshane ukuba abantu abaqhelekileyo babenobuchule bokuzilawula kwaye babengafuni kukhokelwa ligosa elithwele igqwesi-ntloko. Le ngcamango yenguquko yacel ’ umngeni isithethe solawulo lwenkosi yaza yamisela isiseko sobulumko bolawulo oluqhelekileyo.

Amacandelo Amathathu Abalulekileyo Esi Sibhengezo

Isindululo sasinamacandelo amathathu: ingxelo eqhelekileyo yengcamango yamalungelo emvelo nenjongo karhulumente; uludwe lwezityholo nxamnye noKumkani waseBritani; nesibhengezo sokuzimela geqe eNgilani. Icandelo ngalinye lasebenza ngenjongo eyahlukileyo yokwakha ityala lokuzimela nokuseka imigaqo yokulawula kwixesha elizayo.

Isiqalo: Inyaniso Yokuzikhohlisa Namalungelo Emvelo

ISibhengezo esidume kakhulu sichaza imigaqo engundoqo enokuthi ibe yingcaciso yentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika yaseMelika. Umbhalo uthi: "Sizigqala ezi nyaniso njengezibonakala kakuhle, ukuba bonke abantu badalwa ngokulinganayo, ukuba banikwe nguMdali wabo amalungelo athile angamkelekiyo, ukuba phakathi kwezi buBomi, Inkululeko nokufuna ulonwabo."ukukhusela la malungelo, oorhulumente bamiselwa phakathi kwamadoda, bafumana amandla abo okusesikweni ngokusuka kwimvume yabalawuli".

Le ngxelo yeenguqu yamisela imigaqo emininzi echanabileyo. Okokuqala, yangqina ukuba amalungelo athile azalwa ngabantu yaye akanakuthatyathwa. Okwesibini, yavakalisa ukuba oorhulumente bakhona ngokukhethekileyo ukukhusela la malungelo. Okwesithathu, yavakalisa ukuba igunya likarhulumente lifumaneka ngokuvunyelwa ngabantu abalawulwa, kungekhona kwilungelo elivela kuThixo okanye kwilungelo elilifa.

Ukuvuma kusenokuthetha nje ukuvunyelwa ngurhulumente okhusela ngokwenene amalungelo abantu ngemvelo, ngenxa yoMdali wabo, ngaphambi kokuba bakhe urhulumente, yaye xa bengasavumelani norhulumente wabo kuba urhulumente akasafanele afeze injongo afanele abe nayo, kungekhona nje kuphela ukuba sinelungelo lokuwuguqula okanye lokuwuphelisa, kwakhona sinembopheleleko yokumisela urhulumente omtsha.

Izakhono Zokubhala: Ukubhala

Icandelo eliphakathi lesindululo lanikela uluhlu olunenkcukacha lwezikhalazo ezichasa uKumkani uGeorge III, zibhala iziganeko ezithile zokuziphatha kobukhohlakele. Ezi zikhalazo zasebenza iinjongo ezininzi: zathethelela ukwaphuka kwamathanga eBritane, zanika ubungqina bengcinezelo ecwangcisiweyo, zaze zabonisa oko urhulumente osemthethweni angafanele akwenze.

Phakathi kwezikhalazo ezininzi ezidweliswe, abalawuli batyhola uKumkani ngezenzo ezingalunganga ezahlukeneyo. ISindululo sathi "Uye wadibanisa nabanye ukuba asithobele kwigunya lasemzini kumgaqo-siseko wethu, kwaye akavunywa yimithetho yethu; ukuvumela kwakhe ukuba asebenze njengoMthetho: Ukukhusela amaqumrhu amakhulu emikhosi exhobileyo phakathi kwethu: Ukukhusela, ngokugweba ityala, ekusohlwayeni nakuphi na ukubulala abafanele bakwenze kubemi bale mimandla: Ukuphelisa urhwebo lwethu kunye nazo zonke iindawo zehlabathi".

Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-20 kamva, iziHlanziso zeSibini, zesithathu, zeSine nezeSithandathu zoMgaqo-siseko zaziza kuba nemithetho ethintela urhulumente ukuba athintele uhlobo olunye lobuzwilakhe njengoko beludweliswe njengezingxengxezo. Olu nxibelelwano lubonisa indlela uxwebhu olungqalileyo lweSindululo sokuxhatshazwa kweBritani oluye lwaziphembelela ngayo ngokuthe ngqo izikhuseli ezingqalileyo kamva ezikwiBhili yamaLungelo.

Isaziso Sokuzimela - geqe Sisiqu Saso

Icandelo lokugqibela lavakalisa ngokusesikweni ulwahlulo lwamazwe kwiBritane. Abameli bavakalisa "Ukuba la maZwe ase United Colonies angowokunene amele abe ngakhululekileyo nangawokuxhomekeka; ukuba anyibilike ukusuka kuwo onke amaBritane ukuya kwiBritane, kwaye onke unxulumano lwezopolitiko phakathi kwawo kunye neLizwe laseBritane, lumele luncitshiswe ngokupheleleyo; kwaye njengaMazwe akhululekileyo nazimeleyo, anamandla apheleleyo okukhulula imfazwe, agqibe i-Trentelline, adibanisa urhwebo, aseka zonke ezinye izinto zemisebenzi kunye neZinto ezinokunokwenziwa lilonke i-Entemps.

Imigaqo Yekhori Eyalawula Urhulumente waseMerika

Ulongamo Oluthandwayo: Urhulumente Ngokuvumelana

ISindululo se - Independent saqinisekisa umgaqo werepublic karhulumente odumileyo, njengoko abantu babengumthombo walo lonke ulawulo, okanye igunya, kurhulumente ongummeli. Lo mgaqo wawumela ukurhoxa okuphawulekayo kwinkqubo yorhulumente eyayikho ngenkulungwane ye-18, apho ookumkani babezibophelele ukuba banegunya ngelungelo elivela kuThixo okanye ngokulandelana kwelifa.

Ingcamango yolawulo oluphambili emiselwe ukuba amandla orhulumente asemthethweni asuka ebantwini kunokuba anyuke ehla ukusuka kudidi lokumkani okanye olulawulayo. Lo mgaqo-siseko uza kufakwa ngokucacileyo kumazwi okuvula omGaqo-siseko: "Thina bantu". Ingcaciso yomGaqo-siseko yachaza ukuba urhulumente omtsha womgaqo-siseko uza kusekelwa kulo mgaqo-siseko wolawulo oluqhelekileyo, usithi "Thina Bantu BaseUnited States, ngokulungelelanisa ukuseka okugqibeleleyo ngakumbi," okuthetha ukuba abantu baseUnited States, ngabameli babo, bamisele lo rhulumente mtsha.

Amalungelo Emvelo Nokulingana Kwabantu

Injongo engundoqo yeSindululo seNtlalo - melo yayikukuseka ulungelelwano lwezobupolitika olunobulungisa oluvuma ukulingana kwabantu kumalungelo emvelo kubo bonke abantu. Isiqinisekiso sokuba "bonke abantu badalwa belingana" saba sesinye sezivakalisi ezinamandla nezikhuphisanayo kwimbali yamaMerika.

Noko ke, intsingiselo yala mabinzana iguquke ngokuphawulekayo ngexesha elithile. Xa uJefferson wabhala u-"wonke umntu udalwa ngokulinganayo" kwisiqalo seSindululo, wayengathethi ngokulingana komntu ngamnye; oko wayethetha kona ngokwenene kukuba amarhanisi aseMelika, njengabantu, ayenamalungelo afanayo okuzilawula ngokwawo njengabanye abantu, kwaye ngoko ke anokuvakalisa inkululeko, adale oorhulumente abatsha athathe isikhululo sabo "sohlukeneyo nesilinganayo" phakathi kwezinye iintlanga.

Kodwa emva kokuba iMvukelo iphumelele, amaMelika aqalisa ukufunda elo binzana lidumileyo ngenye indlela; ngoku laba yingxelo yokulingana ngokomntu ngamnye naliphi na ilungu leqela elisilelayo elinokuzifunela lona ngokwalo, kunye nesizukulwana ngasinye esidlulayo, imbono yethu yokuba ngubani ogqume loo ngxelo. Le nkcazelo itshintshayo iqhubele phambili inkqubela yokuphelisa, ukulwela amalungelo amabhinqa, namalungelo oluntu aqhubekayo.

Ilungelo Lemvukelo

Isindululo saseka kungekuphela ilungelo kodwa umsebenzi wabantu wokuguqula okanye ukuphelisa oorhulumente abasilelayo ukukhusela amalungelo abo emvelo. Lo mgaqo wokugqwetha okufanelekileyo mhlawumbi wawungowona mzekelo ungqongqo woxwebhu. Sathi xa urhulumente etshabalalisa iziphelo eyadalwa ngazo, ngokubizwa ngegama, abantu banelungelo lokuwaguqula.

Lo mgaqo wawunentsingiselo enzulu kulawulo lwexesha elizayo. Yayithetha ukuba igunya likarhulumente lalinemibandela, hayi elipheleleyo. Abasemagunyeni babenegunya kuphela logama belawula ngokusesikweni nangemvume yabalawulwa. Le ngcamango yayiza kuphembelela ukuphuhliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yomgaqo-siseko yokuguqula ngoxolo, kuquka unyulo oluthe rhoqo, iinkqubo zokulungisa, kunye neenkqubo zokungagqibeleli.

Urhulumente Olinganiselweyo

Ngokumisela ukuba oorhulumente bakho kuphela ukukhusela amalungelo emvelo, iSindululo sigqibelele ngokupheleleyo ukuba namandla karhulumente alinganiselweyo. Urhulumente wayengeyonjongo ngokwaso kodwa yayiyindlela yokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Lo mgaqo wawuza kubonakala kamva kuludwe lwamagunya akhethekileyo, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu, kunye nenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso enzelwe ukuthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekufumaneni igunya elininzi kakhulu.

Impembelelo yesibhengezo kuphuhliso lomgaqo-siseko

Ukusuka Kwisibhengezo Ukuya Kumanqaku

Emva kokuzimela geqe, la mazwana asandul ’ ukusekwa ayefuna ilungiselelo lokulawula ilizwe. Isindululo savakalisa inkululeko eBritani yaye sadala uhlanga olutsha olwalusithi lunamandla okuvakalisa nokulwa imfazwe, ukwenza izivumelwano zoxolo, ukuseka izivumelwano zoxolo namanye amazwe, nokurhweba namanye amazwe, yaye iKontinentinel Congress yachaza la magunya kuxwebhu olulawulayo olubizwa ngokuba yiMimiselo yeNtlanganiso, eyabumba urhulumente wokuqala wesizwe waseUnited States.

Noko ke, Amanqaku eNkqutyana angqineke engafanelekanga. Inqaku lasilela ngokumangalisayo, hayi ngenxa yeziphene ezithile zokwakha ezifana nokungabikho kwejaji eyintloko okanye ijaji yesizwe, kodwa ngenxa yokuba lasilela ukuzalisekisa izithembiso ezisisiseko zeSindululo, njengoko iSindululo sasivakalisi ukuba oorhulumente bakhona ukukhusela amalungelo abantu endalo ngesiseko semvume yoluntu, kwaye amanqaku awaphumeleli mpumelelo.

INdibano yoMgaqo-siseko neMigaqo yesindululo

UmGaqo-siseko wavela njengo kubaluleka kokubuyiselwa, ocetyiweyo ngokukhethekileyo ukwenza isakhiwo esiza kuqonda ngokwenene umbono weSindululo. Abaququzeleli ababehlanganisene ePhiladelphia ngowe-1787 bafuna ukwenza isakhiwo sikarhulumente esasiza kudibanisa imigaqo eyachazwa ngo1776 ngoxa babethetha ngokusilela okusebenzayo kweMigaqo yeNkxaso.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, isindululo, umGaqo-siseko, kunye neBhili yamaLungelo zisekelwe kwingcamango yokuba bonke abantu banamalungelo athile asisiseko oorhulumente abadalelwe ukuwakhusela. Esi siseko sinye simanyanisa amaxwebhu okusekwa phezu kwazo nje iinjongo nezakhiwo zabo ezahlukeneyo.

Imigaqo yeSindululo Senkululeko yazisa ukusekwa korhulumente omtsha phantsi komGaqo-siseko, yaye kunye, imigaqo equlunqweyo ekumaphepha yasebenza kunye ukukhokela ulawulo lohlanga ukuze lukhusele iintsikelelo zenkululeko.

Igophe legolide likaLincoln

UMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wanikela enye yezona ngcaciso zicacileyo zolwalamano phakathi kweSindululo nomGaqo-siseko. Esebenzisa isigezo seBhayibhile, uLincoln wachaza ukuba iSibhengezo senkululeko sasingu "umhlaba ophantsi wegolide" kuba sasiqulathe imigaqo yokuFunyeka yelizwe elitsha, ngeli lixa umGaqo-siseko wawungu "ukwenziwa kwesilivere," okanye isakhelo esijikeleze i-apile eyadala isakhiwo sikarhulumente weriphabliki, kwaye kwingqiqo kaLincoln, kwaye nakwabo baqulun, kwaneea `a maxwebhu amabini adityaniswe ngokusisigxina ekwakhe urhulumente okhululekileyo.

Ukuzoba kwiMizekeliso 25:11, ekhankanya "iiapuleri zegolide kwimifanekiso yesilivere," uLincoln wachaza umgaqo weSindululo wenkululeko kubo bonke njenge-apile yegolide, kunye nomGaqo-siseko kunye ne-Union esebenza njengesakhelo sesilivere, ebhala "Umfanekiso wenziwe ukufihla okanye ukutshabalalisa i-apile, kodwa ukuhombisa nokuyigcina. Esi sigente sigxininisa ukuba izakhiwo zomGaqo-siseko zazikho ukukhusela nokuzalisekisa imigaqo yeSindululo, hayi ukuthatha indawo okanye ukuzifaka endaweni yazo.

Amalungiselelo akhethekileyo omgaqo-siseko asekelwe kwisindululo

Izihloko eziphambili zesiqalo

Ukufundwa ngokusondeleyo kweSindululo seZigqibo senkululeko neNkqutyana yokuQala iSigqeba kutyhila iseti eqhelekileyo yokuFunywa kwemigaqo karhulumente weriphabliki. Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko siveza iinjongo ezizichaza ngqo intanda-bulumko yeSindululo: ukuseka okusesikweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuba luncedo lwasekhaya, ukulungiselela ukukhusela okuqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza intlalo-ntle jikelele, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko.

Esi Sindululo sakhuthaza intlalo - ntle ngokubanzi ngokumisela umgaqo wendalo yonke wokuba bonke babenelungelo elingangeni malungelo angaqhelekanga, kwaye la malungelo abo njengabantu, kwanawo amisela umgaqo karhulumente okhululekileyo wokukhusela loo malungelo, njengoko amaMerika avakalisa ukuzimela njengendlela yokuphelisa ubuzwilakhe aze amkele loo migaqo yamahala ukwenzela okulungileyo komntu nokulungileyo okufanayo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Obuhlobo

Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi kumGaqo-siseko, obizwa ngokuba yiBhili yamaLungelo, zimela ukusetyenziswa okungqalileyo kwemigaqo yesindululo kwiintsilelo ezithile zikarhulumente. Uninzi lwale migaqo lusabela ngqo kwizikhalazo ezidweliswe kuSindululo esinxamnye noKumkani uGeorge III.

ISindululo saseVirginia samaLungelo saphembelela ngamandla uThomas Jefferson ekubhaleni inxalenye yokuqala yeSindululo senkululeko, kwaye kamva sanikezela isiseko seBhili yamaLungelo. Lo mnombo ubonisa umsonto oqhubekayo wokucinga okusekelwe kumaxwebhu asekelwe kumakoloni ngokuphuma kwisindululo ukuya ekulungiseni umGaqo-siseko.

IBhili yamaLungelo ikhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, nendibano; iyakuthintela ukuphanda nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni; iqinisekisa inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokuvavanywa ngabachopheli-tyala; kunye namagunya agciniweyo kumazwe nabantu. Ngamnye kula magunya abonakalisa isiseko soMgaqo-nkqubo sokuba abantu banelungelo elizukileyo elimele lihlonelwe ngurhulumente.

Izixhobo Zokwakha

Iimpawu zokwakhiwa komGaqo-siseko `ukubekwa kwamandla, ukuvavanya nokulungelelana, ubuzwe, kunye nonyulo oluthe rhoqo(lonke lisebenza ukuzalisekisa imigaqo yeSindululo. Ezi nkqubo ziqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala elinganiselwe, enetyala, kwaye esabela ebantwini.

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya owiso-mthetho, onegunya, kunye nawezomthetho kuthintela ukubekwa phambili kwegunya iSindululo esagwetywa nguKumkani uGeorge III. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela iqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye linokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa okunokwenzeka ngabanye. Umanyano lwahlula-hlula amandla phakathi koorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente, lunika ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo kwiingcinezelo. Unyulo oluthe rhoqo lugcina imvume yabantu ngokuvumela ukuba batshintshe abameli babo ngoxolo.

Umthetho weSibhengezo kunye noBume botoliko

Umkhosi osemthethweni kunye nokucaciswa komGaqo-siseko

Ngokungafaniyo namanye amaxwebhu asisiseko, iSindululo senkululeko asibopheleleki ngokusemthethweni, kodwa sinamandla. Nangona iinkundla zingenakuwanyanzelisa ngokuthe ngqo amalungiselelo esi Sindululo, sisebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokutolika.

ISibhengezo seSindululo seNdebetho asinagunya lemithetho engokwezenkqululo, kodwa sekunjalo kusenokunceda ukunikela ukucaciswa okungokwembali nokusemthethweni ngomGaqo-siseko neminye imithetho. ABagwebi, abaphengululi, neenkokeli zezobupolitika ngokufuthi baye babhenela kwisindululo ukuze baqonde imigaqo esekelwe kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko nokusombulula iimpazamo ekutolikeni okusemthethweni.

Isindululo nomGaqo-siseko umisela amaxabiso alungelelanisayo omgaqo-siseko, njengoko iziqendu eziliqela zesibhengezo zicacisa intsingiselo yesizukulwana esisunguliweyo, ukwenza uxwebhu lube sisixhobo esakhayo sokwahlula intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko, kwaye ngokubhekele phaya, isindululo siqulethe imigaqo esisiseko yokuzalisekisa iinjongo, imisebenzi, kunye nemisebenzi karhulumente, kunye nemigaqo ebeka imida kunye neemfuno ezizinzileyo kumagosa karhulumente.

Ukuqonda Imbali Nobukho Bemvelaphi

Abo batolika umGaqo-siseko ngokwentsingiselo yawo yantlandlolo, isindululo sinikela umongo obalulekileyo. Ukuqonda oko isizukulwana esisunguliweyo sasithetha ngamagama afana "lobu mgangatho," "olinganayo," kunye "namalungelo" kufuneka bahlolisise ubuchule bokuyila kwezi ngcamango.

Lo mGaqo-siseko ngokwawo unika imiqathango echaza ulwalamano lwawo noSindululo, njengeGatya VII, elithetha ngokukhutshwa kwemiqathango, liphawula ukuba umGaqo-siseko wagqitywa "ngonyaka weNkosi yethu 1787 kunye nokuzimele kwe-United States kweshumi elinesibini," kwaye olu nkcukacha lubonakala luncinci luchaza into ethile ebalulekileyo: iMelika njengebutho lezobupolitika elaqala ngowe-1776 ngokubhengezwa kwenkululeko, hayi ngo-1787 kunye nomGaqo-siseko.

Isithembiso Esandisiweyo Sesibhengezo

Ukupheliswa Kwesizwe Nemfazwe Yamakhaya

Kwinkulungwane ye-19, esi Sindululo sathetha into ebaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kumbutho wokupheliswa kwendalo, njengoko umbhali-mbali uBertram Wyatt-rown wabhalayo ukuba "iiSibhengezo senkululeko kunye noxwebhu lwezopolitiko," kunye neenkokeli zobuphengululi uBenjamin Lundy noWilliam Lloyd Garrison bamkela "amatye enqanawa emfazwe" "yiBhayibhile neSindululo senkululeko" njengesiseko seentanda - bulumko zabo.

UAbraham Lincoln wenza iSindululo sathi sakwinqanaba lokuchasa ukwanda kobukhoboka. ULincoln wayekholelwa ukuba "iimvelaphi zeJefferson ziyinkcazelo kunye nentsingiselo yebutho elikhululekileyo," njengoko wabhala ngaphambi nje kosuku lokuzalwa kukaJefferson ngo1859. ULincoln waphikisa ngokuthi ukuvumela ubukhoboka ukuba bandise kwaphule isithembiso esingundoqo seSindululo sokulingana.

Emva kwemfazwe, umbono weSindululo wawukhokelwa kwi 13, 14, kunye ne15 yoHlaziyo kumGaqo-siseko, eyayiphelisa ngokusemthethweni ubukhoboka, iqinisekisa bonke abantu "ukukhusela ngokulinganayo kwemithetho," kwaye yanika amadoda aseAfrika namaMelika ilungelo lokuvota. Ezi ziHlaziyo zoHlaziyo zazimele ukuzaliseka komgaqo-siseko wesithembiso solu qikelelo.

Amalungelo namalungelo amabhinqa

KwiNdibano yeeFalls yaseSeneca ngowe - 1848, xa abaxhasi bokufumana amalungelo angakumbi kumabhinqa badibana, nabo basebenzisa iSibhengezo Sokuzimela - geqe njengesikhokelo sokuyila iSibhengezo Sawo Somgwebo, nemigudu yabo yokufikelela isigwebo esilinganayo yafikelela kwisiphelo esilinganayo ngowe - 1920 ekukhutshweni koMphetho - melo we - 19, owanika amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota.

ISibhengezo seSeneca Falls of Sentiments saphinda ngabom ulwimi lweSindululo sangowe - 1776, sisithi "onke amadoda namabhinqa adalwe ngokulinganayo" kunye nokudwelisa izikhalazo kwibutho lamadoda alawulwayo kanye njengokuba isindululo santlandlolo sadwelisa izikhalazo nxamnye noKumkani George III. Esi sigqibo sokuphendula sibonise amandla emigaqo yeSindululo ukukhuthaza amalungelo okwandisa.

Iqela lamalungelo asekuhlaleni

Iqela lamalungelo abantu lenkulungwane yama-20 lasebenzisa ngokufanayo izithembiso zeSindululo. Ngexesha lombutho wamalungelo abantu kwii1960, uGqr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wathi kwidilesi yakhe edumileyo kwiSikhumbuzo seLincoln, "Xa abayili beriphabliki yethu babhala amazwi abalaseleyo omGaqo-siseko kunye neSindululo se-Idependent, babetyikitya iphetshana elichaza amalungelo abantu apho wonke umntu waseMelika wayeza kuwa kwindlalifa.

Uxwebhu oluthe lwathe lwathe tye ukufezekisa izizukulwana ezilandelayo. Umbutho ngamnye wamalungelo anwenwele ukuqinisekisa ukulinganisa ukulingana kwamalungelo endalo.

Impembelelo Nelifa Lezizwe Ngezizwe

Ukukhuthaza Iidemokhrasi Ehlabathini Lonke

UAbraham Lincoln wabiza esi Sindululo ngokuthi "sikhalimiso nesikhubekiso kwingcinezelo, kwaye siyaqhubeka siphembelela abantu ehlabathini lonke ukuba balwele inkululeko nokulingana. Imigaqo yesibhengezo yaphembelela iinguqu kunye nophuhliso lomgaqo-siseko ngaphaya konxweme lwaseMerika.

Iinkokeli ezininzi zeMvukelo yaseFransi zazisithanda isibhengezo senkululeko kodwa zazinomdla kwimithetho - siseko entsha yaseMerika, yaye iSibhengezo saseFransi Samalungelo Abantu Nabemi (sowe - 1789) savela ngokuyintloko kwiinjongo zeMvukelo yaseMerika, njengoko uLafayette wayelungiselela iidrafti zayo eziphambili, esebenza ngokusondeleyo eParis nomhlobo wakhe uThomas Jefferson.

Ngokutsho kombhali - mbali uDavid Armitage, iSindululo Senkululeko sangqineka sinempembelelo ehlabathini lonke, kodwa kungekhona njengengxelo yamalungelo abantu, njengoko uArmitage ephikisayo ukuba esi Sindululo sasingokuqala kwisivumelwano esitsha senkululeko esasivakalisa ukusungulwa kwamazwe amatsha. Lo mzekelo wokuvakalisa ngokusesikweni inkululeko nokuyithethelela ngokukhuthaza imigaqo yehlabathi lonke waba ngummeli wemibutho yenkululeko ehlabathini lonke.

Uxwebhu Oluphilayo Lweziphene Zedemokhrasi

Kwisandla sikaLincoln, iSibhengezo senkululeko saba luxwebhu oluphilayo lokuqala noluphambili olunosukelo oluza kufezekiswa ngexesha. Le nkcazelo iyaqonda ukuba isibhengezo esizinzileyo simiselwe iinjongo eziphunyezwe ngokugqibeleleyo kodwa ezinika imilinganiselo emazilwelwe kuyo.

Yisithembiso sokulingana esisoloko sichaza inkolelo yethu engokomGaqo-siseko. Imigaqo yesindululo iyaqhubeka isebenza njengesixhobo sokulinganisela esiya kuqwalaselwa amaMerika imithetho yawo, amaziko kunye nezenzo zawo. Xa inyaniso ingaphumeleli kwiinjongo zeSindululo, abaguquli bacela imigaqo ukuba ifune utshintsho.

Iingcinga zoRhulumente ezizinziswe sisibhengezo

Isibhengezo senkululeko sasekwa okanye sagxininisa iingcamango eziliqela ezisisiseko ezathi zaba ngowona mthombo kurhulumente waseMerika:

Ulongamo Oluthandwayo

Umgaqo wokuba igunya likarhulumente lifumaneka ekuvumeni kwengcamango nezenzo zezobupolitika eziguquliweyo. Kunokuba lamkele ukuba abalawuli banegunya elingokwemvelo, iSindululo saqinisekisa ukuba abantu badala oorhulumente yaye banokubenza batshintshe okanye bangabaphelisa xa bengaphumeleli ukuphumeza injongo yabo efanelekileyo.

Urhulumente Olinganiselweyo

Ngokuchaza injongo karhulumente njengekhusela amalungelo emvelo, iSindululo samisela ukuba amandla karhulumente afanele apheleliselwe kumsebenzi. Lo mgaqo-siseko ukhokelela kwimibutho elungiselelwe ukuthintela abaphangi bakarhulumente, kuquka amandla adwelisweyo, ukwahlukana kwamalungelo, kunye nokhuseleko olucacileyo lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ngeli xesha ingacaci gca kwiSindululo, ingcamango yokwahlula imisebenzi karhulumente yavela kwintlawulo yamandla aphakamileyo. Izikhalazo ezichasene noKumkani uGeorge III zangqina iingozi zokudibanisa uwiso-mthetho, ulawulo, kunye negunya lokugweba kumntu omnye okanye kumzimba omnye. Ulwahlulo lwamandla loMgaqo-siseko phakathi kwamasebe amathathu lwasabela ngqo kule miba.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela izalisekisa umgaqo weSindululo wokuba amandla kufuneka anyanzelwe. Ngokunika isebe ngalinye lorhulumente amandla okulinganisela amanye, umGaqo-siseko wadala isakhiwo esilungiselelwe ukuthintela uhlobo lobuzwilakhe isindululo esigwetyiweyo.

Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Isindululo somsitho samalungelo angenakuphambukiswa saqinisekisa ukuba abantu banesidima nenkululeko ezuzwe njengefa emele ihlonelwe ngurhulumente. Lo mgaqo wakhokelela ngqo kwiBhili yamaLungelo kwaye uyaqhubeka ukwazisa iingxoxo malunga nomgangatho kunye nendlela ekhoyo yokukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko.

Umthetho

Ngokutsalela kumthetho wendalo nemigaqo yendalo kunokuba inikwe amandla nje, iSindululo saseka ukuba urhulumente osemthethweni usebenza ngokwemithetho, kungekhona ngokweembono zobuqu. Le ngcamango yaba sisiseko somgaqo-siseko waseMerika, ibonakaliswa ngokweemfuno kwinkqubo efanelekileyo, ukhuseleko olulinganayo, kunye nohlalutyo olugwebayo.

Ucelomngeni Neempikiswano

Ukunqongophala Kobukhoboka

Oku kuphikisana okucacileyo kwesi Sindululo yayibukho bobukhoboka kuhlanga olusekelwe kumgaqo wokuba bonke abantu badalwa bayalingana. UThomas Jefferson wabhalisa isicatshulwa kwiSibhengezo, kamva sakhutshwa yiBhunga, eyathi iBritane ibeke ityala lokunyanzelisa ubukhoboka kubemi baseMerika abangathandiyo, eyichaza njengemfazwe yenkohlakalo nxamnye noluntu.

Oku kuphikisana kwaziphikisa zobupolitika zaseMerika phantse inkulungwane kwaye ekugqibeleni kwafuneka ukuba imfazwe yamakhaya iqale ukuconjululwa. Eyona ntlekele iphambili kwimbali yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika yayingekokusilela kwabalawuli ukuphelisa ubukhoboka ngowe-1787, njengoko oko kwakungekho kubo, kodwa eyona ntlekele yayikukusilela kokwakhiwa kwakhona kwesakhiwo kunye nokuvela kukaJim Crow Conversion ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 eyathabatha amashumi eminyaka ukubhukuqa.

Inkcazo evela "Wonke Amadoda"

Isithembiso sesindululo sokulingana ekuqaleni asizange sikhuphe abantu abangamakhoboka kuphela kodwa kwanabafazi, amaMelika Omthonyama, nabo bangenazinto. Imbali yedemokhrasi yaseMelika, ngeendlela ezininzi, ibiyibali lokwandisa isangqa esibalelwa njengenxalenye "yonke indoda edalwe ngokulinganayo"

Isizukulwana ngasinye sibambene nolu xinezeleko phakathi kolwimi lwesibhengezo somhlaba wonke kunye nesicelo esisikelwe umda sesizukulwana esisunguliweyo. Amandla oxwebhu alele ngokwenxenye kulwimi lwaso olunqwenelekayo, olunika amaqela akhutshweyo izixhobo zokufuna ukubandakanywa.

Isindululo kuLawulo lweNtlalo-ntle

Ukuphakamisa okuqhubekayo kwiingxoxo zomGaqo-siseko

Esi Sindululo siyaqhubeka sazisa iingxoxo zale mihla ngokuphathelele ukuchazwa komGaqo-siseko, amalungelo omntu ngamnye, kunye nomgangatho ofanelekileyo worhulumente. Xa iinkundla ziqwalasela imibuzo ngenkululeko, ukulingana, okanye igunya lorhulumente, imigaqo yesi Sindululo isoloko inikela umongo kunye nokhokelo olufanelekileyo.

Iimpikiswano ezimalunga nenkululeko yonqulo, inkululeko yokuthetha, amalungelo empahla, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo zisoloko zikhuthaza intanda-bulumko yamalungelo emvelo esi Sindululo. Nangona iSindululo ngokwaso singanyanzelekanga ngokusemthethweni, imigaqo yaso inceda ekuchazeni amalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko.

Imfundo yeMibimbi kunye nokuzichaza kwesizwe

Isindululo seSindululo seNdebetho sichaza imigaqo urhulumente wethu, kunye nokubizwa kwethu njengabantu baseMerika, okusekelwe kuyo. Ukuqonda esi Sindululo kusebalulekile kwimfundo yoluntu nakwindlela yokwahlula-hlula ubuzwe. Olu xwebhu luchaza imilinganiselo eyabelanayo eyahlula amaMerika kwiimvelaphi neenkolelo ezahlukeneyo.

Phezu kwako nje ukufana nokwahluka, isindululo, umGaqo-siseko, neBhili yamaLungelo, ngeendlela ezininzi, zidityaniswe kwiingqondo zabantu baseMerika, ngenxa yokuba zimela oko kulungileyo ngeMerika, njengoko ziyimiqondiso yenkululeko esenza sikwazi ukuphumelela nokulingana okuqinisekisa ukuba sonke siyalingana emehlweni omthetho.

Umgangatho Wokugxothwa Kukarhulumente

Isindululo sinika abemi imilinganiselo yokuhlola umsebenzi karhulumente wabo. Ingaba urhulumente ukhuselekile kumalungelo emvelo? Ingaba asebenza ngokuvumelana nabalawulwa? Ingaba akhuthaza intlalo-ntle jikelele ngoxa ehlonela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye? Le mibuzo, esekelwe kwimigaqo yesindululo, ihlala ingundoqo kwingxoxo yezopolitiko.

KuMbutho woManyano No. 1, uAlexander Hamilton wachaza yonke injongo yokumisela urhulumente okhululekileyo osekelwe kwimigaqo yeSindululo senkululeko nesomGaqo-siseko, echaza ukuba amaMerika ayenethuba nembopheleleko yokumisela urhulumente olungileyo ngokhetho olulungileyo, kungenga "lokukhetha nokunyanzelisa," kwaye amandla okukhetha abonisa iinjongo zikarhulumente ngokuvumelana kwesi Sindululo.

Isiphelo: Isiseko Esihlala Sihleli

Isibhengezo seSindululo seSikhululo sabeka isiseko sentandabulumko nesokuziphatha kurhulumente waseMerika ngeendlela eziqhubeka zivakala malunga neminyaka engama-50 kamva.

Ngamany ’ amazwi, la maxwebhu abonisa ukuba iUnited States yasekwa ngokukhethekileyo kwimigaqo neengcamango, yaye nangona ezi ngcamango zabumba isakhiwo sikarhulumente, ekugqibeleni kwakuxhomekeke kubantu ukusigcina. Isindululo asizange sidale urhulumente; sazichaza kakuhle iinjongo urhulumente afanele abe nazo nemigaqo afanele asebenze ngayo.

Ulwalamano phakathi kwesindululo nomGaqo-siseko asilololo lokubuyisela kodwa lokwenza impumelelo. Imigaqo ebhengeziweyo; umGaqo-siseko wadala izakhiwo zokuzalisekisa loo migaqo. Isindululo sathembisa amalungelo; umGaqo-siseko neSigqibo samalungelo achaziweyo nakhuselweyo. ISindululo sithethelela iinguqulelo; umGaqo-siseko useke iindlela zokuguqula ngoxolo.

Esi Sibhengezo sisebenza njengencopho yokuhamba nokuthembisa, kwaye umGaqo-siseko njengeseti yeembopheleleko ezineziphumo ezihlala zihleli, njengoko isibhengezo, ekuhlanganeni kwaso okuphawulekayo, sisinika iinyaniso ezicacileyo ezizinzileyo ezibumba isiseko samalungelo okuguqula kunye namandla okwakha oorhulumente abatsha abahlala ngokuvumelana okuthandwa.

Ukuqonda indlela esi Sindululo esabeka ngayo isiseko sikarhulumente waseMerika kufuna ukuqaphela impembelelo yaso ekhawulezileyo kunye nempembelelo yayo eqhubekayo. Sabumba ukudalwa komGaqo-siseko, sazisa iBhili yamaLungelo, intsebenziswano ephefumlelweyo yamalungelo angakumbi, kwaye siyaqhubeka sinikela imigaqo yokuvavanya ukufaneleka korhulumente. Umbono weSindululo worhulumente okhusela amalungelo emvelo ngokuvuma kwabalawulwayo uhlala ukho njengenjongo egqibeleleyo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika.

Abo bafuna ukuqonda urhulumente waseMerika, iSindululo sokuZimela asiyonto nje engokwembali kodwa sithetha ngemigaqo ephilayo eqhubeka ibumba indlela yokuchaza umGaqo-siseko, impikiswano yezobupolitika neyobuzwe. Impembelelo yaso idlulela ngaphaya komzuzu wokuzimela inkululeko ukuquka ukuphuhliswa kolawulo lomgaqo-siseko waseMerika kunye nephulo eliqhubekayo lokwenza izithembiso zayo zibe zezokwenene kubo bonke abantu.

Ukuphanda iSibhengezo se-Index ngokubhekele phaya, tyelela ugcino-lwazi lobuzwe loxwebhu lwantlandlolo kunye nolwazi oluneenkcukacha zembali. UmGaqo-siseko wesizwe [ unika oovimba abasemagqabini kulwalamano phakathi koSindululo nomGaqo-siseko. Uhlalutyo lwempembelelo yeSindululo kurhulumente waseMelika, [[FLT:]] BBIIIIIndawo yoKhulu lwamalungelo esizwe [[ ibonelela izinto zokufundisa kunye nezincoko ezihlola la maxwebhu okusungulwa ngobunzulu.