Ingongoma: Isizathu sokuba Kubaluleke Ukuhlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko

Utshintsho lomGaqo-siseko lumela olona tshintsho lubalulekileyo lunokuqalwa luhlanga. Ezi zindululo ziguqula imithetho yesiseko elawula indlela elisebenza ngayo ilizwe, indlela elisetyenziswa ngayo igunya, nendlela amalungelo abemi akhuselwa ngayo. Ukuqonda inkqubo oorhulumente abasebenzisa ngayo ezi nguqulelo kubalulekile kuye nabani na onomdla kwimicimbi yezentlalo, kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika, okanye kumthetho.

Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho oqhelekileyo, onokudluliselwa ngevoti elula kwipalamente, ukulungisa komGaqo-siseko kufuna iinkqubo ezingaqhelekanga. Oku kuntsonkotha kwangabom kubonisa ubunzulu bokwahlukana komthetho omkhulu wesizwe. Injongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu azenzeki ngokukhawuleza, zinandipha ukuvumelana okubanzi, kwaye zimelana nokuhlolisiswa ngokusemthethweni kwizizukulwana.

Eli nqaku linikela ingcaciso ebanzi, elandela inyathelo ngendlela oorhulumente abaluzalisekisa ngayo utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, ukusuka kwisicelo sokuqala ukuya kudityaniswa ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo yomthetho. Nangona iinkqubo ezithile zahluka ngokwelizwe, imigaqo engundoqo ihlala ithelekisa ngendlela ephawulekayo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke.

Utshintsho LomGaqo-siseko

Phambi kokuhlolisisa iqonga ngalinye ngokweenkcukacha, kuluncedo ukuqonda amanyathelo amathathu asisiseko achaza nayiphi na inkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko: izicelo, ulwakhiwo, kunye nokuzalisekisa. Isigaba ngasinye sifeza injongo eyahlukileyo kwaye sibandakanya abadlali abahlukeneyo, ukusuka kubenzi bemithetho nabagwebi ukuya kubemi kunye noorhulumente bengingqi.

Isigaba sesicelo simisela ukuba ngaba ulungiso kufuneka luqwalaselwe na. Isigaba solwandiso siqinisekisa ukuba ulungiso lomthetho, ngokufuthi sifuna intsebenziswano enkulu okanye imvume engqalileyo yabavoti. Isigaba sokuphumeza siguqulela umbhalo womgaqo-siseko kumthetho onyanzelekileyo kwaye siqheliselo oluhlaziyiweyo lukarhulumente. Ukungaphumeleli nakweliphi iqonga kuthetha ukuba ukulungisa akuqhubeki.

La macandelo awangomthetho nje oqhelekileyo. Ayilelwe ukukhusela kuzo zombini [[FLT: 0] ukuchanabeka koninzi kunye nempembelelo ebangelwa yi-oktobha abanamandla [. Ngokufuna inkxaso esekelwe ngokubanzi kumacala amaninzi kwaye rhoqo kumaxesha amaninzi, inkqubo yokulungisa imigaqo iyaququzelela, iyayekelela, kwaye isohlwaywa kawonke-wonke.

Eyokuqala: Ukumisela IsiHlaziso soMgaqo-siseko

Uhambo lotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko luqala ngesicelo esisemthethweni. Ngubani onokuqalisa le nkqubo yahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe, kodwa kukho imizekelo emibini ebalasele: ukwenziwa komthetho kunye nolwandiso oludumileyo.

UMthetho

Kwinkoliso yeenkqubo zomgaqo-siseko, indlela ephambili yokulungisa imigaqo-siseko yesizwe i̬ iparaliament, ingqungquthela, okanye umzimba ofanayo. Isicelo esitheth' ukuba kufuneke ukuxhaswa ngamanani aphantsi abenzi bemithetho. Umzekelo, eUnited States, ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko kungacetyiswa ngevoti yesithathu ezimbini kwiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeNdlu. EJamani, ukubuyiselwa kuMthetho osisiseko kufuna uninzi oluziii-3 ezimbini kwiBoundag neBoundesrat zombini.

Lo mqobo uqinisekisa ukuba isicelo sixhaswa kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba siqhubeke. Ummisi-mthetho omnye okanye iqumrhu elincinane alinakunyanzela uhlanga ukuba lungene kwingxoxo yomgaqo-siseko eyahlulayo ngaphandle kokubonakalisa inkxaso. Inani elifunekayo lidla ngokuchazwa kumgaqo-siseko okhoyo.

Ukukhutshwa Okuqhelekileyo Ngoncedo Lwe-Referendem okanye

Amanye amazwe avumela abemi ukuba bacebise iinguqu zomgaqo-siseko ngqo ngenkqubo ethandwayo . Ngokomzekelo, eSwitzerland, naliphi na iqela labemi lingacebisa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ngokuqokelela utyikityo olulikhulu lewaka leenyanga ezili-18. Xa utyikityo luqinisekisiwe, izicelo kufuneka zifakwe kwivoti yesizwe. E-Ireland, ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko kungamiswa kuphela emva kokuba kuvunyiwe ngabantu kwi-astendentum, nangona izicelo ngokwazo zisuka kwipalamente.

Iinkqubo ezidumileyo zolwakhiwo zinika amandla abemi abaqhelekileyo ukuba bangangeni kwimithetho elawulayo xa inkqubo yezopolitiko emiselweyo ixhathisa utshintsho. Noko ke, ezi nkqubo zisoloko zifika ngezixhobo: imiqobo yokutyikitya, imithetho enye eyintloko, kunye nokuhlola kweenkundla zomGaqo-siseko ukuqinisekisa ukuba izicelo aziphuli malungelo asisiseko okanye izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe.

Indlela yokukhetha Yesindululi Esisebenzayo

Enoba ngubani na osungula izicelo, izicelo kufuneka zifikelelwe kwiindlela ezithile ezisesikweni. Ezi zisenokuquka:

  • Umbhalo ocacileyo, obhaliweyo ochaza amagama achanileyo afanele ongezwe, atshintshwe okanye asuswe kumgaqo-siseko.
  • Umda ochaziweyo — utshintsho oluqhelekileyo alukwazi ukuthetha imixholo emininzi engadibaniyo kwisicelo esinye.
  • Udibaniso nemigaqo engapheliyo, maxa wambi ebizwa ngamanani akwindawo ephakathi [. Umzekelo, umgaqo-siseko waseJamani uyalwalela utshintsho oluza kuphelisa ulwakhiwo lwequmrhu lorhulumente okanye imigaqo esisiseko yesidima somntu.

Ezi zicwangciso zithintela izindululo ezingacacanga okanye ezinokudida abavoti okanye zenze iziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni. Zikwaqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho olucetyisiweyo aluzami ukuzama ukuphelisa ukubonakala komgaqo-siseko.

IPasi yesibini: Ukunconywa koMthetho kunye nengxoxo

Xa isindululo siqaliswe ngokusemthethweni, singena kwinqanaba lokuvunywa kwemithetho. Le yinxalenye ephambili yenkqubo yoluntu noxanduva, ebandakanya ukuchongwa, uhlolo lwekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye nemijikelo emininzi yokuvota.

Uphando Nengcebiso

Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi, ulungiso olucetyiswayo lomgaqo-siseko luqale lubhekiswe kwikomiti ekhethekileyo i̬ ngokufuthi ikomiti yezekomiti yezekomiti okanye ikomiti yemicimbi yezomthetho-siseko. Le komiti ibamba iindlebe apho abaphengululi bomGaqo-siseko, iingcali ezingokwasemthethweni, amaqela olawulo, namagosa karhulumente anikela ubungqina. Ikomiti ihlolisisa iimfuno zomthetho ezikhoyo, ukungqubana okunokwenzeka neziphumo zayo ezinokwenzeka.

Uhlolo lwekomiti lusebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wocalulo. okanye iziphakamiso ezingalunganga ezicwangcisiweyo zisoloko zilungiswa, ziqiniswa, okanye zilahlwa kweliqonga ngaphambi kokuba zifikelele kwiqumrhu lowiso-mthetho elipheleleyo. Oku kunciphisa umthwalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ebanzi kwaye kuvumela ukuqwalaselwa, uvavanyo lobugcisa.

Impikiswano yokuhamba nokusebenza okuphezulu

Emva kokuvunywa yikomiti, ulungiso luqhubekela kwigumbi elipheleleyo lemithetho ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo. Oku kulapho abameli abanyuliweyo baphikisana khona ngeenzuzo neengxaki zenguqulelo ecetyiweyo, ngokufuthi kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke ezibhalelwe izizukulwana ezizayo. Ingxoxo isenokuthatha iintsuku okanye iiveki, kuxhomekeka kubuntsonkotha nempikiswano yokulungisa.

Imfuneko yokuvota phantse isoloko ingubungangamsha [[FLT: 0] kunokuba ibe yeyoninzi. Imiqobo eqhelekileyo iquka:

  • Amalungu amabini anesithathu akhoyo kwaye avota (wona mgangatho uqhelekileyo).
  • Isithathu sesiqingatha samalungu onke (esisetyenziswa kwezinye iinkqubo ukuthintela ukungahambi komsebenzi wokusebenza ekuthinteleni utshintsho).
  • Iintlanganiso ezimbini ezilandelelanayo zowiso-mthetho nonyulo oluphazamisayo (lusetyenziswa kumazwe afana neIndiya neNetherlands ukuqinisekisa inkxaso eqhubekayo ukutyhubela utshintsho lwezopolitiko).

Imfuneko enkulu ikhona ukuthintela uninzi olunciphileyo okanye lokwexeshana ekumiseleni iinguqu ezisisigxina kulo lonke uhlanga. Inyanzela abo bacebi ukuba bakhe umnqongo omkhulu, ngokufuthi ngaphaya kwemigca yeqela.

Ukucingela Abantu Abaneemvakalelo Ezingentle

Kumazwe anezindlu zowiso-mthetho (amagumbi amabini), ukubuyiselwa kufuneka kudlulise omabini amaziko ngemiqathango efunekayo ephezulu. Oku kudibanisa olunye umaleko wokuhlola, njengoko igumbi ngalinye linokufumana isiseko sokhetho, ubude begama, okanye iindlela zokumela. Ukuba la magumbi mabini adlula iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo ze-astruction, ikomiti yengqungquthela ingasekwa ukuxolelanisa umahluko.

Amanye amazwe, anjengeKhanada neAustralia, afuna ubuninzi obuphindwe kabini [[FLT: 0] kumongo othile: uninzi lwabavoti besizwe ngokudibanisa amaziko amakhulu kuninzi lwamazwe okanye amaphondo. Oku kuthintela ukubuyiselwa okuza kunceda kuphela ezona mimandla zikhulu kakhulu ngendleko yemincinane.

Icala Lesithathu: Ukuqhatha Ngaphaya Komthetho

Imvume yomthetho iyodwa ayifane yanele ukumisela utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Iinkqubo ezininzi zedemokhrasi zifuna inyathelo elingakumbi lokwandiswa kwemiqathango elibandakanya oorhulumente bezizwe ngezizwe okanye uluntu ngokubanzi.

Ulwandiso

Kwinkqubo yorhulumente, utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko kufuneka lusoloko luvunywa ngamaphondo, amaphondo, okanye ii-canton. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho luxhasa ukutyhubela umahluko wezwe nowezopolitiko. Indlela yokwenziwa komjelo iyahluka:

  • Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe: EUnited States, emva kokuba iCuarses icebise utshintsho, kufuneka ivunywe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezintathu (38 of 50) zikarhulumente. Oku kungathatha iminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka.
  • Indibano yesizwe[: Enye indlela kwezinye iinkqubo kukubamba iindibano ezinyuliweyo ngokukhethekileyo kwilizwe ngalinye ukuvota kwinguquko. Le ndlela igqitha imithetho yowiso-mthetho yesizwe kwaye ibandakanya abami ngqo.
  • Imvume epheleleyo: EKhanada, iziphelo zomgaqo-siseko zifuna imvume yepalamente yorhulumente kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezi-amaqela ezi-bini-ntathu zamaphondo amele ubuncinane ama-50% abemi besizwe.

Ukwenziwa kwemibutho yamazwe kukuxilonga ngamandla igunya lorhulumente elisembindini.

Izixhobo zesizwe

Amazwe amaninzi adlula ukusetyenziswa kweminxeba esekelwe kurhulumente aze aye ngqo ebantwini nge-oyile yesizwe. Olu yeyona ndlela ithe ngqo yokusebenza kwedemokhrasi. Imizekelo iquka:

  • ESwitzerland, apho phantse zonke iziphelo zomGaqo-siseko zixhomekeke kwimiqathango enyanzelekileyo.
  • IIreland, apho zonke izinto eziye zatshintshwa kumele zivunywe luninzi lwabavoti kwisebe lokuvota.
  • IOstreliya, apho iinguqulelo zifuna uninzi lwesizwe nolokulawula kumazwe amaninzi (aphindwe kabini).
  • IJapan, apho emva kwemvume yepalamente yabaninzi ababhinqileyo kwizindlu zombini, ulungiso kufuneka luvunywe luninzi kwisebe lesizwe.

Inkqubo yesalathisi kufuneka ilawulwa kakuhle. Iivoters zifuna ulwazi olucacileyo, olungachananga malunga noko inguquko izakukwenza. Amazwe amaninzi afuna umqobo ophantsi ojikayo (umz., 50% yabavoti abafanelekileyo) ukuze iphumele ekubeni ilungile, nangona oku kuphikisana kwaye kungasetyenziswa kuyo yonke indawo.

Imilinganiselo Yexesha Nokukhanya Okuncinane KukaClaus

Ezinye iinkqubo zokulungisa ziquka imida yexesha lokusetyenziswa kwemida. Umzekelo, iKhomishini yase-U.S. isoloko imisela iminyaka esixhenxe yokukhutshwa kwerethingi yemeko. Ukuba inani elifunekayo lemiqathango aliqinisekanga ngeli xesha, ukubuyiselwa kuyaphela. Ngokufanayo, ezinye iziphelo ziquka iirejista ezithi ziquke iziqukiso ezicwangcisiweyo [ ezithi ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde zivuselelwe emva kwenani elithile leminyaka ngaphandle kokuba zihlaziyekile.

Le miqathango yexeshana iqinisekisa ukuba inguquko ibonisa ukuzimisela kwezobupolitika. Utshintsho olucetywe kwixesha elinye akufunekanga luvunywe kwiminyaka kamva xa ubume bezopolitiko butshintshile ngokupheleleyo.

Ulawulo lwezemali

Emva kokuhlaziywa, utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko luvunywa ngokusemthethweni. Noko ke, umsebenzi ukude ugqitywe. Ukwenziwa koxwebhu kubandakanya ukuguqulela umbhalo womGaqo-siseko kumthetho osebenzayo, inkqubo, kunye nokuqhelisela kombutho.

Upapasho olusemthethweni nomanyano

Inyathelo lokuqala yimpapasho esemthethweni. Isivumelwano sokulungisa sipapashwa kulwimi lwasemthethweni lwelizwe, kubhaliso olusemthethweni, okanye kwingxelo engqinelanayo. Oku kwenza ukuba umbhalo ufikeleleke ekuhleni kwaye kunika isalathisi esiqinisekisiweyo seenkundla, amaqumrhu karhulumente, kunye nabemi. Lo mgaqo-siseko uhlaziywe ukuze uquke olo lwimi lutsha.

Upapasho lusenokubonakala njengomthetho nje oqhelekileyo, kodwa lunentsingiselo esemthethweni. Kwimimandla emininzi, ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko kuthatha isiphumo esisemthethweni kuphela xa kuveliswa. Oku kuyila umhla ocacileyo, oqinisekisiweyo apho onke amalungelo, imisebenzi, kunye nezibopho eziphantsi kwesigqibo zinyanzelwa.

Ukuhlahlela nokuLawula

Ukulungisa umGaqo-siseko kudla ngokufuna utshintsho oluhambelana nomthetho oqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukuba umgaqo-siseko uyalamkela ilungelo elitsha (njengelungelo lokukhusela ugcino-lwazi), ipalamente kufuneka igqithise okanye igqibe imithetho echaza umlinganiselo waloo mlinganiselo, imisele iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa, ize yenze amayeza okulwaphula.

Le nkqubo ye[[QLT:0] elungelelanisayo ingaba nkulu kubungakanani. Utshintsho olunye lomgaqo-siseko lungabangela ukubuyiselwa kwamashumi okanye kwamakhulu emithetho elawula yonke into ukusuka kulawulo lolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kulawulo lwerhafu kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Oorhulumente bamisela umkhosi okanye ugunyaziso ukuchonga yonke imimiselo echaphazelekayo nokulungisa iinguqu ezifunekayo.

Ukucaciswa kwesigwebo kunye noqhaqho

Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekuzalisekiseni utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Xa kusenziwa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, iinkundla kufuneka zitolike intsingiselo yazo zize zizisebenzisa kwiimeko ezizokwenene. Izigwebo zokuqala zimisela imizekelo ekhokela wonke umntu i̬ amasebe karhulumente, amaqumrhu azimeleyo, kunye nabemi i-̬ ekuqondeni ukufikelela okusebenzisekayo kokulungisa.

Kwamanye amazwe, iinkundla zomgaqo-siseko zinamandla olwezomthetho olujolise ingqwalaselo ephambili ngokwazo. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkundla ingasiphelisa isilungiso ukuba ichasene nemigaqo esisiseko esisiseko, nokuba icetyiswe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye yagunyaziswa. Eli gunya linempikiswano kodwa likhona kumazwe anjengeIndiya neJamani, apho iimpawu ezithile ezisisiseko zomgaqo-siseko zinokubonwa zingenakulungiseka.

Isenzo solawulo oluphezulu

Isebe elilawulayo likarhulumente kufuneka lihlaziye imigaqo, iinkqubo nemimiselo yalo ukuze ihambelane nelungiselelo elitsha lomgaqo-siseko. Oku kunokubandakanya:

  • Ukuqeqesha abasebenzi bakarhulumente ngokweemfuno ezintsha.
  • Ukuhlaziya iifomu ezisemthethweni, izicelo namaxwebhu okhokelo.
  • Imali esetyenziswayo ukuze ihambisane nemiyalelo emitsha yomgaqo-siseko.
  • Ukuseka amasebe amatsha karhulumente okanye iiofisi ukuba ukulungiswa kwalo kudala izakhiwo ezintsha.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba ukulungiswa komgaqo-siseko kudala ikomishini entsha yokunyulwa, umphathi umele aqingqe imali yokusekwa kwayo, amisele amalungu ayo, aze adlulisele imisebenzi eyimfuneko kwimizimba ekhoyo.

Umahluko oqhelekileyo kunye nemeko ezikhethekileyo

Asizizo zonke iinguqu zomgaqo-siseko ezilandela imodeli esezantsi yesithathu. Amanye amazwe anemithetho ekhethekileyo yeendidi ezithile zotshintsho.

IziHlaliso Ngexesha Lemiqathango

Umgaqo-siseko omninzi uyawumisela okanye unqumamise inkqubo yokulungisa inkqubo ngexesha likaxakeka, kumthetho wemfazwe, okanye kumsebenzi wamanye amazwe. Ingqinisana ithetha ukuba iimeko ezingaqhelekanga zidala uxinzelelo olungelulo kwaye zingakhokelela kutshintsho olungafanelekanga okanye olunolawulo olungqongqo. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko waseFransi uyawunqanda ukulungiswa komgaqo-siseko ngelixa ilizwe liphantsi kwenqaku lamagunya ongxamisekileyo ali-16.

Iimfuno zoMva kunye neMoratoria

Ezinye iinkqubo zokulungisa ziquka ixesha lokulinda okanye ixesha lokubeka phambi kokuba izicelo zivotelwe. Oku kuthintela izigqibo zokophula kwaye kuvumela ixesha lengxoxo kawonke-wonke. Ngokomzekelo, ingxubusho ecetyiweyo yomgaqo-siseko mayiqwalaselwe yipalamente entsha emva konyulo ngokubanzi phambi kokuba iqhubeke kwi-arendendum.

Iinguqu zobuPhondo kunye nomGaqo-siseko woPhicotho-zincwadi

Amazwe aphuma kungquzulwano, uvukelo, okanye ulawulo lwamathanga asebenza phantsi komgaqo-siseko ophakathi kunye nenkqubo yokwenza lula. Ezi zicwangciso zokwexeshana zenzelwe ukubuyiselwa ngomgaqo-siseko osisigxina osisigxina xa imibutho yedemokhrasi izinzileyo imisiwe. Imithetho yokulungisa imithetho ye-internationalim isoloko ifuna uninzi olulula okanye utshintsho olusezantsi ukuze kusetyenziselwe utshintsho.

Ucelomngeni Olusebenzisekayo Ekufezeni Imisebenzi

Kwanaxa kucetyiswa ukuba kulungiswe iinguqu zomgaqo - siseko, zivunywe ngokufanelekileyo, ukuphunyezwa kwazo akufane kuphele.

Inkcitho

Amaziko karhulumente avelisa imiqathango, izithethe nemithetho yangaphakathi kangangamashumi eminyaka. Ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko okufuna iinguqulelo eziphawulekayo kwindlela yokuziphatha kusenokujamelana nokuxhathisa okunganyangekiyo kumalungu aqhubeka nezenzo ezindala.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Utshintsho loMgaqo-siseko ludla ngokuvelisa amalungelo amatsha afuna iinkcitho zikarhulumente. Ilungelo lokuhlala, ukunyamekela impilo, okanye lemfundo, ngokomzekelo, lifuna imali yokuxhasa izibonelelo, abasebenzi, neenkqubo. Ukuba urhulumente akanawo amandla okuzalisekisa ezi zithembiso, ukubuyiselwa kusenokuhlala kuyinto enqwenelekayo kunokuba kusetyenziselwe.

Ucelomngeni Nexesha Lokulinda

Abachasi bolungiso lomgaqo-siseko basoloko beluvavanya ulungiso lwawo enkundleni. Oku kumangalelwa kungalibazisa ukuphunyezwa kangangeminyaka, nokuba ucelomngeni lungaphumelelanga. Kwezinye iimeko, imiyalelo yenkundla ye-interim inqumamisa isiphumo solu tshintsho ngexa kuphuma iziphumo.

Ukuqonda Nokhuthazo Loluntu

Ukuze ulungiso lomgaqo-siseko lusebenze, abemi kufuneka baqonde oko lukuthethayo baze bathobele oko lukufunayo. Oorhulumente banikela ngamaphulo okufundisa kawonke-wonke, kodwa iingxelo eziphosakeleyo, ukwenziwa kwezobupolitika, nokungafundi kakuhle kwabantu kusenokuzithoba iinguqu ezicwangcisiweyo.

Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe

Izilungiso zomGaqo-siseko ezingqubana nezibophelelo zesivumelwano selizwe lehlabathi lonke zingadala ungquzulwano olusemthethweni. Umzekelo, ukulungisa okuthintela inkululeko yokuchaza kusenokungavisisani noMvumelwano wezizwe ngezizwe kuMalungelo aMasipala nawamaProtili. Urhulumente kufuneka aqwalasele indlela yokuxolelanisa iinguqulelo zomGaqo-siseko kunye nezibophelelo zawo zezizwe ngezizwe, maxa wambi ezifuna isivumelwano sokuphinda siphinde singene okanye sirhoxe.

Owona Mkhwa Ulungileyo Kwinkqubo Yohlaziyo Egudileyo

Esebenzisa amava okuthelekisa amazwe ngamazwe, oorhulumente bafumana iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokusebenzisa iinguqulelo zomGaqo-siseko ngokunempumelelo.

  • [[Uluhlu: 0] Ukhangelo olubanzi phambi kokuqulunqa izicelo, kuquka iindlebe zikawonke-wonke, amaqela olwazi, kunye negalelo elivela kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ucacile ulwimi olucacileyo kumbhalo olungisiweyo ukucutha iimpikiswano ezicacisayo kunye nokunciphisa uhlaziyo.
  • amalungiselelo okwamkelwa achaza indlela imithetho ekhoyo, iimeko ezilindeleyo, kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente eziqhubekayo eziza kuchaphazeleka ngayo.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imigca yexesha elimiselweyo kunye nencopho yokulungelelaniswa kwemithetho, utshintsho lolawulo, kunye noqeqesho lokugweba.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Uphatho oluzimeleyo lugunyaziso lomgaqo-siseko okanye umzimba ofanayo ukuqwalasela uzalisekiso kunye nengxelo yenkqubela phambili.
  • Iindlela zonxibelelwano olucacileyo ezichaza injongo yokulungisa, okuqulethweyo, kunye nentsingiselo ezisebenzayo kulwimi olucacileyo.

Xa kulandelwa ezi ndlela zilungileyo, inkqubo yokulungisa ayipheleli nje ekubangeleni iinguqulelo ezisemthethweni kodwa ibangela abantu bayithembe le nkqubo yomgaqo - siseko.

Izifundo Ezifumaneka Kuhlaziyo LomGaqo-siseko Olunokuphawulwa

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo ethile yembali kutyhila impumelelo namabali alumkisayo.

IBhili yamaLungelo yaseUnited States (1791)

Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi zomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ezazisaziwa njengeBhili yamaLungelo, zacetyiswa yiBhunga loMbutho ngo-1789 kwaye zagunyaziswa ngamaphondo ngo1791. Le nkqubo yakhawuleza ngemigangatho yezi mini, ithatha iminyaka engaphezu kwemibini nje. Ukupheliswa kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye ekhuselwe ngokucacileyo eyaye yaphikiswayo ebudeni bendibano yomgaqo-siseko wantlandlolo. Impumelelo yale nkqubo ibangelwa yisivumelwano esibanzi esele siphuculwe ebudeni bengxoxo yokwahlulwa kwemi mithetho engaphezulu nje kwemiqathango yomGaqo-siseko.

Imfundiso esisiseko yeBhunga laseIndiya (1973)

Kwimeko ephawulayo [[FLT: 0] Kesavanda Bharati v. Urhulumente wase Kerala, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya yaseka imfundiso esisiseko, ethi iPalamente ayinakuyitshintsha indlela yokutshabalalisa umgaqo-siseko wayo ongundoqo okanye imigaqo engundoqo. Oku kwakungeyo intelekelelo edityanisiweyo kodwa yayilutoliko lwezomthetho oluye lwabumba indaleko ye-Indiya ukususela ngoko. Ibonisa ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ungenzeke ngenkqubo yetyala kunye nenkqubo esesikweni.

Unikezelo loMzantsi Afrika (1993-19996)

Ukuguqulwa komGaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika ukusuka kucalucalulo ukuya kulawulo-moya kwakubandakanya umgaqo-siseko ophakathi (1993) owaxutyushwa ngabaxhasi abaninzi abafakelweyo kwaye waquka ingcaciso yamalungelo. Esi siseko somthetho-siseko sithatyathelwe indawo ngumgaqo-siseko wokugqibela ngo-199, owamkelwa yiNgqungquthela yezomGaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo yayibalasele i-'engalawulekiyo kunye nokusetyenziswa ukuqinisekiswa yiNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko , nto leyo eyayiqinisekisa ukuba umbhalo wokugqibela uvisiwe nemigaqo engumgaqo-siseko evumelanayo phambi kokuba isebenze.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho

Iinguqu zomGaqo-siseko azikho malunga nento yemente ̵ zilingana nenkqubo apho iinguqulelo zenziwe khona. Inkqubo elungiswe kakuhle inika imvumelwano, yakha, kwaye ivelisa iziphumo eziqinileyo ezisemthethweni. Inkqubo ephoxekileyo, ngokwahlukileyo, ingadala impikiswano, i-ligigation, kwaye kwaneengxaki zezobupolitika, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi na iinzuzo zentengiso.

Oorhulumente abahlonela iimfuno zomgaqo-siseko zotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko babonakalisa ukuzinikela kwabo kumthetho. Babonisa ukuba kwaneyona mithetho isisiseko yenkqubo yezobupolitika iphantsi kwesigqibo, imvume, kunye nokuziphendulela. Kubemi, ukuqonda le nkqubo linyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo ekuphembeleleni isiseko somgaqo-siseko esilawula ubomi babo.

Kubafundi abanomdla ekunyukeni okunzulu kubuchule bokulungisa imigaqo-siseko, i iprojekthi yeConstitute inika ugcino-lwazi olubanzi lwemithetho-siseko yehlabathi kunye nemithetho yabo yokulungisa. [ Incwadi yesandla ye-International IDEA kwimigaqo-nkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko [ inika imizekelo yendlela yokuhlola kunye nokhokelo olusebenzayo. Imithetho evela kwiBhunga laseYurophu [[FLT:]], i-adcookhenti ye-ocessia ehambayo kumthetho-siseko, inika imizekelo yendlela ezityebileyo ezihambela ngayo ezi ntlobo zamazwe.