IsiHlayiso Seshumi Eline: Intsika Yobulungisa baseMerika

UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States luye lwamiswa njengomnye weyona miqathango ilandelayo kwimbali yomthetho waseMerika. Yakhuthazwa ngo-1868 ebudeni beXesha lokuvuselelwa kwakhona kwemfazwe yamakhaya, le nguquko ngokusisiseko yalungisa ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye nelizwe. Yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba amakhoboka atsha akhululweyo kunye nabo bonke abantu abakwi-United States bafumane ukhuseleko olupheleleyo lobumi, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. Namhlanje, urhulumente uyaqhubeka exhomekeke kwiSinyuselo se 145 seSiphengululo njengesixhobo esingundoqo sokukhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukuvavanyazisa ulwaphulo-mthetho, nokukhuthaza ukuma kobulungisa. Ukusukela kwimfundo esemthethweni, ukufumana umsebenzi womtshato, ukufikelela ukufikelela kobomi bonke baseMelika.

Amalungelo Obumi: Isiseko SobuGqwerha Obusemthethweni

IsiHlanzo seshumi elinesine siqala ngesindululo esinamandla nesicacileyo: "Bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo e-United States, kwaye abaphantsi kwegunya labo, ngabemi base-United States kunye noRhulumente apho bahlala khona. Eli lungiselelo, elaziwa ngokuba yi-Citigationshicade Claus, liphendulisa i-Dred Scott v. Sandford isigqibo sango1857, esasithi abantu bomnombo waseAfrika abasoze babe ngabemi baseMelika. Ngokumisela ubumi, i-andendrentiment iqinisekisa ukuba ubumi abunakukhanyelwa ngenxa yobuhlanga, ubuhlanga, ubufana, ubufana, okanye ezinye iimpawu ezingomthetho.

Eli binzana liye lagxininisa kwiimbambano ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni. Umzekelo, urhulumente ulisebenzise ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantwana abazalwa kumhlaba wase-U.S. banelungelo lokuba ngabemi abangekhoyo. Kwakhona lithintela amatyala ekuveliseni iinkcazelo zabo zokuba ngummi ezinokushiya amaqela athile. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ubuSizwe bukaClaus buqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu abazalwe eUnited States banemeko esemthethweni, namalungelo onke abandakanya ilungelo lokuba ngummi, kuquka ilungelo lokuvota, ukubeka isikhundla sikawonke wonke, kunye neenzuzo zolawulo lukarhulumente.

Ukuzimela Kwemvelo Nokuba ngummi Olinganayo

Ngaphezu kobuzibulo, ukuphuculwa kobuhlanga kukwathetha ukuhlaziywa kwendalo. IBhunga linamandla okumisela imithetho efanayo yokuzisebenzela, yaye uMphengululo weshumi elinesine uqinisekisa ukuba xa umntu eba ngummi wendalo, banandipha amalungelo afanayo nabemi bomthonyama. Oku kuye kwafuneka ekulweni nocalucalucalulo kubemi abavela kwelinye ilizwe. Iinkundla ziye zasoloko zikholelwa ukuba amazwe awakwazi ukumisela abami abadaliweyo abangayisebenzisiyo le mithetho. Urhulumente usebenzisa lo mgaqo ukukhusela imigudu yokwakha ubumi beqela lesibini elisekelwe kwilizwe lemvelaphi yomnye okanye kwinkqubo yomntu abahlala kulo.

Inkqubo Elindelekileyo KaClaus: Ukukhusela Ubulungisa Kwinkqubela Engokwasemthethweni

I-Aws Processom Claus ye-14th Amendment ivakalisa ukuba akukho rhulumente "uza kukhupha nawuphi na umntu wobomi, wenkululeko, okanye wempahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho." Esi sigwebo sinye sithwele ubunzima obukhulu. Kufuna ukuba zonke izenzo zikarhulumente ezichaphazela amalungelo omntu asisiseko ziqhutywe ngemigaqo esesikweni. Ingxelo inemilinganiso emibini eyahlukileyo: inkqubo efunekayo nenkqubo efunekayo ephantsi kwe-oct.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Imodeli yemithetho esesikweni igxininisa kwimigaqo esesikweni yetyala ngokwayo. Iqinisekisa ukuba abantu bafumana isaziso ngawo nawuphi na umsebenzi ongokwasemthethweni onxamnye nabo, banikwe ithuba lokuviwa, kwaye banganikela ubungqina neempikiswano phambi komenzi wesigqibo ongakhethiyo. Urhulumente uxhomekeke kulo mgaqo kwimimiselo emininzi, kuquka iimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho, iinkundla zolawulo, kunye neenkundla zenkundla. Umzekelo, ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente aphelise amalungelo abazali, kufuneka anikeze umzali ngendlebe elungileyo. Ngokufanayo, phambi kokuba urhulumente athathe impahla yomntu ngommandla ophakamileyo, kufuneka anikeze imbuyisele kanye nethuba elibalulekileyo lokuvavanyazisa amatyala.

Iimeko zokuphawula zomhlaba ezinjenge Goldberg v. Kelly (70) yandiswe inkqubo efunekayo yokukhusela abamkeli bentlalo-ntle, ibambe ukuba urhulumente akanakuziphelisa iinzuzo ngaphandle kokuva kwangaphambili. Esi sigqibo saqonda ukuba ukulahlekelwa ziingenelo zentlalo-ntle kunokuphazamisa amandla omntu okusinda, ukwenza iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Namhlanje, inkqubo efunekayo efunekayo yeyomthetho wolawulo, ilawula indlela abameli borhulumente abasebenzisana ngayo nabemi.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo esisiseko efunekayo igqitha kwiinkqubo zokukhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, kwanokuba kulungiselelwe iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Le nkalo yeli binzana iye yathanda ukuphikisana kakhulu kodwa inempembelelo ngokulinganayo. IiNkundla ziye zasebenzisa inkqubo efunekayo enxulumene nomtshato, ulwalamano lwentsapho, ulawulo lomzimba, kunye nelungelo lobuqu. Urhulumente kufuneka abonise isizathu esinyanzelisayo ngaphambi kokuba aphambukise kula malungelo asisiseko.

Imizekelo ephawulekayo iquka [[FLT: 0] ukuphuma v. Virginia (1967), eyawisa imithetho evala ucalucalulo lomtshato, ne Obergefell v. Hodges[ (202011], eyamkela ilungelo lezibini ezidibeneyo ukuba zitshate. kumatyala omabini, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakholelwa ukuba inkululeko yokutshata nomntu okhethwe ngumgangatho ongundoqo. [2] i-Oxt orgosestion ikhuselwe kakuhle yi-'Emodeclas'. Urhulumente akanakukhanyela ukuba ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso esinyanzelisayo. Ngokunjalo, kwiimeko ezithe ngqo. [FLT:] v [FF5]) kunye nenkqubo ye-effects orgs [2] kwimeko ezithenjiweyo ze-ethe , i-Esvoans.[2]

Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo LukaClaus: Ukulindela Ubulungisa Kubantu Bonke

I-Acticom Protection Claus iyalela ukuba akukho rhulumente oya "kungavumelani nomntu okwigunya lakhe ukukhusela okulinganayo kwemithetho." Eli lungiselelo liyisiseko somGaqo-siseko sokulwa nocalulo. Kufuna ukuba abantu ngokufanayo baphathwe ngokufanayo, kwaye urhulumente unika urhulumente isixhobo esinamandla sokuvavanya imithetho kunye nezenzo ezidala ucalucalulo oluzenzekelayo okanye olungekho ngqiqweni. I-Acial Protection Claus ibe sesona siseko sokuphuhliswa kwamalungelo angundoqo esizwe eUnited States ukususela ekusungulweni kwe-Uniranconton.

Uhlanga Nocalulo

Ukusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso epheleleyo kwe-Unicity Protection Claus kusemongweni wocalucalulo lobuhlanga. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi rown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954]) (1866) yavakalisa ukuba ukucalucalulana kweentlanga ezikolweni zikawonke kwakungalingani ngokwemvelo, kwaphula umthetho wemithetho. Oku kuwiswa kwelo mthetho kwangagunyaziswa "ukukhetha kodwa kulingana" imfundiso esungulwe Plesleyv v. Ferguson[FFLT:3] [186])) kwaye kumisela iqongangendlela yokususa imithetho karhulumente epheleleyo enyanze uMzantsi. Urhulumente, ngokukodwa iSebe lobulungisa lobulungisa, usebenzise ukuKhuselwa kwemfundo kulawulo lwesikolo ukunyanze i-RGenebalkse, ukuvavanyanisa iiprojective, iinkqubo ze-acritivement, kunye neenkqubo zokuphikisa ezithithi, ngexesha lobupoliti, urhulumente owenzi

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-Actal Protection Claus isetyenziswa ukusingatha imicimbi enjengeyokuhlawuliswa kohlanga ngomthetho, ukwahlulwa kwenkqubo yobulungisa, namalungelo okuvota. Urhulumente angamangalelana namasiko okumisela imithetho enenjongo yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye enempembelelo engekho mthethweni. Ngalo ndlela eli nqaku lisebenza njengekrele nekhaka: likhusela abantu ekucalucalucalulweni nasekunyanzeleni urhulumente ukuba alungise ukungalingani kwesixokelelwano.

Udidi lwendoda nelesibini olukhuselweyo

UkuKhuselwa okulinganayo kuka-Claus akupheleliselwanga kuhlanga. Iinkundla zandisa ukhuseleko lwazo kumaqela asekelwe kwisini, kukulunga, nakwezinye iimpawu. -Reed v. Reed (1971], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho obonisa ukuba amadoda athanda abafazi njengabalawuli bemihlaba. Inkundla yabambelela ekuthini ucalucalucalulo oluno olucacileyo lwaphula i-Clauslee. Amatyala afana no- Craig v. Boren [18]] [18] yamisela umgangatho othe ngqo wokucaciswa kwemiqathango yemiban, ithetha ukuba urhulumente ubonise ukuba ulwahlulo olunjalo olubalulekileyo nolunxulumene nokufezela inzala.

Amatyala ocalucalulo ajonge yonke into ukusuka kumsebenzi wempangelo ukuya kumathuba emfundo. I- United States v. Virginia (1996]) ngokwesigqibo, sifuna ukuba i-Virginia Military Institute yomkhosi yaseVirginia yamkele amabhinqa, ikholelwa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuthethelela ukususwa kolishi yezomkhosi kawonke-wonke. I-Actal Protection Claus isetyenziselwa ukucelsa ucalucalucalulo nxamnye ne-LBTQ+ abantu ngabanye, njengoko kuboniswa kwiimeko ezibandakanya umsebenzi, izindlu, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke wonke umntu. Nangona umgangatho wokuhlola ikomiti yowiso-mthetho unakho ukwahluka, inikeza isicwangciso esilungele ukuphendula iintlobo ezintsha zocalucalulo.

Ubuchule bokubhala kunye nokusebenzisana kobuchule

Ukuyiqonda indlela iinkundla ezisebenzisa ngayo iCompalite Protection Claus, kuluncedo ukwazi imilinganiselo yokuhlola. Xa umthetho ujonge udidi olurhanelekayo olunjengesizwe okanye imvelaphi yesizwe, iinkundla zisebenzisa uhlalutyo olungqongqo. Oku kuthetha ukuba umthetho kufuneka ulungiswe ngokufutshane ukuze ukhonze inzala karhulumente enyanzelisayo, kwaye urhulumente uthwele umthwalo wokuyingqina. Imithetho emininzi emele ihlolwe ngokungqongqo. Kukokuba iiklasi-scins anje ubudoda, iinkundla zisebenzisa uhlolo oluphakathi.

Imfundiso Engokwamkeleka: Ukusebenzisa IBhili Yamalungelo EUnited States

UMthetho-Mpawu we-14th WesiHlaliso uyasebenza indima ebalulekileyo ngokubandakanya imfundiso. Ekuqaleni, iBhili yamaLungelo yasebenza kurhulumente worhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente unokuyaphula inkululeko yomntu yokuthetha okanye yonqulo ngaphandle kokuqhuba umGaqo-siseko. ISindululo se-14th Sitshintshile satshintsha oko. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ekubeni i-Sed Procement Claus iquka amalungiselelo amaninzi eSibonelelo saMalungelo, esiwanyanzelisayo ngokuchasene namazwe. Oku kuquka inkululeko yokuqala yokuLandlwa, ukushicilela, unqulo, indibano, kunye nesicelo; iSiphendumiso sesine sokuzikhusela ekuphathweni nokukhuthuka okungekho ngqi; isiHlanu sokuGawula ekunene nxamnye nolwaphulo-mthetho-mthetho; isiHwesi-6 isiHwesi kubandakanya nokugwebo sokuzinzisa isigwebo; kunye nokhuseleko olungowesibhozo ngokuchasana kobugosa.

Imfundiso yokuququzelela iqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente babambelele kwimilinganiselo efana neyomGaqo-siseko karhulumente. Xa isebe lamapolisa liqhuba ukuphengulula okungekho mthethweni, okanye inkundla yeli lizwe ikhanyela ummangalelwa, iSihlaziyi seshumi elinesine sinika iinkundla igunya lokungenelela. Oku kuye kwafuneka ukugcina umgangatho ozinzileyo wenkululeko yasekuhlaleni kuwo onke amazwe angamashumi amahlanu. Ngaphandle kokuqulunqena, amaziko angamisela imithetho ethoba amalungelo asisiseko, edala umsebenzi owenziwe ngebala wokukhusela apho amanye amaMelika anandipha amalungelo angaphezulu kakhulu kunamanye.

Impembelelo Esemthethweni Namatyala Angophawu

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, amatyala amaninzi abalulekileyo eNkundla Ephakamileyo embalini yaseMerika aye abandakanya uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine. Ezi zigqibo zilandelayo zezininzi ezibalulekileyo ezibonisa impembelelo yezo zenzo zokulungisa okusesikweni:

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): INkundla yathi ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwalwaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClaus, lwabhukuqa imfundiso "yohlukene kodwa elinganayo". Le sigqibo yaba yindawo yokutshintsha kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu yaza yakhokelela ekuncitshisweni kwezikolo kulo lonke ilizwe.
  • i- Virginia (1967): INkundla yawisa imithetho karhulumente ekwalekwa komtshato weentlanga ezahlukeneyo, isithi le mithetho yaphula umthetho woMsebenzi weNkqubo kaClaus noKhuselo lwe-Elinganayo Clause. Esi sigqibo saqinisekisa ilungelo elingundoqo lokutshata ngaphandle kohlanga.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973): INkundla yaqonda ukuba iNkqubo elindelekileyo kaClause ikhusela ilungelo lebhinqa lokukhetha ukuqhomfa, nangona esi sigqibo kamva sawiswa ngemithetho egqithileyo kwiDobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022).
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Inkundla yathi izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zinelungelo elisisiseko lokutshata phantsi kweNkqubo kaClaus noKhuselo olulinganayo. Esi sigqibo sigunyaziswe ngokusemthethweni kumtshato ongokwasemgangeni omnye kwilizwe lonke.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (63): Inkundla yathi uLawulo lweSithandathu lunelungelo lokunika icebiso lisebenza kumazwe kuMthetho ka-Celas eMsebenziswayo woMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko we-14. Oku kuthetha ukuba igqwetha kufuneka linikezele kubamangalelwa abangenakukwazi ukuhlawula omnye kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): INkundla yamisa izilumkiso ezidumileyo zeMiranda, ibambe ukuba uHlaziyo lwesihlanu lubandakanya ukumelana nokuzitshintsha ngokwayo. Amapolitiki kufuneka azise amalungelo awo phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya.

La matyala, kunye namanye amaninzi, abonisa ububhetyebhetye boMphetho weshumi elinesine nomsebenzi ohlala uhleli. Urhulumente uyaqhubeka ecela ukupheliswa kwemithetho yokukhusela amalungelo okuvota, ukulwa nokurhwebelana kwabantu, ukuphendula ihambo engafanelekanga yamapolisa, nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela imfundo nomsebenzi ngokulinganayo.

Ukuphunyezwa KoMthetho we - 14

UMthetho we-14 wokuHlaziya awusasebenzi kwixesha elidluleyo. Useyinxalenye ephambili nesebenzayo yomthetho-siseko waseMerika. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, urhulumente uye wasebenzisa le migaqo ukucombulula imicimbi equka:

  • Ukuphakamisa amalungelo: Ukhuselo olulinganayo luye lwasetyenziswa ukucel ’ umngeni imithetho ye-ID, ukubolekisa, namanye amanyathelo anzima ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abavoti abambalwa. Iinkundla zilungelelanise umdla karhulumente ekunyulweni kwengqibelelo nxamnye nelungelo elisisiseko lokuvota, ngokufuthi ukufumana ukuba imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho womthetho womthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho iyangqubana nokupheliswa konyulo.
  • IJaji ePhambili yoMgwebo : I-Accessition Process Claus ne-Ukhuselo luka-Celassial Claus ingundoqo kwimigudu yokuguqula ulawulo, imisebenzi yebheyile, kunye nesigwebo. Iingxelo zobuhlanga ekumisweni kwezithuthi, ukunyanzeliswa koonyanzeliso olugqithisileyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa okungangqinelaniyo kwesohlwayo sokufa zisoloko zibiza uMphetho weshumi elinesine.
  • LGBTQ+ Amalungelo: Ukwakha ku-Obergefell kunye namanye amatyala, abameli norhulumente bayaqhubeka besebenzisa uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine ukucel ’ umngeni ucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo kunye nobufana neentlobano zesini kwimimandla enjengemisebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, unyango, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke.
  • IJaji yezemali: Ngelixesha iNkundla ibilumkile ngokusebenzisa iSikhuseli esilinganayo uClaus ekuthetheni ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, kuye kwacelwa utshintsho kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukufikelela kwiinzuzo zikawonke-wonke, iimali zemfundo, kunye nezindlu ezinokufikeleleka. Umgangatho ofanelekileyo uyasebenza, kodwa ukwahlukana okungalinganiyo kusenokucelw'icelw'ici.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ulwahlulo: Uluntu luye lwaba ngumbandela wengxoxo enzulu, kunye nokuphikisana okuthile ngemiqathango yayo. Urhulumente ubukhusele ubumi njengobungundoqo bokwaziwa kwamaMelika, kwaye iinkundla zibuxhase ngokuqhubekayo. I-ST Procession Clausle iyabakhusela abaphambukeli, kuquka abo bangenako ukuma komthetho, ekuvalelweni nasekususweni ngokusesikweni.

UMthetho - siseko Weshumi Elinane Nolawulo Lomanyano

UMthetho woLawulo we-14 we-Pramendement ikwanika iBhunga igunya lokunyanzelisa amalungiselelo alo ngomthetho "ofanelekileyo". Eli gunya lokunyanzelisa, eli candelo lifunyenwe kwiCandelo 5 lotshintsho, lisetyenziselwa ukudlulisela imithetho yesizwe, kuquka iSivumelo samaLungelo sowe-1964, [[FLT:], [iiii-Boston Act [iiii-FLT], kunye noMthetho we-Fairmagn [[FLT] [[FL:]]. Le mithetho ivumela urhulumente ukuba urhulumente angene kwiimeko zocalucalucalu-calulo, amisele amasebe okuhlola izikhalalo, nokunika amayeza amaxhoba amaxhoba. [FOLT] [brective] [brect:] [bregne] [5], i-G.7] Inkundla eequluequlueast (ieast Couragenti) ee, ingu, i

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Ongagqitywanga Wokusesikweni

Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine loMphetho-mva weMimiselo lungaphezulu kakhulu koluxwebhu lwembali. Lidinga eliphilayo, eliphefumlayo lokuba urhulumente uza kuphatha wonke umntu ngesidima, ngokusesikweni, kunye nokulingana. Ngemvelaphi yakhe emva kokusetyenziswa kwezicelo zale mihla kumlo wokulwela iLGBTQ + amalungelo nokuvota, ukupheliswa komGaqo-siseko kusebenze njengesiseko solwandiso oluhlala luhleli kwisangqa sokuqukuqela. Noko ke, umsebenzi wokusesikweni awusoze uphele. Ucelomngeni olutsha luvela kwisizukulwana ngasinye, kwaye iGBTPramend inika izixhobo ezisemthethweni ukuhlangabezana nazo. Njengoko urhulumente eqhubeka nokucacisa nokusebenzisa esi sivumelwano, uhlala unamandla okuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni akuyomfuneko kodwa akuyo into elungileyo kodwa yenyani kubo bonke abantu baseMerika.