Ukuqonda Izityholo Zesaphuli - mthetho: Uhambo Olusuka Kwityala Lokuya Kwityala

Indlela esuka ekufakeni izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela yenye yeenkqubo ezilandelayo kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Ukuba ungumfundi womthetho, ugcisa kwinkqubo yokugweba, okanye umntu ozama ukuqonda oko kunokwenzeka ukuba wena okanye othandekayo uyamangalelwa, ubambe isigaba ngasinye esibalulekileyo. Eli nqaku liyakuhamba kubude bomcimbi obalulekileyo, ukusuka kwicandelo lokuqala ukuvela kwimiqathango, ukuququzelelwa, ukuvavanywa, isigwebo, kunye nesigwebo. Uya kufunda kwakhona ngamalungelo ommangalelwayo, indima yokucenga, kunye nokubhenela. Ngesiphelo, uya kuba nokuqonda okupheleleyo, okusebenzisekayo ngendlela etyhiliweyo, ukuqulukwanolwaphulo-mthetho.

Isizathu Sokuba Le Ntlekele Ibaluleke

Inkqubo yezobulungisa yenzelwe ukulungelelanisa amandla karhulumente okumangalela ngokukhusela komGaqo-siseko. Inyathelo ngalinye ukusuka kwisigqibo se-agnes cribitor ukutyhola isigwebo sokugqibela sejaji (i-"i-codentist" ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu ugwetywayo ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo. Amanyathelo nakweliphi na iqonga angayiguqula ngokuphawulekayo iziphumo zetyala. Ukuqonda la manyathelo kunceda abamangalelwa, amaxhoba, kunye noluntu ukuba okusesikweni kusetyenziswa njani.

Siyintoni Isifungo?

Ityala lisityholo esisemthethweni, esibhaliweyo sokuba umntu wenze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Asisosityholo nje segosa lamapolisa; sisigqibo esingumphathi omkhulu sokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kukholelwe ukuba ummangalelwa wenza ityala. UMthetho-siseko wesihlanu ohlaziyiweyo ufuna ukuba xa kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu (ityala), amatyala karhulumente kufuneka aqhubeke ngokubekwa icala ngaphandle kokuba abamangalelwa bagwetyelwe ngokufanelekileyo. Amaphondo amaninzi alandela imithetho efanayo, nangona abanye bevumela abatshutshisi ukuba bafake ityala ngqo “iintelekiso” ngenxa yetyala elincinane.

Indima Yebhotwe Elikhulu

Iqela labachopheli-mthetheli-tyala abazukileyo liqela elinabemi abali-16 ukuya kuma-23 elibizwa ukuba liphulaphule ubungqina obunikelwa ngumtshutshisi. Ngokungafaniyo nejaji eligwebayo, abachopheli-tyala abagqibeli ukuba netyala okanye ukuba msulwa. Endaweni yoko, iphendula umbuzo omnye: bukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokuzisa abamangalelwa kwityala? Ityala liyimfihlo, kwaye abamangalelwayo abanalungelo lokunikela ubungqina okanye kwanokubakho.

  • Imeko engqinekekayo: Iqela labachopheli-tyala kufuneka lifumane ukuba umntu onengqondo uzakukholelwa ukuba otyholwayo usenokuba wenze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Lo ngumgangatho osezantsi kuno-“kungathandabuzi okusengqiqweni.”
  • Amandla okuququzelela: Ukuba igqibo eliphezulu lifumana ubungqina obunganele, libuyisa “akukho tyala,” kwaye ityala liyahliswa (ahhhala abatshutshisi basenokuphinda bafumane ubungqina kwiqumrhu elikhulu labachopheli-tyala.
  • Isiphumo sokukhupha: Xa iqumrhu elikhulu labachopheli-tyala likhupha “ityala lokwenyaniso,” uxwebhu olutyholayo luba luxwebhu oluqala ngokusemthethweni ityala.

Kwizibonelelo ngendlela ezinkulu ngayo umsebenzi wezijungqu, jonga kwi U.S. umchazi kwiijaji ezinkulu[FLT]] kunye [[FLT]][FLT]] [5] ukungeniswa kwemibutho yolwazi [[FLT]]

Inkqubela yesiKrista ngeNdlela

Inkqubo yokumangalela yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokukhusela urhulumente ekunyanzeleni abemi ukuba bamelane netyala ngenxa yezityholo ezingekho ngqiqweni okanye ezibuqhetseba.

Uphando Nobungqina Buqukuqela

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho `amagosa omthetho, FBI, DEA, okanye amanye amaqumrhu karhulumente okanye urhulumente . "Ikwenza uphando." Aqokelela ubungqina obuphathekayo, amangqina okuphendula amaxwebhu, kwaye asenokusebenzisa amaxwebhu angaphantsi kwe-odoli ukunyanzela ubungqina okanye iingxelo. Injongo kukwakha ityala elomelele ngokwaneleyo ukulidlulisela kwinkundla ebalaseleyo.

Ukuboniswa Kwencwadi Ebalaseleyo

Umtshutshisi unikela ubungqina kwinkundla ephakamileyo yabachopheli-tyala kwityala elivaliwe. AmaNgqina asenokubizwa, kwaye umtshutshisi uchaza indlela ubungqina obuxhasa ngayo inxalenye nganye yolwaphulo-mthetho olutyholwayo. Ngenxa yokuba abachopheli-mthetho abazukileyo beva icala lomntu, inkqubo idla ngokuchazwa njengelungu elinye eliphakathi kwe-/indlela yamatyala abuthathaka ekwakheniwa ngayo ngaphambi kokuba bafike kwityala.

Ulwenziwo noLocalulo

Emva kokunikezelwa, abachopheli abakhulu bejaji ngabom. Bavota ngasese ukuba banikele na ukumangalelwa. Inani leevoti ezifunekayo lihluka-hlukene ngokolawulo; umthetho wengingqi karhulumente ufuna ubuncinane ukuba abalawuli abazukileyo abali-12 bavumelane. Ukuba uninzi (okanye ulawulo oluphezulu) luyavuma, “umthetho wokwenyaniso” ukhutshwe, kwaye ityala libekwe enkundleni.

Ulungelelwaniso: Imbonakalo Yenkundla Yokuqala

Xa ityala likhutshiwe, inyathelo elilandelayo likwahlulelwa. Oku kuyindlela yokuqala esesikweni yokubonakala kommangalelwa phambi kwejaji. Ngethuba lokubekwa ityala:

  • Izityholo zifundwa ngokuvakalayo (okanye ngokushwankathelwa) ngoko ummangalelwa uyakuqonda oko atyholwa kona.
  • Ummangalelwa uxelelwa ngamalungelo awo omGaqo-siseko, kuquka ilungelo lokungathethi nelungelo lokunikwa igqwetha.
  • Ummangalelwa ungena kwisifungo: [[FLT: 0] ityala, ingenotyala, okanye i-nolo imattere (akukho khuphiswano)[FLT: 1].

Isibongozo se asinatyala kuthetha ukuba ityala liza kuqhubekeka xa kuvavanywa. Isibongozo esinetyala sibangela isigaba sogwebo. Isibongozo esinetyala sisebenza ngokufanayo nesibongozo setyala kodwa asinakusetyenziswa ngokuchasene nommangalelwa kwityala elifanayo lendlela yasekuhlaleni. Kwisigwebi, kwakhona ijaji igqiba kwibheyile okanye iimeko zokukhululwa.

Intshukumo zangaphambili: Ukuphelisa idabi letyala

Emva kokubekwa umthetho naphambi kokuvavanywa, omabini amacala efayile yangaphambi kwetyala. Le ntshukumo ingachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ubungqina obuvayo abachopheli betyala kwanokuba ityala liya kuvavanywa na. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo zangaphambi kovavanyo ziquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhupha: Ingqiniso iphikisa ngelithi izityholo aziluchazi ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuba ummiselo wemiqathango uphelelwe, okanye ukuba umangalelwa ubuthathaka.
  • Isigqibo sokucinezela Ubungqina: Ijaji icela ukuba igwebi lingabufaki ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngokuchasana noMgaqo-nkqubo wesine (ukufuna nokuthamba okungenangqiqo), uHlaziyo lwesihlanu (ukuzitshintsha), okanye uLawulo lweSithandathu (ekunene kwisiluleko). Ukuba ubungqina obungundoqo bucinezelwe, ukutshutshiswa akunakukwazi ukungqinela imeko yakhe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Umbutho wotshintsho lweVenue: Ukuba usasazo lwangaphambi koshicilelo lwenze ukuba kungabi nakwenzeka ukufumana umgwebi ongakhethiyo, ukhuseleko lungacela ukufudusela ityala kwelinye iphondo.
  • Motion kwi Limine: Yintshukumo yangaphambili yokukhupha ubungqina obuthile okanye ubungqina phambi kokuba inikwe abachopheli-tyala, njengeembekiselo kwingxelo yommangalelwa yangaphambili yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Le miphetho iphikiswana ekuchongiweni, kwaye imithetho yomgwebi isoloko igqiba umlinganiselo wetyala. Ukuntywila nzulu, bona [[FLT: 0] isikhokelo seNolo kwintshukumo zangaphambili kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho.

I-Plea Barganing: Owona mlinganiselo uqhelekileyo

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba inkoliso yamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (angaphezu kwama-90% kwimimandla emininzi) aconjululwe ngezicelo ezingezontengo, hayi iimvavanyo. Isibongozo sesivumelwano phakathi kwetyala kunye nokhuseleko apho ummangalelwa acela ityala eliphantsi okanye kwelinye lamatyala amaninzi ukutshintshisana ngesigwebo esilula okanye ukugxothwa kwezinye izinto.

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuthelekisa: Umtshutshisi unciphisa isityholo (umz., ukusuka kwityala ukuya kwimposiso) ukubuyisela isibongozo esinetyala.
  • Ukuthelekisa: Umtshutshisi ucebisa isigwebo esikhethekileyo (umz., ukuvavanywa endaweni yentolongo) ukutshintshiselana ngesibongozo.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Uthelekelelo: Amaqela ayavumelana kwizibakala ezithile eziza kunikelwa enkundleni.

I-Plea ithelekisa ngethuba lesigaba sangaphambi kwetyala, ngokufuthi emva kokugqitywa kwesigqibo. Ijaji kufuneka ivume isivumelwano kwaye iqinisekise ukuba sisokuzithandela kwaye ummangalelwa uyayiqonda imiphumo. Ngoxa kuthethwa impikiswano, ukucetyiswa kuyimfuneko esebenzisekayo yokulawula iibhodi zetyala. Noko ke, abamangalelwa abanyanzelekanga ukwamkela isibongozo; bangasoloko benyanzelisa ilungelo labo ekuthethweni.

Inkqubo Yokuvavanywa Kwetyala: Apho Ityala Livavanywa Khona

Ukuba ityala alipheli ngesicelo, liqhubekeka ukuvavanywa. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza nangoluntu ngejaji engakhethi buso kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ityala lithuba apho umtshutshisi kufuneka angqine zonke izinto zolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kothandabuza okusengqiqweni[. Ukuzikhusela akufuneki kungqina ukuba akukho tyala; kufuneka kuphakamise amathandabuzo asengqiqweni.

Ukhetho

Phambi kokuba kuvulwe amaxwebhu, abachopheli-tyala bayakhethwa kwiqumrhu labemi. Abatshutshisi nabazithethelelayo babuza imibuzo yokuchaza iimbono ezinokubakho. Ii-Attorney zingabacel ’ umngeni abachopheli-jaji (umz., isizalwana sisebenza ekunyanzelweni komthetho) okanye zisebenzise ucelomngeni lokususa abachopheli-jaji ngaphandle kokunika isizathu (ngemida). Injongo yinkundla elungileyo nengakhethi.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Icala ngalinye lichaza oko baceba ukukungqina. Ingtshutshiso iqala ngoku, inikela ingcamango yayo ngetyala ize ibonise ubungqina obungaphambili. Ukuzithethelela kusenokunikela ingxelo yokuvula ngokukhawuleza emva koko okanye kugcine ityala layo de kube emva kwetyala letyala. La magqabaza awabo ubungqina; ayizizicatshulwa zabachopheli-tyala.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Ingtshutshiso ibiza amangqina ize izise amaxwebhu, izinto ezibonakalayo, kunye nobungqina obungoochuku. Ingxelo yokuzikhusela enqamlezayo i-estamine nganye. Emva kokuba ixelel-asent iphumile, ingqiniso inganikela ubungqina bayo namangqina, kuquka ummangalelwa (onelungelo lokungangqini). Ubungqina bulawulwa ngemithetho engqongqo, efana nomthetho wesilumkiso neemfuno zokubaluleka.

  • Uvavanyo oludityanisiweyo: Iqela elibiza ingqina libuza imibuzo epheliswe ngesitshixo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uvavanyo lwe-'FLT': Iqela elichasayo libuza imibuzo ekhokelela ekuvavanyeni ukuthembeka.
  • Isalathisi sokwalathisa kunye nokuphinda unqamlezo: imijikelo eyongeziweyo ukucacisa okanye ucelomngeni lweengxelo.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba kunikelwe bonke ubungqina, icala ngalinye lishwankathela ukuba ubungqina bungqina ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.

Imiyalelo ye Jury

The judge instructs the jury on the law they must apply, including the definition of the crime, the burden of proof, and the elements that must be proven. The jury must follow these instructions when deliberating.

Isigwebo: Unetyala, Hayi Ukuba Netyala, Okanye Ukuziva Unetyala

Kufuneka bafikelele kwisigqibo esingqineke nesahlukeneyo kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho (kwimimandla emininzi nakwiinkundla zephondo). Iindlela zokukhetha zicacile:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Guilty: Abachopheli-mthetho bafumana ukuba ityala lingqina zonke izinto ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.
  • Akanatyala: Ijaji ikhupha ityala lommangalelwa ngenxa yokuba umtshutshisi akaphumelelanga ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe. Ukugwetywa kugqibelel------ahn-ase-all akakwazi ukubhenela ukuxolelwa.
  • Abachopheli-tyala aba-Hung (ityala): Abachopheli-tyala abanakufikelela kwisigqibo esidibeneyo. Ijaji ingavakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo, yaye abatshutshisi bangakhetha ukulilungisa kwakhona ityala kunye neqela elitsha labachopheli-tyala.

Ukuba isigqibo sibekek ’ ityala, ngokukhawuleza ijaji isenokumisela umhla wokugwetywa okanye kwezinye iimeko iqhubeke igweba ngosuku olunye.

Ukugwetywa: Ukugqiba Isohlwayo

Isigwebo siseqongeni apho inkundla imisa khona isohlwayo. Ijaji igweba eluhlwini olumiswe ngommiselo, kodwa mayicinge.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ubukhali bolwaphulo-mthetho (umz., umgangatho womonakalo, ukusetyenziswa kogonyamelo).
  • Imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho yommangalelwa (iinkolelo ze-athom zinokukhokelela ekunyuseni izigwebo).
  • [[UMTL:0] Izinto ezitshintshayo (ukubuya, intsebenziswano, imiba yempilo yengqondo, ubutsha).
  • Imeko ezinyusayo (ingakumbi ihambo ekhohlakeleyo, indima yokhokelo, amaxhoba abuthathaka).

Izivakalisi eziqhelekileyo ziquka ezi:

  • [[UMTL:0] Intolongo (nge okanye ngaphandle kwethuba lokukhupha isigwebo).
  • Iprojekthi (ukukhululwa okukhutshiweyo kweemeko ezifana nokuvavanywa kweziyobisi, ukucetyiswa, okanye ukubuya kwexesha).
  • [[UMTHL:0] kunye nohlaziyo (uhlawulo kumaxhoba).
  • Inkonzo yekomyunithi, ukuvalelwa kwendlu, okanye ukujongwa kwe-elektroniki.

Kwizaphuli-mthetho zikarhulumente, ijaji ijonga kwiZikhokelo ze-U.S. ezinika uluhlu olunconyelweyo olusekelwe kumgangatho wetyala nakwimbali yolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, imigaqo ingumyalelo, ayinyanzelekanga, ilandela isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo yeUnited States v. Incwadi yeQela ye-U. [2005]. Iinkqubo zikarhulumente zinokuba nee-droads zazo zogwebo.

Izibheno kunye nonyango lonyango lwePosi

Isigqibo setyala asisoloko sisisiphelo sendlela. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo, ephikisa ngelithi iimpazamo zomthetho zenzeka ebudeni betyala. Izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokubhenela ziquka:

  • Ukuvuma okanye ukulahla ubungqina obungafanelekanga.
  • Imiyalelo ephosakeleyo yokuchophela ityala.
  • Ukuziphatha okubi kommangaleli.
  • Uncedo olungenasiphumo lwesiluleko.
  • Akukho bungqina buneleyo bokuxhasa olo kholo.

Inkundla yezibheno ihlola ingxelo yamatyala ize iqinisekise ukuba kukho impazamo echaphazeleke ngokunzulu kwiziphumo. Ukuba kunjalo, ingasiguqula isigwebo, iwise ngelitsha okanye ilungise isivakalisi. Ityala lidla ngokungabi nakubhena ngomgwebi, kodwa lingabhenela kwimimiselo ethile yangaphambi kwetyala okanye kwisigwebo esingekho mthethweni.

Emva kokuba isibheno esingqalileyo sigqibile, abamangalelwa bangafuna uncedo lwasemva kokuququzelelwa (ii-corpus) kwinkundla karhulumente okanye yephondo, bephikisa ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko okungazange kuphakanyiswe ngaphambili.

Amalungelo angundoqo omGaqo-siseko ukutyhubela inkqubo

Inkqubo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho yenzelwe ukukhusela iBhili yamaLungelo. Nawa awona malungelo abalulekileyo kwinqanaba ngalinye:

  • [[UMTL:0] IsiHlalisi seNkqubela-mali seThutyana: Ukhuseleko ekuphengululweni nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni; ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni bungacinywa.
  • FINT [Uhlaziyo lweNkqutyana: Ilungelo lokuhlala buthule, ukhuseleko kwingozi ephindwe kabini, imfuneko yokumangalelwa kwabachopheli-tyala abaphezulu kumthetho worhulumente, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo.
  • IsiHlalisi-mda se-xxt: ekunene kwityala elikhawulezayo nelinowonke wonke, abachopheli-mthetho abangakhethi buso, isaziso setyala, ungquzulwano lwamangqina, inkqubo enyanzelisayo yamangqina, kunye noncedo lwesiluleko.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ulungiso lwendawo olubanzi: Ukhuseleko kwibheyile egqithisileyo nengqeqesho ekhohlakeleyo nengaqhelekanga.

Ukuqonda la malungelo kubalulekile nabani na ojongene nokumangalelwa okanye osebenza kwinkqubo. Kwimeko ebanzi, bona [[FLT][1] isikhokelo seMelika Bar Association kumgaqo wezobulungisa wolwaphulo-mthetho .

Isiphelo: Igalelo Elipheleleyo Lokusesikweni

Ukusuka kwiingcinga ezifihlakeleyo ze-avareji enkulu, ukuvavanya, ukuvavanya uwonke wonke kunye nokugqibela kwesigqibo, uhambo lwezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwenzelwe ukukhusela ibutho loluntu kunye nomntu ngamnye. Iqonga ngalinye (ukugwetywa, ukuququzelelwa, ukucelwa, ukugwetywa, nokubhenwa, kunye nesibheno) kusekelwe injongo ecacileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba inkolelo isekelwe kubungqina obuthembekileyo kunye nenkqubo elungileyo. Ukuba ulandela ityala eliphezulu lomntu ngamnye okanye ufuna nje ukuqonda amalungelo akho, ukwazi le nkqubo ikunika amandla okuqubisa ngenkqubo esemthethweni. Ukuqhubeka ufunda, ukutyelela [[FLT: 0].[FLP] [5] [5]