Ukwazisa

Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni baseka isiseko sokunikezelwa kweenkonzo zikawonke-wonke eUnited States, bechaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla ukusuka kwimfundo nakukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke ukuya kwizithuthi nakwimpilo. Nangona umgangatho ngamnye uneembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo, ezona nkonzo zisebenzayo zivela xa aba rhulumente besebenzisana. Intsebenziswano ibavumela ukuba babelane ngezibonelelo, imigaqo elungelelanisiweyo, kwaye baphendule kwiimfuno zoluntu ngoxa besebenzisa umgangatho welifa le zwe. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni abasebenza ngayo kunye, imizekelo abayisebenzisayo, iingxaki abajamelana nazo, kunye namaqhinga akhokelela kwiziphumo eziphumelelayo kubemi.

Ulwahlulo asilokhetho nje lolawulo; lusoloko luyimfuneko esemthethweni okanye esebenzisekayo. Iinkqubo ezininzi zengingqi zifuna urhulumente kunye nolungelelwano lwasekuhlaleni, kunye nemibandela entsonkothileyo efana nokusabela kwintlekele, umgaqo wemekobume, kunye nenkcubeko yezoqoqosho efunwayo. Ukuqonda amandla alo manyano kunceda amagosa karhulumente, abahlalutyi benkqubo, kunye nabemi baxabisa iindlela ezenza umsebenzi wokulawula.

Imeko yembali karhulumente--Locale-governel

Ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni luye lwaguquka ngokuphawulekayo kwimbali yaseMerika. Phantsi komGaqo-siseko wase-U. kumazwe amaninzi alawula, kwaye iindawo zifumana amandla awo kwimithetho-siseko yesizwe nakwimimiselo. Esi sakhiwo somthetho, esisaziwa njengoMthetho kaDillon, olinganiselweyo ngokwesithethe, ofuna imvume karhulumente kwizenzo ezininzi zasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, ngenkulungwane yama-20, amazwe amaninzi anika amagosa amakhaya okwandisa igunya eliphezulu kwizixeko kunye nolwahlulo, nto leyo ewavumela ukuba avumela ukuba asebenzise ulungelelwano oluphezulu ukuphendula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

INew Deal Era yabonisa ukwanda kwemali yemali karhulumente, eyathi yagqithisela izimali kwiindawo zezezibonelelo neenkqubo zentlalo. Kamva, iinkqubo zoMbutho Omkhulu woo-1960 zagxininisa intsebenziswano yorhulumente, apho urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisana ngokudibanisa inyathelo lorhulumente. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, iprojekthi efana nokupheliswa kotshintsho iye yatshintsha iimbopheleleko ezinkulu kumazwe nakwimimandla ngelixa iguqula iindlela zokuxhasa ngemali. Le mbali igxininisa ukuba intsebenziswano ayimi ndawonye; iyavumelana nezopolitiki, iinguqu zentlalo.

Iindawo ezingundoqo zolwahlulo

Isebe ngalinye linika amathuba akhethekileyo nocelomngeni olukhethekileyo lokusebenzisana.

Imfundo

Imfundo mhlawumbi yeyona ndawo ibonakalayo yengingqi yentsebenziswano yesizwe-nendawo esemaphandleni. Ama- States amisela imigangatho yemfundo, ukwabela iiprojekthi zemali, kunye noomatiloshe abaqeshi, ngelixesha izikolo zasekuhlaleni zilawula iiklasi, abasebenzi, kunye nezixhobo zemfundo. Umzekelo, California’s Local Control Funding Forula (LCFFF)[FLF] [FLT]] inika amaphondo amandla okunikezela ubuncwane obusekelwe kwiimfuno zomfundi ngexaso zomthetho.

Impilo Kawonke-wonke

Iingxaki zempilo kawonke-wonke, ukususela kwizifo ezibulalayo ukuya kwizifo ezihlaselayo ezinxulumeneyo, zifuna umanyano lwamalungu oluntu olungenamthungo. Amasebe ezempilo aseburhulumenteni anikela iinkonzo zogcino-lwazi, uhlalutyo, kunye nemali, ngelixa amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni eqhuba iikliniki, uhlolo, kunye nokukhuthuza uluntu. Izithathi-mathi-mali zoLawulo lwezifo nothintelo (CDC)[FLTC)[FLD:1] zisoloko zisebenzisa izibonelelo zikarhulumente ngooomasebe abasebenzisanazo basekuhlaleni, njengoko kuboniswa ngexesha lovavanyo lwe-CHOVID-19. Ucwangciso kunye neesiseko sogcino-data esabelana ziphucul ukuqhashukumiswa nokuphendula.

Uthutho

Isiseko soncedo sifuna urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bacebe, bafake intlawulo, bagcine iindlela, iibhulorho, iinkqubo zokuthutha, kunye neenqwelo-moya. Amasebe ezothutho karhulumente alawula iindlela neenqwelo-moya ezidibeneyo, ngelixa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bephatha izitrato kunye nothutho lukawonke-wonke. Amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa imibutho yocwangciso lwezibonelelo zesixeko (MPO) ukuququlunqa iimali zikarhulumente kunye nezinto eziphambili. Umzekelo, imodeli ye-Florida inxibelelanisa imimandla yasemaphandleni ne-dolophane, inciphisa ukuxinana nokuhambelana kwenqanawa

Iinkonzo zexesha likaxakeka nokuphendula kwentlekele

Xa kufikelwa iintlekele, intsebenziswano phakathi korhulumente kunye namaziko olawulo longxamiseko asekuhlaleni inzima. Abaphendula kuqala balapho balapho bakwindawo yokuqala, kodwa baxhomekeke kulawulo lukarhulumente ukwenzela i-logics, izixhobo, kunye nokusebenzisana namaqumrhu karhulumente anjenge-FEMA. Iofisi karhulumente yemeko kaxakeka eTexas isebenza ngokusondeleleneyo kunye namagosa ephondo kunye nesixeko ukubeka amaziko aluncedo, abasebenzi be-ofisi, kunye nokulawula izikhuseli zokuphuma. Emva kweSiphepho iHarvey ngo-2017, le ndlela ilungelelanisiweyo isindisa ubomi kunye nokuchachacha.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo noovimba bendalo

Imingeni yokusingqongileyo enjengeyongcoliso yamanzi, ubunjani bomoya, kunye nolondolozo lwelizwe ifuna imigudu emininzi yokugweba. Amasebe okusingqongileyo amisela imimiselo kunye nengxelo yemvume, ngelixa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni benyanzelisa imigaqo yemithetho, belawula inkunkuma, kwaye begcina iindawo ezivulekileyo. Amanyathelo athe kratya afana e-EPA] i-Green Infraclactive Program[ inikela ingcelo kunye noncedo lobugcisa kumakhaya, ngokufuthi encedwa yimibutho yemekobume, ukunciphisa nokuphucula ulungiso

Uphuhliso lwezindlu noluntu

Ukunqongophala kwezindlu nokukhula kwemeko-bume kunye nomanyano lwasekuhlaleni. Amazwe enza iminikelo yezindlu zokuthembeka kunye neenkqubo zokukhuthaza, ngoxa iindawo zisebenzisa imithetho yokwaba nemvume yokwakha. Amazwe afana ne-Oregon aye adlulisela imithetho yokusebenzisa umhlaba efuna ukuba izixeko zicwangcise ukukhula kwezindlu, imiyalelo karhulumente enxulumene nokuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni. Amanyathelo amaqela adibanisa iimali zokuhlawula irhafu nerhafu yempahla yoluntu ukukhuthaza ukukhutshwa kwenkqubela phambili.

Iimodeli Zolwahlulo

Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zisetyenziswayo kunceda abasemagunyeni bakhethe eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokusebenzisa umongo wabo.

Imisebenzi yeSebe

Oorhulumente banikela rhoqo ngezizathu ezithile — ukulungiswa kwendlela, izixhobo zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, okanye iinkqubo zempilo. Ezi zibonelelo zidla ngokubakho ngeemeko ezikhuthaza intsebenziswano, njengeemfuno ezihambelana nemali okanye i-milingo yemisebenzi. Umzekelo, U.S. Ubalo-lwazi lwemali yelizwe nemali yengingqi lubonisa ukuba uncedo lorhulumente lubumba inxalenye ebalulekileyo yoqingqo-mali lwasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi kwizikolo kunye nesiseko somsebenzi.

Izivumelwano zoburhulumente ezihambelanayo (IGISA)

I-IGAs zizivumelwano ezigunyazisa ngokusemthethweni ezichaza iimbopheleleko, iindleko zokondla, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwenkonzo phakathi korhulumente kunye nezinto zasekuhlaleni. Ziqhelekile kwiinkonzo ezabelweneyo ezifana nothumelo lwe-911, iipaki zengingqi, okanye iziko lonyango lwamanzi. I-IGA ingachaza ukuba nguluphi umgangatho ogcina ibhulorho, indlela yokwahlula iindleko zoluvo longxamiseko, okanye indlela yokwabelana ngogcino-lwazi. Ezi zivumelwano zinciphisa ukhuphiso nokucacisa ukulindela.

Imikhosi yomsebenzi odityanisiweyo kunye neebhodi zokwalathisa

Imikhosi yomsebenzi ihlanganisa urhulumente kunye namagosa asekuhlaleni, iingcali, kunye namalungu oluntu ukucombulula iingxaki. Ngokomzekelo, urhulumente ungaba ngumsebenzi kukungabikho kwekhaya okuquka abaphathi-nkonzo bengingqi kunye noosodolophu bengingqi bengingqi. Iibhodi zezothutho, njengekhomishini karhulumente nabameli basekuhlaleni, inika igalelo eliqhubekayo kwizigqibo zenkqubo. Le mibutho ikhuthaza ukuthembana nokuqinisekisa ukuba iimbono zasekuhlaleni ziyazisa inkqubo karhulumente.

IBhunga leMimandla neLifa leMveli

Amabhunga eengingqi oorhulumente (OoGS) kunye nee-MPO lunxulumano lokuzithandela loorhulumente basekuhlaleni abalungelelanisa ucwangciso neenkonzo ngaphaya kwemida yamagunya. Basoloko befumana inkxaso yorhulumente kwaye besebenzisana kwizothutho, inkqubela yezoqoqosho, kunye nemibandela yemekobume. I-National Association of Counties (NACO) inikela ubuncwane ngendlela ezi zibhunga ngayo ezi ntlanganiso zombuso ziqinisa urhulumente /awezwe lodwa-ogxamplate ngokudibanisa ubuncwane kunye nobuchule bokwabelana.

Ucelomngeni Lokuzihlaziya

Nangona ziluncedo, intsebenziswano ijongene nemiqobo enokuthintela ukuhanjiswa kwenkonzo. Ukuqonda le miqobo kunceda iinkokeli zikwazi ukumelana nolwalamano oluqinileyo.

Umahluko wokwehla

Umahluko phakathi kwentlawulo yengingqi ezityebileyo nembizane yelizwe ubangela ungquzulwano. Ama- States kufuneka alungelelanise ukulingana nemali esetyenziswa ngurhulumente, kodwa xa imimandla elinganiselweyo, eneziseko zerhafu ezincinane ezitsala nzima ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezisisiseko. Umzekelo, ukumangalelwa kwezemali ezikolweni kuye kwabalaselisa indlela ukuxhomekeka kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni okukhokelela ngayo ekungalinganini, ukukhuthaza amaphondo ukuba amkele iindlela ezithe thathu. Noko ke, ukuchasana kwezobupolitika kunokwenza kube nzima ukuguqula izinto.

Umgaqo-nkqubo kunye noHlaziyo

Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni basenokuba neenkalo ezahlukeneyo zobupolitika okanye ixesha. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ejongene nokuncitshiswa kwerhafu inganciphisa inkxaso-mali exhomekeke kwimimandla, ngelixa ibhunga lesixeko libeka iinkqubo ezintsha ezicwangcisiweyo. Ezi ngxabano zingavala imisebenzi edityanisiweyo okanye zikhokelele kwingquzulwano. Unxibelelwano olunempumelelo kunye nokubeka usukelo oluneenjongo ezifunekayo ukuze kumiselwe izinto eziza kuqala.

Inkcubeko yeBreaucracy kunye noLawulo

Imimiselo eyahlukeneyo, imithetho yokuqokelela, kunye nezixelo ezifunekayo zidala ulawulo olungaphezulu. Umphathi wasekuhlaleni osebenza ukwenzela urhulumente ukunika angajongana nenkqubo enzima yokusebenza, lo gama amagosa karhulumente ezamana neenkqubo ezininzi zobulali. Ulwamkelo lweprotfomu kunye nolwamkelo lwemigangatho yobugcisa lunganciphisa ukhuhleko. Iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi olusekelwe kumafu, njengaleyo yenziwe ngamaqonga afana Directus[, ivumela urhulumente kunye nabameli bobulali ukuba balawule baze babelane ngokhuseleko ngaphandle kwemigudu.

Imida Yonxibelelwano Nokholo

Xa amagosa akwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo enganxibelelani rhoqo, iingcinga ezimandundu. Ukungathembani kunokubangela amathandabuzo okwabelana ngezinto okanye ulwazi. Ukwakha ulwalamano ngeentlanganiso ezithe rhoqo, ukuqeqeshana kunye namalungiselelo asebenzisanayo kubalulekile. Uninzi lwabasebenzisana ngempumelelo lusebenzisana kwimibutho yebhulorho neyasekuhlaleni.

Imizekelo Ephumelelayo Yolwandiso

Uhlolisiso oluninzi lwezehlo lubonisa indlela esebenza ngayo.

Imali Yokulawula Yasekuhlaleni yaseKhalifoniya Ethetha Ukubhala (LCF)

Ngo-2013, i-LCF ithabathe indawo yenkqubo entsonkothileyo yemiqathango enika intlawulo elula enika uthambeko lwezithili ngoxa ijolise imali kubafundi abafuna uncedo oluphezulu. Lo rhulumente umisela inkxaso-mali esisiseko kunye nezongezelelelo kubafundi bamaNgesi kunye nabafundi abafumana imali ephantsi. Amasebe emfundo yongingqi kufuneka aphuhlise iinjongo zokubonisa indlela aza kuyisebenzisa ngayo imali ukuphucula iziphumo, kwaye urhulumente ubeka ityala lawo nge-Franktoboard yeSikolo saseKhalifoni. Olu mlinganiselo wemodensiti yemali kunye nenkcube, okuphumela kwimithombo engakumbi yezona bafundi abasweleyo.

ISebe lezeMpilo loLuntu

Isebe lempilo leSixeko saseNew York lisebenza ngokusondelene neSebe lezempilo leLizwe laseNew York ekujongweni izifo, kumaphulo okugoma, nakuthintelo olungapheliyo lwezifo. Ngexesha lesifo se-CHOVAD-19, babelana ngogcino-lwazi, balungelelanisa iindawo zokuvavanya, kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo. Imigudu yabo yokudibanisa yanciphisa usasazo kunye nokuphuculwa kwempilo engcono kuluntu olungaphantsi kwenkonzo. Umanyano lubonisa indlela amanqanaba amabini anokukhulisa ngayo amandla omnye nomnye.

Ulawulo lwengxaki yaseTexas

ITexas Division of Emergency Management (TDEM) isebenza nabaphathi bongxamiseko bengingqi kunye nesixeko ukulungiselela nokusabela kwinkanyamba, izikhukula, kunye nemililo yelanga. I-TDEM ilungelelanisa izivumelwano zoncedo, kwaye inika uqeqesho. Amagosa asekuhlaleni anegalelo elingqalileyo kucwangciso lwesizwe ngamabhunga engingqi. Emva kweSiphekepheke seHarvey, olu lunethwele uphando olukhulu kakhulu kunye nothulo-efacede kwimbali ye-U.S.

Inkqubo Yokuceba Izinto Zokuthutha YaseFlorida

ISebe lezothutho leFlorida (FDOT) lisebenzisa "Uhlelo oluchanekileyo" lwenkqubo ebandakanya oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ekuyileni iindlela ezifanele iimfuno zoluntu. I-FDOT ibonelela ngemali kunye nenkxaso yobugcisa, ngelixa imibutho yocwangciso lwengingqi igqiba kwimisebenzi ngemimiselo yezothutho emide. Esi sicwangciso somanyano sicuthise iprojects zolibaziseko kwaye siphucule ukhuseleko. Isiphumo sisiphumo sinenenethwekhi eninzi enceda abasebenzi bengingqi kunye nabemi basekuhlaleni.

Owona Mqheliso Ulungileyo Wolwandiso Olunempumelelo

Ukuzoba ngophando namava ehlabathi lokwenene, ezi zinto zinokuqinisa ulwalamano lwe-modeli--

  • [[UMTL:0] Indima ezicacileyo kunye neembopheleleko ngezivumelwano ezisesikweni ezichaza abameli abakhokelayo, izahlulo zemali, negunya lokwenza izigqibo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingeniso ephambili ekwakheni ulwalamano ngeentlanganiso ezithe rhoqo, uqeqesho lwamalungu, kunye namathuba ophuhliso olungobuchule kurhulumente nakuluntu.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Sebenzisa ugcino-lwazi kunye nobugcisa obabelweneyo ukukhangela umsebenzi, uphawulo, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yonxibelelwano. Vula ii-data zonxweme kunye namaqonga asekelwe ngamafu acutha ulwazi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izikhuthazo ezifanelekileyo ngokuyila iinkqubo ezinika umvuzo wokusebenzisana nokufumana isohlwayo. Inkxaso-mali esekelwe kumsebenzi ingakhuthaza ukucombulula ingxaki edityanisiweyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Abafaki-mali abafumana imali baquka abemi, iinzuzo, namashishini. Igalelo labo linceda urhulumente kunye neenkokeli zasekuhlaleni zicwangcise izinto eziza kuqala zize zakhe inkxaso kawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Gcina uthambeko ukulungelelanisa kwiimeko ezitshintshiweyo. Iinkqubo zesikhokelo kunye nozalisekiso olucacisiweyo luvumela oorhulumente ukuba bavavanye ufikelo phambi kolinganiso.

Indima yobuxhakaxhaka nogcino-lwazi olunesabelo

Ubugcisa bezi mini buguqule indlela urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni abasebenzisana ngayo. Amaqonga ogcino-lwazi aqhubana neqonga avumela ukutshintshiselwana ngenkcazelo yexesha lokwenene kwimixholo efana nokuqhambuka kwempilo kawonke-wonke, iimeko zeetrafiki, kwaye ivumela imvume. Umzekelo, amazwe amaninzi ayenze iindawo zogcino-lwazi ezisembindini apho abameli basekuhlaleni banokufikelela khona ekucebeni nasekunikeleni ingxelo. [[FLT: 0] [FLT] [FLT]] Directuspus [ inika iqonga elithambileyo elinokungalinganiswa kwentloko neqonga logcino-data elinceda oorhulumente bamanyane imithombo yogcino-data edityani, eyenza kube lula ukwabelana amaxwebhu, baphathele okuqulukileyo, kunye nokusebenzisana kwimisebenzi ngaphandle kweemfuno ezintluxa-IT.

Ubugcisa bukwaphucula ukubonakala. Izazinge zingabhala indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo ii-dola zazo zerhafu kwiiprojekthi zikarhulumente nezengingqi, zikhuthaza ukuphendula imicimbi. Iinkqubo zenkcazelo ze-gcoographic (GIS) zivumela amagosa ukuba acinge ngemiqathango egqithiseleyo nokuchonga izithuba ekunikezelweni kwenkonzo. Njengokuba oorhulumente besebenzisa iphulo elinobuchule kwisixeko, unxulumano oludibanisa ingeniso yemali yenkcitho karhulumente nenkcitho yasekuhlaleni luza kuba lunzima ngakumbi.

Icala

Ummandla wesizwe we-stude- local intsebenziswano iyajikeleza. Intsingiselo engundoqo eza kubumba unxulumano lwexesha elizayo iquka:

  • ugcino-lwazi oludityanisiweyo: Njengoko iziganeko zemozulu zisanda kakhulu, urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka bacebe kunye ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle, ubushushu, kunye nomlilo welanga. Iinjongo zesenzo semozulu ezidibeneyo ezizakuba ngumgangatho.
  • Iinguqulelo ze Digital: Ukutshintshela kwiinkonzo ze-intanethi kufuna ukuba kusetyenziswe iprotocol ye-intanethi kunye nesixokelelwano sokusebenza. Ama- States azakufuna ukunceda iindawo ezincinci ukunyusa izibonelelo zawo zamanani.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imali ejolise ekugqibeleleni: kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente zigxininisa ngokungakumbi ukuqokelelwa kobuhlanga noqoqosho. Ukuphunyezwa koluntu kuya kufuna inkxaso yorhulumente ekuqokelelweni kogcino-lwazi kunye nokudityaniswa koluntu.
  • Inkqubela-phambili yomsebenzi: omabini amanqanaba karhulumente ajongene nokunqongophala kwabasebenzi. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho olunemiba kunye namaqula ahlukeneyo etalente angakha umbilini ngaphaya koorhulumente.
  • [[NTLA:0] Ukulungiselela okungaqhelekanga: Izifundo ezisuka kwiCOVID-19 ziza kukhokelela kwisiseko somanyano olusisigxina lwemeko yempilo kawonke wonke, kuquka iingqokelela, iinethwekhi ze-telehealth, kunye nemithetho elandelwayo yonxibelelwano.

Isiphelo

Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bayasebenzisana ekudluliseleni iinkonzo zikarhulumente. Xa besebenzisana ngokunempumelelo, bandisa ubuncwane, basebenzisana ngemigaqo elungelelanisiweyo, baphinde baphendule ngokunempumelelo kwiimfuno zommi. Ucelomngeni — ukungafani kobundlobongela, ukuntsonkotha kolawulo, kunye nokungathembani — zizinto zokwenene, kodwa zinokukoyiswa ngeqhinga, izivumelwano ezicacileyo, kunye nozibopho lokufumana iinjongo ezifanayo. Ngokufunda kwimizekelo ephumelelayo kunye nobugcisa obutsha, oorhulumente bayakwazi ukwakha ubudlelane obunceda abantu ngokwenene. Njengoko ukulindelwa nocelomngeni lukawonke lukhula, ukukwazi ukusetyenziswa kwamazwe kunye neendawo zokusebenzela kunye kuya kugqiba ubulunga bolawulo lwezizukulwana ezizayo.