Ingcamango yokuhlola nokulinganisela ingundoqo ekusebenzeni kwedemokhrasi yale mihla. Iqinisekisa ukuba amandla asasazwa ngamasebe awahlukeneyo karhulumente, ithintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ukuba ibe namandla kakhulu. Le nkqubo ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ulungelelwano lwamandla nokukhusela amalungelo abemi. Isekelwe kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika eziNqandekileyo, ingakumbi iincwadi zikaBaron de Montesquieu, zijolise kunye nolungelelwano zifakwe ngabom emGaqo-siseko waseUnited States ngooTata abasunguliweyo ukuba balinde ubuzwilakhe. Kwiinkulungwane, lo mgaqo uye wavavanywa, waze waqinisekiswa kwiziganeko ezingalinganiyo zehlabathi. Ukuqonda indlela ezikhangelwa ngayo kunye nezibonelo zokusebenza kolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Isiseko sobunzululwazi nesomGaqo-siseko

Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya karhulumente ukuze athintele ukuxhatshazwa akuyonto intsha. UMoya woMthetho (1748) waphikisa ukuba inkululeko ikhuseleke kakhulu xa uwiso-mthetho, umphathi-mthetho, kunye nemisebenzi yezomthetho ihlukile kwaye izimele. Xa kusenziwa umgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ngo1787, uJames Magdason, uAlexander Hamilton, kunye noogxam abasebenza nabo badweliselane nabo kule ngcamango. u-Fedalist.[1:3]

Inkqubo ephumele iziphumo asikokwahlulwa okugqibeleleyo kwamagunya kodwa kukudityaniswa kwamandla neembopheleleko ezigqithisiweyo. Isebe ngalinye linikwa izixhobo zokuhlola ezinye, ukwenza umlinganiselo onamandla. Umzekelo, umongameli umisa iijaji, kodwa iBhunga liyaziqinisekisa; iBhunga linikezela imithetho, kodwa umongameli uyakwazi ukuwachasa; iinkundla zichaza imithetho, kodwa iBhunga liyakwazi ukuyilungisa. Le web entsonkothileyo iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe lingasebenza ngaphandle kokuzijonga okanye ukuxhathisa kwezinye ezimbini.

Amasebe Amathathu Nemisebenzi Yawo

Ngaphambi kokuba uhlolisise indlela isebe ngalinye elihlola ngayo ezinye, kubalulekile ukuqonda iindima zalo eziyintloko.

  • Isebe elinokwandiswa (Indlu yabameli neNdlu yeNtlanganiso) iyila imithetho, ivakalisa imfazwe, ilawula urhwebo, kwaye ilawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali ngurhulumente.
  • Isebe eliphumezayo (Umongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, kunye namasebe karhulumente) linyanzelisa imithetho, liqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, liyalela umkhosi, kwaye limisela amagosa karhulumente.
  • Isebe leQumrhu elikwindawo ebanzi (INkundla yeNkundla ePhantsi kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente) zichaza imithetho, zihlola ubunjani bomGaqo-siseko wemimiselo kunye nezenzo zegunya, zicombulule iimpikiswano.

Olu lwahlulo lunemingxuma encinci ngabom. UmGaqo-siseko unika isebe ngalinye igunya elikhethekileyo elilivumelayo ukuba liphembelele elinye, ngaloo ndlela lithintele naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

Le migaqo yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba umongameli akalisebenzisi kakubi igunya lomgaqo - siseko okanye wenza izinto ezichasene nokuthanda kwabantu abanyuliweyo abavela kubameli bakhe.

Veto Engasinanziyo

Umongameli uyakwazi ukukhupha imali yetyala edluliselwe yiKhonkxane, kodwa leveto ayiphelelanga. Ingqungquthela ingawugqitha umongameli kunye nevoti yoninzi olubini lwesithathu kumagumbi omabini. Oku kwenzeke izihlandlo ezingaphezulu kwekhulu kwimbali ye-U.S., kutshanje kulawulo lwakutshanje xa iNgqungquthela ingaphezulu kwe-athode kwimiba esukela ekukhuseleni ukuya kwimiqathango yezizwe ngezizwe. Isisongelo nje semikhosi elawulwayo isoloko ilalanisa ngexesha lomthetho.

Ukungakhathalelwa Nokushenxiswa

Mhlawumbi eyona ngqwalasela ikhawulezileyo ekhoyo kwiKhomishini kukungagunyaziswa. Indlu yabameli inamandla okungapheleli ekurhoxiseni umongameli, isekela lomongameli, kunye namanye amagosa karhulumente "oMcimbi, uSifumba, okanye ezinye iiCrimes eziphezulu kunye neziMisdears". IBhunga ngoko liqhuba ityala kwaye, ukuba iikota ezimbini-3 zabameli zivotelwe ukuba zivalelwe, igosa lisusiwe kwisikhundla. I-Impearchmentations iziswa nxamnye noomongameli uAndrew, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump, kwaye ngoxa kungekho nanye ephumelel ’ umphumo wokususwa, inkqubo ngokwayo isebenza njengevoti enamandla nenkqubo yokuzibophanga.

Isiqinisekiso Sedinga

Izikhundla ezininzi zesebe eliyintloko eliyintloko `iiintloko-masebe' eziquka oonobhala, amabamba, kunye neejaji zesizwe ```Indlu yeNtlanganiso''''. Oku kunika abaququzeleli icebiso kunye nemvume yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Oku kunika abasebenzi besixhobo sokuhlola abasebenzi, amaxwebhu afuna abo batshate, kunye nabathi bawagatye abo bacinga ukuba abangafaneleki okanye abagqithisileyo. Amadabi akutshanje agunyaziswe kwiinkundla zeNkundla ee eenkundleni ePhakamileyo namagosa eencwadi yeBhunga loburhulumente abonisa indlela iBhunga elinolawulo nezinto eziphambili eziphambili.

Amandla Okuthenga

IKhomishini ilawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali karhulumente. Yonke inkxaso-mali karhulumente kufuneka ivunyelwe yaye icetyiswa ngumthetho. Oku kuvumela iNkqutyana ukuba imisele inyathelo lolawulo ngokukwala ukuqokelela iinkqubo ezithile okanye ngokudibanisa iimeko ekungqinelaneni. Umzekelo, iKhomishini inokumisela ubuchule bomongameli bokulwa ngenkxaso-mali yemisebenzi yomkhosi. Amandla esipaji sesinye sezihlolo ezisebenzayo kwimithetho-siseko sowiso-mthetho.

Inyathi kunye nolawulo

Iikomiti zeKhonklareyine zinegunya lokuphanda imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo, amaxwebhu angaphantsi kwe-topina, kwaye zinyanzela ubungqina obuvela kumagosa. Uphando oluphezulu oluthi "iiWatergate, iIran-Contate, uhlaselo olungu-9/11, kunye nemicimbi yakutshanje enyanzelisa oomongameli ukuba batyhile ulwazi kwaye maxa wambi baye bakhokelela kwiinguqu ezingokwasemthethweni okanye ukurhoxa.

Isalathisi soMgaqo-siseko

Isebe elilawulayo asiloxhoba nje kuphela; umongameli unezixhobo zokuziphindezela nxamnye neCongress nokuyila ucwangciso lomthetho.

Umbane weVeto

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, umongameli angawubeka umthetho. Ngelixesha iBhunga lingawudlulisa umgangatho, kusoloko kunzima ukufumana uninzi olufunekayo lwesithathu. Ngalo ndlela, iveto sisixhobo esinamandla sokuphendula. Oomongameli bangasongela ngokuhlawula ityala ngaphandle kokuba iimfuno zabo zihlangatyezwana, kwaye basebenzisa rhoqo iingxelo zomgca zevetos okanye ukutyikitya iingxelo ukuphembelela indlela imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo.

Umthetho omisela

Umongameli angacebisa ukuba kumiselwe umthetho kwiKhomishini, ngokufuthi enikela ucwangciso kuMgaqo-siseko weSizwe soMbuso we-Union. Ngelixesha iBhunga linganyanzelekanga ukudlulisa ezi zicelo, iqonga lomongameli lingavelisa uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke lize limisele ingxoxo yesizwe. Imithetho emininzi engundoqo ``i-New Deal ukuya kuMthetho wesikhathalelo esi-Affordble'. / I-afford Care Act"

Imigaqo yegunya nezenzo

Xa iKhomishini isilela ukwenza, ngamanye amaxesha oomongameli bakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukuyalela abameli kunye nokusebenzisa inkqubo yolawulo kumda womthetho okhoyo. Le miyalelo inamandla kodwa iphantsi kovavanyo lomthetho kodwa ingapheliswa kwaye isenokupheliswa ngoomongameli abalandelayo. Imizekelo iquka uMongameli Harry Truman's ukuphelisa umkhosi, uMongameli John F. Kennedy ukuvalwa kocalulo lobuhlanga kwimiqathango exhaswa ngurhulumente, kunye noMongameli Joe Biden yemon.

Name

Nangona kunqabile ukuba eli gunya lisetyenziswe namhlanje, kusekho isixhobo somGaqo-siseko ukunyanzela ulawulo kwimicimbi ejongwa ngumphathi ukuba ajongene nemibandela.

Isalathisi somthetho sihlolisisa uMthetho nolawulo

Isebe lejaji − ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo — inendima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni umGaqo-siseko nasekuqinisekiseni ukuba iNkomfa kunye nomongameli benza ngokwemida yabo.

Impinda yezeejaji

UMadison Marbury v. (1803), uhlolo lwetyala ngamandla eenkundla okuvakalisa imithetho kunye nezenzo zegunya ezingekho semthethweni. Oku kuhlola kwandiswa kuyo yomibini imimiselo karhulumente. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibethe amakhulu emithetho, kuquka amalungiselelo oMthetho we-Voting Rights, imimiselo yezezimali, kunye neenxenye zoMthetho we-Afford Care Care. Ngokungagunyazi imisebenzi yezomthetho wequmrhu, i-judiary isebenza njengolawulo olupheleleyo lomGaqo-siseko.

Imisebenzi yegunya

Iinkundla ziphinda zihlole imiyalelo yegunya, imimiselo, kunye nezigqibo zolawulo. Ngamaxesha athile oomongameli baye bajamelana nezigwebo zenkundla ezithintela izenzo zabo zokulawula, ngokomzekelo, ukuvalwa komsebenzi wokuhamba, iinkqubo zokufuduka, okanye ukupheliswa kwemekobume. Isebe lejaji elilawulayo liqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo aliligqithi igunya lalo elisemthethweni okanye liphule amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ubomi Obumnandi Nenkululeko

Abagwebi bamafakelane basebenza ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, ngokuphumelelayo ebomini. Le nkululeko ibakhulula kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye ibavumela ukuba benze izigqibo ezingeyonto kodwa ezifanelekileyo ezisemthethweni. Noko ke, le nkqubo yokuqinisekisa isenokuhlala inguvavanyo lwezopolitiko olunento eyibona ingafanelekanga, kwaye umongameli ukhetha abatyunjwa abanolwazi olunxulumene nentanda-bulumko yezomthetho.

Ukunyanzelisa KwaBagwebi

Nangona inqabile, iNgqungquthela inokusilela ize isuse abagwebi besizwe ngenxa yehambo embi.

Imizekelo yobomi bokwenene yeengcebiso nolungelelwano olusebenzayo

Isiseko sengcamango sibalula xa sijongwa ngemizekelo yembali neyexesha langoku. Ezi meko zibonisa indlela isebe ngalinye eliphumelele ngayo ngokunempikiswano, okanye ngokuziphikisayo.

Marbury v. Madison kunye noBuyiselo lweNkqutyana yezeeJaji

Kwiintsuku eziphelileyo zolawulo lukaMongameli John Adams, wamisela iqela lakhe elinguMangameli elikwiziNtloko eziphakathi kweMibindi. Xa uThomas Jefferson wathatha isikhundla, wayalela unobhala wakhe wephondo, uJames Madison, ukuba angavumi ukukhotyokiswa. UWilliam Marbury wacela ukugunyaziswa kweNkundla Ephakamileyo, kwaye ityala lafikelela kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo. UJacholathisi uJohn Marshall wagqiba kwelokuba ngoxa uMarbury wayenelungelo logunyazisolawulo lwakhe, umthetho owawunika igunya leNkukhosi ephakamileyo kwiimeko ezinjalo (uDiadio 13 zoMthendeleko wewaka ka-1789) ungabinagosa. Kwixesha lokuqala, iNkulawula ePhaka nkundla yavakalisa isenzo se-mali, ukuqwalalsa umthetho njengembombo yomthetho waseMelika. Esi sigqibo somthetho sahlola omasebe bomthetho.

Isikeni seWatergate: Utshaba oluneTri-Branco

Ihlazo leWatergate lonyaka ka-1970 lihlala lingomnye wemizekelo enamandla yokuhlola nokulinganisela emsebenzini. Ngonyaka ka1971, isebe elisebenza noMongameli Richard Nixon's iphulo lokhetho lolwahlulo kwakhona laphulwa kwikomkhulu leKomiti yeDemocratic. IHouse White yazama ukugquma inxaxheba yayo. Xa iBhunga leNyusa, iNixon lazama ukuthintela ii-opains ngokubiza ilungelo eliphezulu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo, eUnited States v. Nixon[FLT][1279] [1]), kunye nomongameli onegunya lokulawula iOvalse, ligatya ilungelo elipheleleyo lomphathiswano. Ikomiti ye House irhosaadi encophiweyo enconyelweyo. Ilungu elinguNixten, irhoxiwe ligosa isebe lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lwezomthetho.[9]

UMthetho wokunyamekela oNgamandla noMgaqo-nkqubo

ISithintelo soMphathi kunye noMthetho weNkundla ePhakamileyo (ACA), otyikitywe nguMongameli Barack Obama ngo-2010, wabangela iingxaki ezinzulu zomthetho. Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi umyalelo ofuna ukuba wonke umntu waseMerika athenge i-inshorensi yonyango wawadlula amandla entengiselwano yeBhunga. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa igunya ku [[FLT: 0]] i-National Federation of Independent Business v. [[FLT]] [FLT] [12] [202], kodwa yenza njalo ngokuchaza kwakhona irhafuthelo yerhafu yerha kunemithetho yezorhwebo. Ngokwenza njalo, zombi iNkuhlola iNkuhlela (ngokulinganisela umgangatho wezorhwebo) kwaye iqinisekisa umthetho. Ngokulandelayo, njenge [FLD [F]]

Imiyalelo elawulayo kunye neNkqutyana eVunyiweyo

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, oomongameli baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukudlula kwiKhomishini engqukuva. Umzekelo, phantsi koMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt, phantse 3,700 imiyalelo yegunya yanikezelwa. Ngo-2014, uMongameli Obama wasebenzisa inyathelo lolawulo lokulindelela ukugxothwa kwabantu abathile abangabhalwanga phantsi kwengxelo (udweliso lwenkqubo ye-DACA). INkundla ePhakamileyo kamva yavala ulwando olunxulumeneyo United States v. Texas. (206). Umongameli uDonald Trump wakhupha uthotho lwemiyalelo yabafuduli abafuduki, eyayidityaniswe kakhulu. Ngokulandelayo, iye yazama ukuzama ukuphelisa ulawulo oluphezulu kumthetho osisigqeqeleleyo. Lo matshini wokutsala-ondo-ondo-ondo lwamasebe oluphakathi kwamasebe.

Ukuhlawulwa Koomongameli: ISicwangciso Sezopolitiko Nezomthetho

Ukuchana kwemithetho yengingqi yeNdlu yowiso-mthetho kusebenza njengohlolo olungqalileyo kumphathi-mthetho. Le nkqubo ibandakanya zombini izindlu zeBhunga yaye, ngamanye amaxesha, isalathisi somthetho. Ngexesha lokuyalelwa kukaMongameli uBill Clinton ngo-1998-99, iNdlu yammangalela ngenxa yokungathobeli nokuthintelwa kwemithetho esesikweni, kodwa iCanterine ingenatyala. Ukungaquququzeleli kukaMongameli uDonald Trump ngowama-2019 kunye nangophinda ngo-2021 ngokufanayo kuphele ngokugwetywa, nangona ukulingwa kwetyala kwesibini kwenzeka emva kokuba eye washiya isikhundla sakhe. Ezi ziganeko zibalasemcimbi kakhulu ngokobupolitiko, kodwa kwakhona indima yayo engokomgqeba: ukuba ukususwa kwayo akukhange kwenzeke, ukungathethiswa kobumongameli kunye nezenzo zakhe zexesha elizayo.

Iindlela zomgangatho weRhulumente kunye noLungelelano

Ngoxa inkqubo karhulumente ingumzekelo oyintloko, oorhulumente bakarhulumente bakwaquka ii-checks kunye nolungelelwano. Umgaqo-siseko wezorhulumente udla ngokuba neerhuluneli ezizimeleyo, izindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye neejaji. Amanye amaphondo anezixhobo ezongezelelekileyo, njengegqwetha elinyuliweyo elinokumangalela indlu yowiso-mthetho okanye irhuluneli. Urhulumente wesizwe ngokwawo uhlola urhulumente ngokuhlola u-Aradict Claus (ugunya-Rhulumente) nangokuhlola imithetho yomthetho phantsi koMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo

Akukho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, kwaye uvavanyo kunye nolungelelwaniso luye lwajongwa luhlalutyo noxinzelelo olubalulekileyo kumaxesha angoku. Olunye umba ongundoqo ngu ilock tradrock : xa amasebe ehlolana ngokunempumelelo ukuba amasebe akwindawo yokulawula ebalulekileyo. Umzekelo, iBhunga elahlulweyo nomongameli kwiqela elahlukileyo angakhokelela ekucinyweni kolawulo lukarhulumente, ukulibaziseko lwemiqathango yoqingqo-mali, kwaye angasileli ekucombululeni iingxaki zesizwe. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ukuba uvavanyo olugqithisileyo luye lwaya kwisebe eliphetheyo, njengoko oomongameli befumana iindlela zokuxoka iiKhosa kwiimiyalelo zolawulo, ulawulo, ulawulo olungenaziquququ nezigqileyo kwimigaqo yemithetho yamazwe angaphandle.

Olunye ucelomngeni lukukuba negalelo lokuqulunqwa kwejaji. Oku kungakuphelisa ukuthembeka kophicotho-zincwadi. Ngaphezu koko, icebiso leBhunga leNkundla ePhakamileyo liye lasetyenziswa kakubi ngezenzo ezifana ne-finster okanye ulwamkelo lokuqwalasela ii-odoli, uluntu lungajonga iNkundla njengendoda yezopolitiko kunokuyijonga njengomlinganisi ongenamkhethe. Oku kungakuphelisa ukuthembeka kohlalutyo lwezigwebo zomthetho. Ngaphezu koko, icebiso leBhunga leNtsimbi yeNtsimbi iye yasetyenziswa kakubi ngezenzo ezifana ne-fishbuster okanye ukungavumi ukuqwalasela ii-minee, nto leyo ikhokelela ekubeni umva wemiqathango yemikhala nemisebenzi epheleleyo yezomthetho egcwaliswa ngumongameli weqela elinye leqela lejajingatha.

Ulwando lwezwe elilawulayo($_isebe elidibanisa imisebenzi yemithetho, yegunya, neyokugweba, kwaye kwakwenza kwalufiphaza ukwahlukana okungokwesithethe kwamagunya. Amaqumrhu azimeleyo anjengeFederal Reserve okanye i-Entevice Protection Agency asebenza ngobuchule obuphangaleleyo, kodwa ukwenza kwawo imithetho kunye namandla okuzimela axhomekeke ekuhlolweni okulinganiselwa. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi eli sebe "lesine" lifuna ubuchule obutsha bokuphendula.

Sekunjalo, isiseko sovavanyo nolungelelwano sihlala siqinile. Iingxaki ezinkulu zomGaqo-siseko ziye zaconjululwa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo, kwaye le nkqubo iye yalungelelanisa ukutshintsha kweemeko ngokulungisa, imimiselo, kunye noqheliselo olugqwethekileyo.

Ukusasazeka Kobugocigoci Nokulungelelana Kwamazwe Onke

Umgaqo wokuhlola nokulinganisela uye wasetyenziswa, ngomahluko, ngeendawo ezininzi zolawulo-melo ehlabathini lonke. Iinkqubo zePalamente, ezifana neziseUnited Kingdom naseIndiya, zinamagunya olawulo oluphezulu nomthetho, kodwa zisebenzisa iitsheki ezisuka kwimiqathango ezimeleyo, izindlu eziphezulu, kunye neenkundla zomgaqo-siseko. Iinkqubo zoomongameli eLatin America nase-Afrika zisoloko ziveza imodeli yase-U.S. kodwa zijongene nocelomngeni lwazo lokulawula. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe, njenge-Europe, ikwasebenzisa ii-checkingxiote kwimibutho yazo eyahlukeneyo (i-Comgassing, iBhunga, iNkundla, iNkundla, iNkundla yezomthetho-mthetho). Ukuqonda i-U.S.

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Ujonge Umbandela Uze Ulungelelane

Iingqiniwa kunye nolungelelwano aziyonto nje engokwembali ekhoyo, isakhiwo esigcina idemokhrasi. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe liqokelela amandla angathintelekiyo, inkqubo ikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, ikhuthaza ukuqiqa, ikhuthaza ukuphendula. Kufuna ukuphapha okuqhubekayo kubemi, amagosa anyuliweyo, kunye nabagwebi ngokufanayo. Njengokuba le mizekelo ingasentla ibonisa, inkqubo isebenza kakuhle xa isebe ngalinye lisebenzisa ngamandla ngamandla lize lihlonele imida ebekwe ngumGaqo-siseko. Abafundi, abafundi, kunye nabemi abaqonda iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelaniso baxhotyiswe kakuhle ukukhuthaza ulawulo olulungileyo nokuqonda izisongelo zedemokhrasi.

Ukuhlolisisa ngokunzulu iingcambu zembali kunye nemisebenzi yexesha elinye yalo mgaqo ubalulekileyo, qwalasela uphando lwezibonelelo ezivela kuMathala oMkhosi woBuzwe [[FLT: 0]-oMGaqo-siseko, , iEncyclopaedia Britannica ukungena kwimiqathango kunye nomlinganiselo [, kunye namaBhunga eencwadi efundisayo. Ezi mithombo zinika ukuqonda okunegunya kumsebenzi ogcina amandla karhulumente elungeleleneyo kunye nedemokhrasi.