Ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya kungumthombo wenkqubo yokusombulula imbambano eUnited States kunye namanye amagunya amaninzi aqhelekileyo omthetho. Xa abantu, amashishini, okanye imibutho ingenakuyicombulula ngokwayo ingxabano, baphethukela kwiinkundla ukuze bafune isicombululo esibophelelekileyo ngokusemthethweni. Ngokungafaniyo namatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, aziswa ngurhulumente ukuze ohlwaye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, amatyala abekwa amatyala asemthethweni asemthethweni abekwa ngamaqela azimeleyo (okanye ngamanye amaxesha amaqumrhu karhulumente akwigunya lokunyanzelisa uluntu) ukufumana imbuyiselo, ukwenza okuthile, okanye umyalelo. Uhambo olusuka ekufakeni isikhalazo kwisigqibo sokugqibela sisungulwe yinkqubo yomthetho yomarhulumente nemigangatho yombi. Ukuqonda le ndlela akuyo kuphela engokwasemthethweni kodwa nako nako nako nako nako nako nako unokufumana igosamele nabani nabani nabani na ongaba ngummeli-othe.

Imboniselo yomthetho wamakhaya

Ityala liqala xa elinye iqela, elingummangalelwa, elithi ququzelela ukuba elinye iqela, elithe thaalele ukuba libangele umonakalo ngokwaphulwa komsebenzi, ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo, okanye ukusilela ukwenza imbopheleleko. Iingcamango ezingokwasemthethweni ezinokunyusela isuti ye-pultistiki zinkulu, kuquka ukungakhathali, ukuqhatha, ukunyelisa, ukutyhola, ukuqhatha, ukukhupha iziphumo zetyala, iziphumo zetyala, kunye nezinye ezingenakubalwa. Injongo ye-antiff yeyo kukufumana isicombululo, iziphumo ezininzi zemali, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha iziphumo ezithe ngqo njengendlela yokufumana inkundla efuna ummangalelwa ukuba enze into ethile okanye ayiyeke. Ngenxa yokuba izitya zinokuba zinyuke kakhulu ngemali kunye nodumo oluqhelekileyo, luyilwe ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala, nokubonakala okuqhelekileyo. Ingcebiso eyahlukeneyo: ukuqulungelana, ukugwetywa kwetyala, nokugwetywa kwetyala, nokugwetywa, nakuphi nakuphi nakuphi nakuphi nakuphi nakuphi nakuphi nakuphi nako, ukugwetywa, ukugwetywa.

Indlela Yokubhabha

Isiqalo esisesikweni sokumangalelwa kwabemi senzeka xa i-paltiff ifakela i- collectt kunye nenkundla efanelekileyo. Olu xwebhu lusebenza njengokuseko ukuncenga, ukumisela iimbambano zompopu kunye nesiseko esisemthethweni sokufuna isiqabu. Inkqubo ye-past ibandakanya izigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo malunga nendawo yokuqukwa kwetyala, oko kumele kuqukwe, nendlela yokuqukwa kwezibakala.

1. Ukulungisa Isikhalazo

Ukusiphelisa isikhalazo kufuna ukuhlalutyiswa ngenyameko kwezibakala nomthetho.

  • Ityala kunye nemithetho elawulayo: Amagama amaqela kunye nengxelo echaza isizathu sokuba inkundla inegunya lokuva (ulawulo lwentloko-makhwela kunye negunya lobuqu).
  • Imeko yezibakala: Ingxelo ecacileyo, eshwankathekileyo yeziganeko ezibangela ukumangalelwa, ezicwangciswe ngokwemihlathi emananini.
  • [[UMTL:0] Intengo yeLegile: Ityala ngalinye lesenzo (umz., ukungakhathali, ukwaphuka kwesivumelwano) kufuneka kuchazwe ngokwahlukileyo, kunye neziqalelo ezifunekayo ukuze kuphumelele.
  • Isicelo sokukhulula: Isicelo esikhethekileyo sonyango i-placttiff ifuna, nokuba yimali e-dola, umsebenzi othile, okanye umyalelo.

Phantsi kweMimiselo ye-Federal ye-Doul Procediture, isikhalazo kufuneka sibe “nengxelo emfutshane necacileyo ebonisa ukuba umceli unelungelo lokukhululeka.” INkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S. kwi- Bhell Atlantic Corp. v. Ezimbini [2007] [2007] kunye [FLT]] ne-Ashcroft v. Iqbal [2009]) iphakamisa umgangatho ongenakufezeka, ifuna ukuba iimpikiswano ezicacileyo zanele ukunyusa ulindelo olusengqiqweni oluza kutyhila ubungqina bokuzithethelela. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-Platleth-actriot ayinakuxhomekeka kwi-actus; ukuba zimele zibe zingqinelane, ukuba zinyanise okokuba zithetha ukuba, izibakalal, zinyanisile.

2. Ukuvakalisa Isikhalazo Enkundleni

Xa isikhalazo sithe sabhaliswa, ummangalelwa makayifake kwibhodi yomthetho kunye nomphathi-mikhosi wenkundla kwindawo efanelekileyo. Ukubhatala kudla ngokufuna ukuhlawulwa kwemali encinane, enokuthi ithabathe kumakhulu ambalwa eerandi kwiinkundla zasekuhlaleni. Kwinkundla yorhulumente, umrhumo weshefu umiselwe ngomthetho kwaye umalunga nama-$24022. Amaqela angenalwazi angafaka isicelo sokuqhubekeka [[FLT: 0] kwimali encinane emalunga nekhulu [ierandi kwimali encinane eninzi [iiimali eziqhelekileyo] [iimali eziqhelekileyo zeenkundla zasekuhlaleni] (ngaphandle kwemirhumo yemali) ngokunikezela intlawulo yemali enzima. Ngetyala, inkundla yabela inani letyala nomgwebi.

Ukukhonza Ummeli

Ukusilela isikhalazo sisiqingatha semfazwe; ummangalelwa kufuneka axelelwe ngokusemthethweni ngetyala. Eli nyathelo laziwa ngokuba isebe lenkqubo kwaye liyimfuneko efunekayo emiselwe ngomgaqo-siseko. Ngaphandle koncedo olufanelekileyo, inkundla ayinakusebenzisa igunya lobuqu lommangalelwa, kwaye naluphi na ugwebo lunokuba luphuthile.

1. Iindlela zenkonzo

Imithetho iyahluka-hluka ngokolawulo, kodwa iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • Inkonzo yeyakho buqu: Umncedisi wenkqubo (idla ngokuba ngumphathi-majoni, umbutho, okanye umntu wabucala) ngokuqhelekileyo unika ummangalelwa izicelo kunye nesikhalazo.
  • Isiqinisekiso ngeposi: Kwezinye iindawo, umngcwabi angathumela amaxwebhu ngeposi eqinisekisiweyo nelisithi yokubuyisa eceliwe, ukuba umtshutshisi uyavuma irisithi.
  • Isiqinisekiso ngokupapashwa: Ukuba ummangalelwa akanakufunyanwa nakanjani na imigudu yokukhuthala, inkundla ingavumela inkonzo ngokupapasha isaziso kwiphephandaba kwixesha elichaziweyo. Le ndlela ayiqhelekanga kakhulu kwaye isetyenziswa njengendawo yokugqibela yokukhetha.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkonzo engundoqo: Phantsi koLawulo loManyano lweProcedure 4(d), ummangalelwa angasiposa isikhalazo kunye nefomu ye-waver. Ukuba ummangalelwa ubuyekeze ummangalelwa, baphepha iindleko zenkonzo, kwaye ummangalelwa ufumana ixesha elongezelelekileyo lokuphendula.

Inkonzo kufuneka igqitywe ngexesha elichaziweyo emva kokufakela ifashoni, kodwa idla ngokubeka iintsuku ezingama-90 kwinkundla yorhulumente. Ukungaphumeleli ekukhonzeni ummangalelwa ngelo xesha kungaphumela ekugxothweni kwetyala ngaphandle kwekhethe, ithetha ukuba ummangali-mali angalilungisa kwakhona, kodwa lilibazisa ityala.

Impendulo yommeli

Emva kokwamkela izimemo kunye nesikhalazo, ummangalelwa unexesha elilinganiselweyo lokuphendula. Kwinkundla yorhulumente, impendulo ikwientsuku ezingama-21 emva kwenkonzo (okanye 60 ukuba ummangalelwa urhoxisiwe kwaye isuti ibekwe eUnited States). Imithetho yenkundla yeli lizwe iyahluka, iqheleke ukusuka kwientsuku ezingama-20 ukuya kwezingama-30. Ummangalelwa uneenketho ezimbini eziphambili: fayile okanye fayile yentshukumo yangaphambi kwentsuku.

Ukufinya impendulo

Impendulo yimpendulo esemthethweni yommangalelwa kwityala ngalinye. Ummangalelwa makavume okanye akhanye umhlathi ngamnye onombolo. Ukungawakhanyeli amatyala kunokuphathwa njengendawo yokuvuma. Impendulo inganyusa [[[FLT: 0]] izikhuselo eziqinisekisiweyo[, ezizizibakala ezintsha okanye iimpikiswano ezisemthethweni ezithi, ukuba kuyinyaniso, woyisele intengo ye-pecttiff ukuba inyani. Ukhuselo oluqhelekileyo luquka ummiselo wokuqhatha, i-water, i-estom, i-epleg, kunye nommiselo wommiselo. Ngaphezu koko, ummangalelwa angaqinisekisa ukuba, uphumelele, ulwamkhalazo oluthe tyaba, ulwaphulo-mthetho oludityaniweyo, okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho oludityaniweyo.

2. Intshukumo yokukhupha

Kunokuba aphendule, ummangalelwa angashukunyiselwa ukuphelisa isikhalazo esiphantsi koMthetho 12(b) weMithetho eQhelekileyo.

  • Icala lolawulo lwento engundoqo: Inkundla ayinalo igunya lokuva uhlobo lwetyala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iphepha lolawulo lobuqu: Ummangalelwa akanazo intsebenziswano ezaneleyo nemeko ye-folum.
  • Indawo efanelekileyo: Ityala lagcinwa kwindawo engalunganga yelizwe.
  • Ithuba lokuchaza ukuba kukho isiphumlisi esinokunikwa: kwanokuba zonke izityholo ziyinyaniso, umthetho awuniki sicombululo.

Ukuba intshukumo yokugxotha ivunyiwe, ummangalelwa anganikwa ikhefu lokulungisa isikhalazo ukunyanga iziphene. Ukuba uyakhanyelwa, ummangalelwa makafake impendulo ngexesha elimisiweyo.

Ukufumana iPase

Xa izibongozo zokuqala zigqityiwe kwaye nayiphina intshukumo ekufuneka iphelisiwe, ityala lingena kwisigaba esifihlakeleyo. Ukutyhilwa yinkqubo esesikweni apho amaqela atshintshisana ngayo ulwazi nobungqina obunxulumene nokumangalelwa. Kudla ngokuba yeyona ndawo inde nexabiso elikhulu, kodwa kubalulekile ukunqanda ukumangalelwa nokungamangaliswa ekucingisweni.

1. Iintlobo zokothulwa

Ngaphantsi kweMithetho yoManyano neMithetho emininzi elingana nemeko karhulumente, amatheko asenokusebenzisa izixhobo eziliqela zokufumana:

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo, esoloko ipheleliselwe kwi 25 (kuquka inxenye) kwinkundla yequmrhu. Iingingqi ziluncedo ekufumaneni ulwazi olusisiseko njengamagama amangqina, imihla, nesiseko sezifungo okanye izikhuselo.
  • [[NTL:0] Izibeko: Ingxelo ebhaliweyo ethatyathwe enkundleni, namagqwetha ebuza ubungqina. Amagqwetha avumela amaqela ukuba ahlole ukuthembeka nokutshixa kobungqina. Anokuthathwa kumatheko, amangqina, namangqina angoochwepheshe.
  • Izicelo zokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu: Imikhosi isenokufuna ukuba elinye icala livelise amaxwebhu aphathekayo okanye awe-elektroniki, iifoto, izivumelwano, ii-imeyili, kunye nobunye ubungqina obubonakalayo. Ukufunyanwa kwe-electronic (e-fire) kuye kwaba lilungu elingundoqo, elifuna amaqela ukugcina nokuvelisa ii-imeyili, iisiseko sedata, nezinye iirekhodi zemivo.
  • Izicelo zolu khuphiso: iingxelo ezibhaliweyo ezithi omnye umntu makavume okanye akhanye. Ukuba iyavunywa, inyani iqwalaselwe ngokugqibekileyo ukwenzela iinjongo zokumangalelwa, icutha imiba yokuvavanywa.
  • Uhlolo lwengcaciso yengqondo nolwengqondo: kwiimeko apho imeko yelungu lomzimba okanye yengqondo iphikisana, inkundla ingayalela ukuba uhlolo lwezamayeza oluzimeleyo.

2. Iimpikiswano Nemiyalelo Ekhuselayo

Asikuko konke ukufunyanwa kwenkundla okusebenzayo. Iinkundla ezininzi zingaziphikisa izicelo ngezizathu ezifana nokubaluleka, umthwalo ongafanelekanga, ilungelo (imveliso esebenzayo, njalo njalo), okanye ukulungelelana. Ukuba azinakufikelela kwisivumelwano, zinokufuna umyalelo wenkundla onyanzelisayo okanye umyalelo okhuselayo othintela umlinganiselo. Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna ukuba amaqela aqale anikele ulwazelelo olulungileyo phambi kokugcinwa kweminxeba. Inkqubo yokufumana ilawulwa ngumgaqo we- i-protectionity[: ukufunyanwa kumele kube kokulingana kwimfuno yetyala, ziqwalasela ukubaluleka kwemiba, umthamo kwimpikiswano, ii-athobo, izibonelelo zemicimbi, izibonelelo zeqela, kunye nomthwalo kwiqela leqela. Oku kwakuxhaswa ngumgaqo we-Genegalelo loMgaqo-Genel.

Intshukumo zangaphambili

Phambi kokuvavanywa, amaqela angayila iinguqu zentshukumo ukuqukuqela umba okanye ukuyisombulula ngaphandle kovavanyo. Intshukumo ebaluleke kakhulu yangaphambili yovavanyo yi [[FLT: 0] imowuluko yomgwebo wesishwankathelo. [[FLT: 1]

1. Intshukumo yomgwebo wesishwankathelo

Iqela lingathatha indawo yomgwebo wesishwankathelo, liphikisa ngelithi akukho mpikiswano yokwenene malunga nayo nayiphi na into ephathekayo kwaye linelungelo lomgwebo njengombandela womthetho. Iqela elishukumisayo kufuneka likhombe kubungqina obubhaliweyo (iingxelo, amaxwebhu, affidavits) ebonisa ukungabikho komba wenyaniso. Iqela elingahambiyo kufuneka livelise ubungqina obuphikisanayo ukuze libonise umba osisishwankathelo. Ukuba inkundla inika ugwebo olufutshane lomntu oqhelekileyo, okuphela komngenisiselo kusenokuba ngumlinganiselo welahleko. Ukuba unikezelwe ummangalelwa, ityala liyalahlwa. Isishwankathelo sisixhobo esinamandla sokulahla iintengiso ezingafanelekanga.

2. Intshukumo eLimine neNtshukumo

Phambi kokuvavanywa, amagqwetha asoloko efaka iifayile zokuhamba kwi-limne ukukhupha okanye ukuvuma ubungqina obubodwa. Umzekelo, bangafuna ukukhusela elinye icala ekukhankanyeni ukunyanzeliswa okanye ukunikezelwa kwemali. Kwiimeko ezibandakanya ubungqina obungochwepheshe, intshukumo ye-Daubert.

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala

Ukuba ityala liyasinda kwaye alilungiswanga, liqhubekelwa kwityala. Iimvavanyo zinokuba ngamatyala ebheriji (phambi kwejaji kuphela) okanye amatyala abachopheli-tyala. UMthetho-mthetho weSebenten IsiHluzi kwi-U.UMthetho-siseko uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchophela ityala kwityala labachopheli-tyala kwimiba emininzi yasekuhlaleni kumthetho oqhelekileyo apho umlinganiselo wempikiswano ungaphezulu kwee-R20.

Ukukhetha I Jury (Indawo Encinane Encinane)

Ityala liqala nge-voir ekhwankqisayo, inkqubo yokubuza ukuba abasebenzi bejaji banokuba ngabangakhethi buso. Ii-attorney zingavavanya abaza kuba ngabagwebi ngesizathu (umz., ikhethe) okanye zisebenzise iingxaki zokukhulula (inani elilinganiselweyo) ukubetha abagwebi ngaphandle kokunika isizathu, nangona iingxaki zokukhulula zingenakusetyenziswa ngokusekelwe kuhlanga okanye kubufana.

2. Izindululo zokuvula

Icala ngalinye linikela ingxelo yokuvula, lichaza ubungqina elibulindeleyo kunye nebali letyala. Iingxelo zokuvula asiyompikiswano kodwa yimaphu yenkundla yabachopheli-tyala. Kufuneka zicace, zingqale, zize zibe nenxaxheba.

3. Ubungqina

I-plactiff ibeka kwityala layo kuqala, ibiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa imiboniso. Ingqina ngalinye lihlolisiswa ngqo, landule ukunqumla-okanye igqwetha eliphikisayo, lilandelwe yisijoliselo kunye nomnqamlezo. Emva kokuba ummangalelwa ehleli, ummangalelwa angashukuma ukuze afumane isigqibo esijoliswe kwisigqibo esijolisweyo (ngoku esibizwa ukuhamba kwendlela yomgwebo njengomcimbi womthetho), ephikisa ukuba ummangalelwa wale ukuvelisa ubungqina obaneleyo bokuxhasa ukufunyanwa kwejaji. Ukuba akavunywa, ummangalelwa unikela ubungqina babo. Ngokwangaphandle, umgwebi ugwebi unokunikela ngemithetho ephikisa, eqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yobungqina iyangqinwa.

Isivalo sempikiswano

Emva kokuba ubungqina buvaliwe, kwicala ngalinye linikela impikiswano yokuqukumbela, lishwankathela ubungqina lize libongoze abachopheli - tyala ukuba bafikelele kwisigqibo esithile.

Imiyalelo neMiqathango

Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho osebenzayo. IiAttorney zidla ngokufaka imiyalelo ecetywayo yenkundla yokuchophela ityala kwaye zimela imiyalelo yokugqibela. Abachopheli betyala baphinde bafumane isigqibo. Ukuba abachopheli-tyala banqunyulwe, ijaji ingavakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo, kwaye eli tyala lingaphinda ligwetywe.

Intshukumo nezibheno zasemva

Emva kokuba kungene isigqibo okanye umgwebo, iqela elilahlekileyo lingayivavanya ngentshukumo zasemva kovavanyo kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, isibheno.

1. Intshukumo yexesha lasemva

Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo zasemva kwetyala ziquka:

  • Umqukumbelo wetyala elitsha: xa iqela elilahlekileyo likholelwa ukuba iimpazamo ngexesha letyala `njengemiyalelo engafanelekanga yabachopheli-tyala, ukuziphatha okubi, okanye isigqibo esichasene nobunzima bobungqina/ukuvavanywa okulungileyo.
  • Ukuququzelela umgwebo ngaphandle kwesigqibo (JNOV): Ngoku ibizwa ngokuba yintshukumo evuselelelweyo yokugweba njengomcimbi womthetho. Iqela elishukumisayo liphikisa ukuba akukho bagwebi abafanelekileyo abanokufikelela kwisigqibo esisekelwe kubungqina.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukutshintsha ugwebo:[[Umthetho:1] lufuna ukulungisa iimpazamo ezisemthethweni kumgwebo.

Ukuba ezi zintshukumo ziyakhanyelwa, iqela eliphulukana nento lisenokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno azizizo iityala ezintsha; zihlola izigqibo zenkundla egwebayo zeempazamo ezisemthethweni. Umgangatho wohlolo uyahluka: imibuzo yomthetho iyaphinda ihlolwe [ de noov [ntsha], okufunyanisiweyo okufunyenweyo kuphindaphindwa ngenxa yempazamo ecacileyo, kwaye izigqibo zejaji zibuyelwe ukwenzela ubungqina obucacileyo. Umqwali-mthetho kufuneka afake isaziso sokubhenela kwimini engqongqo //10] iintsuku ezingama-30 kwinkundla ye-omatila.

Ulungiso lokubhaliweyo

Ukuzinziswa kunokwenzeka nakweliphi na iqonga, ukusuka phambi kokuba ityala libekwe nasemva kwesigqibo xa isibheno sisalindile. Uninzi lwamatyala asekuhlaleni luzinzile phambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala. Uthethwano lokuzinziswa lungacwangciswa okanye lungacwangciswa ngolunye uhlobo lwesigqibo sempikiswano (ADR).

1. Ukuququzelelwa noHlahlo

Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna amaqela ukuba abe nenxaxheba [ kulwahlulo phambi kokuvavanywa]. Umlamli ongathathi-nxaxheba unceda ingxubusho kunye noncedo amaqela afumana ulwazi olufanayo, kodwa akanyanzeli sigqibo. Ukuba ijeliso lingaphumeleli, ityala liqhubekela ekuvavanyweni. Ezinye izivumelwano ziquka ulwahlulo, olufuna ukuconjululwa ngumlathisi endaweni yenkundla. Ulwahlulo lungabopheleli okanye lungagunyaziswa.

2. Iingenelo Zokuhlala

Ukulungisa ityala kunika iingenelo eziliqela:

  • Ulawulo oluphezulu: luphepha iindleko zokumangalelwa, kuquka iindleko zoogcisa bokunikela ubungqina, iindleko zenkundla, kunye nentlawulo yegqwetha.
  • Izahlulelo Izahlulelo:[ Izahlulo zilawula iziphumo kunokuba zishiyelwe kwijaji.
  • Ukuzithethelela: Izivumelwano zokuzinza zingagcinwa ziyimfihlo, ngokungafaniyo neengxelo zenkundla yetyala.
  • Isantya: Ukumisa kunokwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kunenkqubo yokuvavanya, enokuthatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka.

Noko ke, amacala omabini asenokufuna ukwamkela intwana encinane kunokuba ayecinga ukuze aphephe ingozi yomgwebo ongafanelekanga.

Isiphelo

Indlela yokumangalelwa kwetyala lamakhaya intsonkothile, kunye neqonga ngalinye elinezigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo kunye neemfuno eziqhelekileyo. Ukusuka kwisakhelo sokuqala sesikhalazo ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela ("sonke esihlaziywayo, isigqibo, okanye isibheno) `inyathelo ngalinye lifuna ingqalelo yocoselelo kwinkcukacha kunye nokuyiqonda ngokunzulu inkqubo yamakhaya. Inkqubo yenzelwe ukulinganisa inkxalabo ekhuphisanayo yempumelelo, ubulunga bobulungisa, kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Ngelixa kungekho majelo amabini afanayo, naliphi icala eliqhelekileyo elihlala lihleli lihleli lilungelelana. Naliphi iqela elibandakanye negcisa elinamava ukuba lidibane negqhinga lokuqhuba lenkqubo enzima. [[FLT:] Imithetho ephambili ye-FEdial ye-Polivelventirence [FUrectrection:1] kunye nesethi yenkundla linika ukhokelo oluthelelwa ngomthetho, kodwa ke lelomthetho.