Isiseko Sokwenza Umthetho Ngomanyano

Indlu yabameli base-U.S. yi-injini yowiso-mthetho ekufutshane nabantu baseMerika, iphethe amandla abumba inkqubo yomthetho ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya phezulu. Imiswe liGatya I lomGaqo-siseko, iNdlu isebenza njengegumbi apho kuvela khona imithetho yengeniso, amagosa esizwe ajongene nokungagunyaziswa, kwaye inkxalabo kawonke wonke ifumana umelo lwawo olungqalileyo. Ukuqonda indlela esi siko esisebenza ngayo kubalulekile nabani na ummi ofuna ukuqonda indalo, ukunyanzelisa, kunye nendaleko yomthetho worhulumente.

Abasebenzi besakhiwo bayila iNdlu ukuba ibe yeyona ilungelelaniswayo yesebe likarhulumente. Ngemiqathango emibini elula kunye nonyulo olungqalileyo lwabantu, amalungu ayo amele aphendule ngokukhethekileyo kubavoti kwisithili sabo esikhethekileyo. Olu phawu lokwakha luqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo engokwasemthethweni ihlala ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala neyamaxabiso ohlanga. Xa ummi ebandakanyeka kwiNdlu, unxulumana nenxalenye karhulumente karhulumente karhulumente owakhelwe ngokukhethekileyo ukuze aphulaphule ilizwi lawo.

Amagunya omGaqo-siseko nangamandla apheleleyo

UmGaqo-siseko unika iNdlu yabameli iqela elahlukileyo lamagunya iBhunga elingayabelaniyo. Ezi mbopheleleko zikhethekileyo zixhasa indima yeNdlu kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni kwaye zichaza ulwalamano lwayo namanye amasebe orhulumente.

Imvelaphi KaClaus

Inqaku I, ICandelo 7, u-Claus 1 woMgaqo-siseko uthi "Zonke IiBhili zonyuso zeNdlu yabameli ziza kuvela kwiNdlu yabameli". Eli lungiselelo, elaziwa ngokuba yiOrigionation Claus, linika iNdlu ephambili kulawulo lwerhafu kunye nemali echithwe ngurhulumente. IBhunga lingacebisa okanye livumelane nokulungiswa, kodwa amandla okuqala esi sikhwatshana alele ngqo kwiNdlu. Oku kubonisa inhloso yabafaki-mali yokubeka igunya lokuhlawula irhafu ezandleni zegumbi elinoxanduva ngqo kwindlu.

Amandla Okungalawuleki

Inqaku I, Icandelo 2 linika iNdlu amandla okungagunyazi. Eli gunya livumela iNdlu ukuba izise izityholo ezisesikweni kuMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, kunye nabo bonke amagosa angorhulumente eUnited States "Isizathu, Ukunyotywa, okanye ezinye iiCwangciso eziphezulu kunye nama-Misderator". Inkqubo yokungaququki iqala kwiKomiti yeNdlu, ephengulula iingcebiso kunye nemithetho ebhaliweyo yamagunya.

Ujongo kunye nomqondiso

Inani labameli abafunyanwa ngurhulumente ngamnye linqunyulwe nguMthetho wobalo-nyaka. Umvuzo wowama-1929 wavala iNdlu kuma-465 amalungu okuvota. Ummeli ngamnye ukhonza isithili sabemi abalinganayo, umgaqo oqiniswa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo Wesberry v. Sanders [1964], eyamisa "umntu omnye, ivoti enye" umgangatho wemibutho. Le mfuneko yomthetho iqinisekisa ukuba umelo lommi ngamnye luthwala ubunzima obulinganayo kwinkqubo yemithetho.

Indlela Yomthetho Edlula Endlwini

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngaphakathi kweNdlu yeyona nkqubo iphambili apho umthetho wesizwe ubhalwa khona uze ucocwe. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kutyhila iingongoma ezininzi apho abemi, abameli nabameli benokuyila khona indlela esemthethweni.

Ukwazisa novuselelo

Naliphi na ilungu leNdlu lingazisa umthetho ngokuwufaka kwi "intethe," ibhokisi yamaplanga ebekwe ngaphambili kwegumbi lendlu. Umthetho unikwe inani (umz. H.R. 1) kwaye ubhekisa kwikomiti efanelekileyo emileyo yePalamente. Le dilesi linyathelo elibalulekileyo kuba inkqubo yekomiti ilapho umsebenzi omkhulu wemithetho-mthetho wenziwe khona.

Inkqubo yeKomiti

IiKomiti zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-"iiprojekthi zedemokhrasi". Indlu ineekomiti ezimileyo ezimalunga nama-20, nganye inegunya kwiindawo ezithile zomgaqo-nkqubo ezifana neJadiary, Iindlela kunye neMathematika, Amandla kunye norhwebo. Ukusinda kwemali kuxhomekeke ekuphatheni kwayo kwikomiti.

  • IiKomiti ezivayo: ziqokelela ubungqina obuvela kumagosa karhulumente, izifundiswa, abameli bamashishini, nabameli. Ezi ndlebe zivelisa ingxelo yenyaniso exhasa inyathelo lowiso-mthetho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Amalungu eKomiti athethana, a-mende, aphinda abhale umgca wemali ngomgca. Uninzi lwevoti lususa ityala ukuya kumgangatho opheleleyo wendlu.
  • Isicelo setyala: Ukuba ikomiti ayivumi ukwenza kwityala, uninzi lwamalungu eNdlu (218) ingasayina isicelo sokukhulula ukunyanzela isibhaka-mali phantsi ngaphandle kwemvume yekomiti. Esi sixhobo sisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukungathathi nxaxheba.

IKomiti yeMimiselo

Ngaphambi kokuba ityala lifikelele kwiNdlu epheleleyo yengxoxo, kufuneka lidlule kwiKomiti yeNdlu Yemithetho, enye yeekomiti ezinamandla kwiKhonkxa. IKomiti yeMimiselo imisela iingxoxo: ixesha eliya kuvunyelwa, ukubuyiselwa okungaphi, nokuba ukubuyiselwa kumele kuphinde kuphele kusini na.

  • [[Umthetho ovaliweyo: 0] Umthetho ovaliweyo: Akukho ziguqulo zivumelekileyo. Amalungu kufuneka avote kwimali njengoko ibhaliwe.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ovulekileyo umthetho: nawuphina ilungu linganika ulungiso, ukuba nje lihambisana nemithetho yendlu.
  • [[Umthetho olungisiweyo: 0] Umthetho oqinisekisiweyo:[[FT:1] Kuphela iinguquko ezikhankanyiweyo ezivunyiweyo zivumelekile.

Umthetho olawula isibhaka-mali ophembelela ngamandla umxholo waso wokugqibela kunye nesixhobo sezobupolitika. Amandla eKomiti eMimiselo okugcina isango ayenza ibe liqondo elisembindini lolawulo lweqela.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

Xa ityala lifikelela kumgangatho, liphikiswana ngamalungu apheleleyo. Ukuba iNdlu ihamba, iyazimisela kwiKomiti ye-Onke, inkqubo yokulungisa evumela ukupheliswa kwengxoxo kunye nemfuneko esezantsi ye-moreum. Ukuhlaziywa komthetho kusenokunikelwa kuze kuvotelwe. Ekugqibeleni, iNdlu yokuvota kwimali. Ukuba idlula, ithunyelwa kwiBhunga ukuze kuqwalaselwe. Ukuba iNgqungquthela idlulise uhlobo olwahlukileyo, ikomiti yengqungquthela eqathelwe amalungu amaqela amabini edisanayo. Uguqulelo lokugqibela lokulala kufuneka ludlule kanye njengoko kubhalwe phambi kokuba ithunyelwe kuMongameli.

Intshukumo Yomongameli kunye ne Veto Engakunakiyo

Xa isibhaka-mali sidlula zombini iNdlu kunye neBhunga leNdlu, siya kuMongameli, oneentsuku ezilishumi ukuba athathe inyathelo. UMongameli angasayina ityala kumthetho, okanye alivumele ukuba libe ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo. Ukuba uMongameli ukhupha ityala, libuyela kwigumbi apho lavela khona. Indlu neBhunga lingawulawula khona uvotelo oluzii-3 ezimbini kwigumbi ngalinye. Eli gunya lisetyenziswa ngokucothayo kodwa lihlala lisisixhobo sowiso-mthetho.

Ukulawula kwesebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

Imbopheleleko yendlu ingaphezulu kakhulu kunokwenza umthetho. Ngomsebenzi wayo wobuveleli, iNdlu ijonge ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho karhulumente kwaye iphande ukuziphatha okubi okunokwenzeka kwisebe eliphetheyo.

Iikomiti ezikhoyo zoongameli abasoloko beva iindlebe ezingqinwa ngamagosa aphezulu esebe. Le ndlu ingakhupha oorhulumente abangaphantsi ukuze banyanzelise ubungqina kunye nokuveliswa kwamaphepha. Eli gunya lophando lixhaswa yi-Ofisi yokuphendula kaRhulumente (GAO), enika uphicotho-zincwadi, uvavanyo, kunye neenkonzo zophando kwisicelo seBhunga. Le nkqubo yokwalathisa iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokuvumelana nenjongo yomthetho, kwaye ukuhlawulwa kwerhafuthelo kusetyenziswe ngokunelisa. Imigudu yakutshanje yolawulo oluphezulu ijolise kukhuseleko, kwimibaleko, kwimibalwa, kunye noqheliselo lombutho worhulumente. Olu hlolisiso ludla ngokukhokelele ekulungiseni iingxaki ezilungiselelwe ukukhusela iingxaki zexesha elizayo.

Inkqubo yokungacebisi

Amandla okunganyuki kwendlu yenye yezona zihlolo zibalulekileyo kwigunya eliphetheyo nelokugweba. Le nkqubo ityhileka kwimigangatho emininzi eyahlukeneyo.

Uphando Nokubuza

Uphando olucacileyo luqala kwiKomiti yeHouse Judicary. Ikomiti iphanda izityholo zokuziphethe kakubi, ukuva kumangqina nokuhlola ubungqina. Indlu epheleleyo kufuneka igunyazise ukuphengulula ngevoti esemthethweni, nangona ezinye iimibuzo ziqalise ngaphandle kwevoti ecacileyo.

Amanqaku Ashwankathelayo Emigaqo

Ukuba iKomiti yoluHlu ifumana ubungqina obaneleyo, idwelisa amanqaku okungagunyaziswanga. Inqaku ngalinye lichaza ityala elahlukileyo, njengokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla okanye ukuthintelwa kokusesikweni. Ikomiti ivota kwinqaku ngalinye.

Umgangatho wendlu

Iingxoxo zendlu ezipheleleyo kunye nezivoti kumanqaku okungagunyaziswa. Uvoti olulula kuliphi na inqaku luphumela ekungagqibekini kwegosa. Kweli nqaku, igosa lingu "eliceliweyo" elifana netyala kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ityala LeBhenat

La manqaku adluliselwa kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, apho kuqukunjelwa khona ityala. Amalungu endlu akhethwe njenge "Masters" anikela ityala ngenxa yokuqiniseka. Igosa eliceliweyo limisa ukhuseleko. IJaji eyiNtloko ePhakamileyo ilawula imvume yobumongameli. Ivoti yesithathu yeBhunga lendlu ifuneka ukuze ikhuselwe. Ukuba ligwetyiwe, igosa liyasuswa eofisini kwaye lingasenwabi ekuthabatheni isikhundla sexesha elizayo.

Ukuba Ngummi Wasendlwini

Indlu yabameli yenzelwe ukuba ifikeleleke.

Ukufumana Ummeli Wakho

Inyathelo lokuqala lommi likwahlula ummeli wawo. Iwebhsayithi esemthethweni Indlu.gov inikezela ngesixhobo esilula sokukhangela ngekhowudi ye Zip. Xa sele ifunyanisiwe, abemi kufuneka baphawule izabelo zekomiti yommeli wabo kunye neendima zokhokelo, njengoko ezi zimisela umgangatho wempembelelo yabo.

Unxibelelwano Oluthe ngqo

Ukuqhagamshelana ne-ofisi yommeli kucacile. Eyona ndlela isebenzayo iquka:

  • I-imeyili: Sebenzisa uhlobo loqhakamshelwano kwi-webhsayithi esemthethweni yelungu. Yiba mfutshane, chaza inombolo yemali, kwaye chaza ifuthe lomthetho.
  • Phone: Biza i Capitol Preccard ngo 20224-3121 kwaye ucele ukudityaniswa. unxulumano lwengoma yestaff luxele umthamo kunye nomxholo kummeli.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iposi: iileta eziya kwiofisi yesithili yobulali zisoloko zifumana ingqalelo esondeleyo kunaleyo ithunyelwe eWashington, D.C.

Iindawo Zombutho Nokwakhiwa Kwezidolophana

Abameli abaninzi baba neentlanganiso zeholo yedolophu kwisithili sabo, ingakumbi ngexesha lokuphumla. Ezi ziganeko zinika ithuba lokubuza imibuzo ngqo kwaye ziveze izimvo ngomthetho osele ukho. Iiholo zedolophana zidla ngokupapashwa ngeendawo zokukhupha iindaba zasekuhlaleni kunye namajelo onxibelelwano oonozakuzakuzaku bommeli.

Umthetho olandelela

Abami bangafumana yonke imali engenisiweyo eMzini nge-.gov. Le ndawo inika umbhalo opheleleyo wetyala, iingxelo zeekomiti, iirekhodi zokuvota, kunye nemeko yomthetho kwinkqubo. Ukuxelelwa kuvumela abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngokuchanekileyo nangokubaluleka xa bexhasa izikhundla zabo.

Ukukhanyisa Kukhetho

Isixhobo esinamandla esifumaneka kubemi yibhokisi yokuchola ibhola. Ngayo nganye iminyaka emibini, isihlalo ngasinye eNdlu siphezulu ukwenzela unyulo. Unyulo lwangaphakathi, oluthi luvele kwiminyaka engeyiyo eyeyo ngaphambi kwendlu, lusoloko lubona amajiko abalulekileyo ekulawuleni kwendlu. Ngenxa yokuba imimandla yezindlu incinane kuneengingqi zelizwe ngokubanzi, iphulo eliqwalaselweyo lingavelisa iziphumo zesizwe. UVoter ujikelezo lwendawo kwindlu lumisela ngqo ukwenziwa kwegumbi kwaye, ngokolwandiso, imigaqo karhulumente.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Olujamelene Nendlu

Indlu yabameli ijongene neengxaki eziliqela zesakhiwo nezopolitiko ezichaphazela amandla ayo okusebenza ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni.

Gerrymandering

Ukuvuleka kwenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka elishumi emva kobalo-manani. Kumaphondo amaninzi, iqela elilawula indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe lizoba imida yesithili exhasa kakhulu iqela lalo. Lo mkhwa, owaziwa ngokuba yi-gerrymandering, unciphisa unyulo lokhuphiswano kwaye wenza ukuba iNdlu ibe ngummeli omncinane wevoti ethandwayo yesizwe. Inani elandayo lamazwe lijikele kwikomishini yokuzimela ngokwayo ukucombulula le ngxaki, nangona lo msebenzi usasasazekile.

Ukwenza ukukhanya kunye nokuvala i-Grid

Indlu iye yaqhekeka ngakumbi kwimiba yeqela. Oku kuthatyathwa-hlula kudla ngokukhokelela kwiqhina lemithetho, apho imibandela ebalulekileyo yenkqubo ihlala ingahlaliswanga okanye iconjululwe kuphela ngemilinganiselo yenkxaso yexeshana nangenyathelo lolawulo oluphezulu. Ukuncitshiswa kwengqiqo yombindi kwenza intsebenziswano ye-bipartisan yaba nzima ngakumbi, ingakumbi kwimicimbi ethanda ukuqhutyelwa phambili, inkxalabo yempilo, kunye nenkqubo yezonyango.

Impikiswano Engaphaya Kwemida

Ingxoxo ephindaphindwayo kwezobupolitika zaseMerika kukuba bamisele imida emalunga nemithetho enzima kumalungu eNdlu. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi imida yegama inganciphisa impembelelo yezopolitiko zezomsebenzi ze zizise iimbono ezintsha eWashington. Abachasi bathi ibinzana elingumda liza kwenza ukuba ulwazi lwamaqumrhu kunye nokukhula okuvumela abameli bakhonze ngokunempumelelo imimandla yabo kwaye balawule imigaqo entsonkothileyo. Okwangoku, akukho mida yamaxesha aseleyo kumalungu eNdlu, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo elawula .S.S.S. Link Link Links, Inc.[FLTritton[12] [12: 9]]) (1955]) echaza ukuba akukho midalelo kubaphathi babo besizwe.

Isiphelo

Indlu yabameli lisebe likarhulumente wengingqi elinxulumene ngokungqalileyo nabantu baseMerika. Amandla ayo okusungula umthetho wengeniso, amagosa aseburhulumenteni, aze ajonge isebe eliphetheyo awenza asebenze ngendlela engenakunqandwa kwinkqubo esemthethweni yase-U. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, nangona intsonkothile, inikela iinkalo ezininzi zokufikelela kubemi abakhetha ukungenela. Ngokuqonda isakhiwo seNdlu, indlela yemali ngengxoxo yekomiti nomgangatho, kunye nobuchule bokuphatha nokuphendula, abemi baxhotyiswe kakuhle ukusebenzisa amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko kunye nokuphembelela imigaqo elawula ubomi babo. Ukuphendula kwenkqubo akuyo akuyo nje kuphela okulungileyo kodwa kuyimbopheleleko, kwaye uluntu ngokubanziswa kuqinisekisiso lwe-demokhrasi.