Indlela Isibhengezo Senkululeko Esiyichaphazela Ngayo Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho

Isibhengezo se-Implation singaphezulu nje koluxwebhu lwembali olubhengeza ukwahlukana kwamathanga aseMerika neBritane. Sisiseko sobuFilosophi benkqubo yomthetho eUnited States iphela. Umgaqo ongundoqo wokuba oorhulumente bafumane amandla abo asesikweni kwi imvume egunyazisiweyo yolawulo [ ngokungqalileyo indlela edalwe ngayo, impikiswano, kwaye inyanzelelwa ukuba i-. Umthetho ngamnye odluliswe yi-Congresson okanye yindlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe uyindlela eluncedo yokusebenzisa ilungelo labantu lokuzilawula. Ukuqonda indlela le nkqubo enika ngayo ukucaca isizathu sokuba kukho imithetho ethile, indlela ekhusela ngayo amalungelo abantu, noko kwenzekayo xa umthetho ungaphumeleli ukuphumeza okulungileyo.

Ilitye Eliyimfihlelo: Ukuvumelana Kwabalawuli

Isibhengezo simi ngelithi bonke abantu banikwe amalungelo angathathi-nxaxheba, ubomi, inkululeko, nokusukela ulonwabo. Ukukhusela la malungelo, oorhulumente bamiselwa phakathi kwabantu, befumana amandla abo okusesikweni ngokuvumelana nabalawulwa. Le ngcamango, ithathwe kwiinkcuba - buchopho ezikhanyiselweyo njengoJohn Locke, ishwankathela ulwalamano lwesithethe phakathi komlawuli nombandela: urhulumente ukho ukuze akhonze abantu, kungekhona enye indlela.

Xa abaseki beSindululo babhala umGaqo-siseko emva kweminyaka elishumi emva koMgaqo-siseko, bakha inkqubo esebenzayo lentanda-bulumko. Isebe lemithetho (*.Conrer) liyimbonakaliso yokuqala neyona ingqalileyo yolawulo oluqhelekileyo. Ukwenziwa komthetho asikomyalelo ophezulu kodwa yinkqubo esezantsi esekelwe ekumelweni. Wonke umthetho ufanele ubonakalise ukuthanda kwabantu, ukhusele amalungelo abo, ukhuthaze intlalo-ntle yabo. Ukuba umthetho uyasilela ukwenza njalo, isindululo soluvo sinika abemi ilungelo lokuguqula okanye ukuphelisa ngohlobo loxolo olunjengonyulo, ukulwa, okanye imingeni yokugweba.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Ukusuka Kwimeko Yomthetho Ukusa Kwimithetho

Nangona iSindululo singachazi inkqubo ethile yokwenza imithetho, imigaqo yayo isekelwe kwinqanaba ngalinye lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Nantsi indlela ityala eliba ngumthetho ngayo eUnited States, ngokubhekisa kwiingcamango zokuvuma namalungelo.

Inyathelo 1: Ingcamango Nobuchule Bokwenza Izinto

Nawuphi na umthetho uqala njengengcamango .) Ngokufuthi uvela kummi, kwiqela lenzala, kumbutho karhulumente, okanye kwilungu leBhunga. Loo ngcamango ibhalwe kwityala ngummeli okanye ummeli. Umxhasi wetyala kufuneka alithethelele njengelikhonza uluntu olulungileyo nolukhusela amalungelo. Umzekelo, uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 usuka kwimfuno enyanzelisayo yabaxhasi abaphikisayo ukuba ucalucalucalulo lohlanga lwaphula isithembiso soMvumelo wenkululeko noLinganiso. Umxhasi, uShendi, uHubert Humphrey, uqulu ngokomthetho njengoyimfuneko ekukhuseleni amalungelo abo bonke abemi.

Inyathelo lesi-2: Impinda yeKomiti nokuvakala

Umthetho ubhekiswa kwikomiti, apho iingcali ezinika ingcebiso, abagcini-matyala, kunye noluntu lungalinganiswa. Eli qonga liquka imvume yokulawula [ ngokuqinisekisa ukuba amalizwi ahlukeneyo aviwa phambi kokuba umthetho uqhubekeke. Iikomiti zisoloko zibamba ukuva, kwaye amangqina anikela ubungqina. Umzekelo, ngexesha lokuqulunqwa koMthetho we-Afford Cance Act, iikomiti zaqhuba ubuninzi belizwi ukuze ziqonde indlela ukufikelela kwezempilo okuchaphazela ngayo “ukufumana ulonwabo."

Inyathelo 3: Ingxoxo Nohlaziyo

Ukuba ikomiti iyawuvumela lo mthetho, uya kwigumbi elipheleleyo (Indlu okanye iNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso) ukuze kuxoxwe ngayo. Abenzi bomthetho baxubusha ngeemfanelo zawo, bacebisa iingcebiso, kwaye bazama ukuwubumba ngcono ngokwemigaqo yesindululo. Inkqubo yengxoxo ngokwayo iyisivikelo: inyanzela abaxhasi ukuba baphikisa ekuhleni isizathu sokuba umthetho ufune ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo. Abachasi bangathi umthetho uchasene nenkululeko . ngokomzekelo, bephikisa into yokuba umthetho ohlolayo ungqubana nemfihlo, onxulumene “nemvume” ekhuselwe“ nesibhengezo.

Inyathelo lesine: Ukukhanyisa nokudlula

Kukho ivoti nganye yegumbi. Ekubeni urhulumente efumana amandla akhe ngokuvuma kwabalawulwa, kufuneka uvoti abaninzi (kwaye kwezinye iimeko kufuneka ubuchule obugqithisileyo). Oku kubonisa ukuthanda kwabameli, kwaye ngakubo, ukuthanda kwabantu. Emva kokuba zombini ezi zindlu zigqithe uhlobo lomthetho, nakuphi na ukungavisisani kuyaxolelaniswa kwikomiti yengqungquthela. Uguqulelo lokugqibela luya kumongameli.

Inyathelo 5: Isenzo soMongameli okanye i-Vito

Umongameli angasayina ityala kumthetho okanye kwi-veto. Ukuba ithe yabekwa, iKhomishini ingalawula ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu kuzo zombini iigumbi. Olu vavanyo luqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linamandla okulawula ukuthanda kwabantu. Indima yomongameli kukuvavanya enoba umthetho ukhusela amalungelo kwaye unceda uhlanga (a) ngokungqalileyo kwisandi somyalelo weSindululo sokuba urhulumente makakhusele loo malungelo.

Inyathelo lesi-6: Uzalisekiso noHlelo-zincwadi

Xa umthetho uwiswe, amaqumrhu aphetheyo ayawuzalisekisa. Kodwa inkqubo ayipheleli apho. nawuphi na ummi okholelwayo kumthetho ophule amalungelo akhe phantsi kweSindululo `njengamalungelo empahla okanye inkululeko yokuthetha----anokuwuvavanya enkundleni. Ijudiary, ukutyhubela [[[FLT: 0]] ingqwalaselo yophindo-phicotho [[FLT: 1] (imiselwe [[FLT:]]]] Marbury v. Madison]), imisela ukuba umthetho uvumelana na nomGaqo-siseko, owenziwe ngokwawo kwimigaqo. Ukuba inkundla ifumana ukuchasa amalungelo okungamkelekanga, inokuwubetha phantsi.

Indlela Imigaqo Yobhengezo Eqinisekisa Ngayo Imithetho Ekhusela Amalungelo

Asiyomithetho yonke evumelana ngokuzenzekelayo nesi Sindululo. ISindululo soMgaqo-siseko (iinguquko zokuqala ezilishumi kuMgaqo-siseko) sibala ngokucacileyo ukhuseleko olungqalileyo olufana nenkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, kunye nengqungquthela . "Zonke ezisuka kwintanda-bulumko yamalungelo emvelo yesi Sindululo." noko ke, uluhlu aluchananga. ISindululo se-Grandment sithi “Umthetho obekwe kumGaqo-siseko, wamalungelo athile, awuzukuthathwa njengokhanyelwa okanye uhlulwa abanye abagcinwe ngabantu." Oku kuthetha ukuba nokokuba umthetho awulwangaludweli kakuhle, kusenokucekiswa ukuba uchasene nokungalungiyo, njengamalungelo okulungileyo.

Ngokomzekelo, Roe v. [773], iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaqonda ukuba inkululeko ekhuselweyo kwinkqubo efanelekileyo yeSindululo se 14neth yayiquka ilungelo lomfazi lokuba yimfihlo ngokuphathelele izigqibo zonyango. Ngoxa uwiso-mthetho kamva luphelisiwe, ingxoxo esekelwe ekubeni umthetho uvale umthetho ubhaliswe “umnqamlezo” okhankanyiweyo kuko kokubili uSindululo kunye nomGaqo-siseko. Ngokufanayo, ISANKULUNXA kulungiso [ olusekunene lokuthwala iimfazwe luye lwabekwa phantsi kakhulu, iinkundla zichaza ukugxininiswa komthetho ekuziboneleni komvo lwezo buqu.

Imithetho engaphumeleliyo ukukhusela amalungelo ingancitshiswa ngenkqubo yedemokhrasi. Uhlaziyiso lwe-18, olwasekwayo, kamva lwancitshiswa nguMphengululo wama-21 xa kwacaca ukuba ukuvalwa kwenkululeko ephuthileyo yotywala nokungaphumi kumaxabiso amnyama. Lo mjikelo wokumiswa, ukuvavanywa, nokupheliswa komthetho ubonisa ukuba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ayihlazisanga kude / ivela njengoko ukuqondwa kwabantu amalungelo kukhula.

Umgangatho Karhulumente: Imithetho Nesivumelwano Sabantu

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho echazwe ngasentla isebenza kumgangatho wesizwe, kodwa impembelelo yesiSindululo inamandla ngokulinganayo koorhulumente bakarhulumente. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente usoloko uneembekiselo ezicacileyo kwisindululo okanye ulwimi olufanayo olumalunga namalungelo angaphambukeli. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zilandela inkqubo efanayo: ityala liveliswa, liqhutyelwa ngeekomiti, liphikiswane, livotelwe, lityikitywe okanye likhutshwe yirhuluneli. Kwakhona amazwe amaninzi aneenkonzo kunye nezomvote, ezivumela abemi bamazwe ukuba baqulunqene baze bavote ngokuthe ngqo kwaye bavote kwimithetho elawulwayo.

Ngokomzekelo, njengeKhalifoniya neColorado, isoloko isebenzisa amanyathelo okucombulula imicimbi efana nokufakwa komjuko, inkqubo yerhafu okanye ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo. Le nkqubo iyinzala yesigqibo sokuba abantu banelungelo lokutshintsha urhulumente wabo. Xa umthetho karhulumente ungqubana nomthetho karhulumente okanye amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, iinkundla zesizwe ``kuquka iNkundla ePhakamileyo(*) zingenelela, ziqinisekisa ukuba akukho mthetho unciphisa amalungelo asisiseko achazwe kwiSindululo.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano: Ukukhusela Ukufikelela Okungaphezulu Kurhulumente

Isindululo silumkisa ukuba “nanini na na nayiphi na indlela kaRhulumente isiya kutshabalalisa kwezi njongo, lilungelo labantu ukutshintsha okanye ukuyiphelisa.” Esi silumkiso sisetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelana okuqatshelwe kumGaqo-siseko. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokwayo iquka iingqikelelo ezininzi: Indlu neBhunga kufuneka zivumelane, umongameli angathetha nto, kwaye iinkundla zingawahlola. Umanyano loburhulumente luqhubele phambili amandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe namazwe, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu uthile onokufaka imithetho echasene namalungelo.

Unyulo luyeyona nto ithe ngqo. Kwiminyaka emibini yonke, yonke iNdlu yabameli imela unyulo. Abaququzeleli basebenzisa amabinzana aneminyaka emithandathu, kodwa isithathu siphezulu kunyulo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini. Le mikhosi isebenza rhoqo ifuna imvume etshayelelweyo evela kwabalawulwayo. Ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho idlulisela umthetho ongaqhelekanga ongathi uphazamisa amalungelo, abavoti bangawathatha indawo amalungu awuxhasayo. Oku kuphendula kungumfuziselo osebenzayo wesithembiso sikarhulumente sokuba igunya likarhulumente liqukuqela elisuka kwimvume yabantu.

Isicelo: Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yokwalathiswa kwemithetho yiSindululo

Imithetho emininzi ephawulekayo ibonisa indlela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho eboniswa ngayo ngemigaqo yeSindululo:

  • UMthetho woMgaqo waMalungelo wonyaka ka-65: Lo mthetho wamiswa emva kokuba abaxhasi bechasa umthetho karhulumente othintela amavoti ambalwa athintelweyo alo mgaqo worhulumente oqinisekisiweyo yiRepublic Declaration. IiBhunga zasebenzisa amandla azo phantsi koMthetho wokuLandlwa kweMithetho yeshumi elinesine neyeshumi elinesihlanu ukunyanzelisa umgaqo wokuba bonke abemi bamele ukuba bavume kurhulumente wabo.
  • AmaMelika anoMthetho wokukhubazeka (1990): Abameli bamalungelo adidekileyo bamisela imfuneko yokufikelela ngokulinganayo njengomcimbi wokufumana ulonwabo. Umthetho uyalwalela ucalucalulo kwaye ufuna indawo yokuhlala, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu abaneziphene banokuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwibutho labantu.
  • Inkululeko yoMthetho woLwazi (1966): Lo mthetho uvula iirekhodi zikarhulumente kuhlolo lukawonke-wonke, unceda abemi ukuba bagcine urhulumente wabo ephendulwe ngu-(ukusetyenziswa ngqo komgaqo wokukhanyisa weSindululo.)

Imotheli nganye yasebenza ngendlela yowiso-mthetho, kuquka ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, ingxoxo, ukuchongwa kweekomiti, kunye namavoti amaninzi.

Xa Imithetho Ingaphumeleli: Iingxaki Nezicombululo

Asiyomithetho yonke ehambelana namalungelo emvelo. Kuyo yonke imbali, iBhunga liye labeka imithetho eyathi kamva yagqalwa njengesophulwa kweenjongo zesibhengezo. Ukugxekwa kwe-Alien kunye neSedition Acts zowe-1798 eziphanga urhulumente, ezingqubana ngqo nenkululeko yokuthetha. Zaye ekugqibeleni zabuyiselwa. Ukubekwa kweminye imikhosi yamaJaphani aseMerika ngexesha leMfazwe yehlabathi II, eyagunyaziswa nguMgaqo-siseko 906, kamva yagwetywa njengokwaphulwa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo. Umthetho we-Civinic Liberties Act wangos wangowe yango 1988 wanikezela ngolu hlobo lokwenza intelelo nokucela uxolo.

UmGaqo-siseko unika indlela yokulungisa ukungaphumeleli okunjalo. Inkqubo yokulungisa ifuna amavoti amabini anesithathu kuzo zombini izindlu zeBhunga kunye nokwenziwa kwamaqela ahlaziyiweyo ngamaphondo amathathu anesine. Utshintsho lusoloko lusebenza ukwandisa amalungelo ahambelana neSindululo. IsiHlanzi soMphetho se-13 sabuphelisa ubukhoboka, ukuzalisekisa isaziso soMgaqo-nkqubo sokuba “wonke amadoda adalwa alingana.” Uhlaziyo lwe-19 lwaqinisekisa ukuba amabhinqa ayawasebenzisa amagunya onke abantu abadala, lwandisa imvume yokuvota. IsiHlulo se-26 siye sanciphisa ukuvota ukuya kwiminyaka eli-18, siqonda ukuba abantu abaselula nabo banento ebotshelelweyo kwimithetho elawulayo.

Ikhonkco Langaphandle Lokufuna Ukuqonda Okunzulu

Abo bafuna ukuphanda ngakumbi ngolwalamano oluphakathi kweSibhengezo Sokuzimela - geqe nokwenza imithetho, ezi zinto zilandelayo ziluncedo ngokukhethekileyo:

  • [[UMTL:0] ISibhengezo seInkululeko: Umbhalo Opheleleyo (Uvimba Wohlanga)
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkqubo Yomthetho Ecaciswe (Icala)
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Indlela Imithetho Eyenziwa Ngayo (USA.gov)[UMTL:1]

Isishwankathelo: Isibhengezo njengoMshicileli Wokwenza Umthetho

Inkqubo yokwenza imithetho eUnited States asiyonkqubo ezenzekelayo okanye enganxulunyaniswanga. Kukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo ebekwe kwiSindululo senkululeko:

  • Isivumelwano solawulo sithetha ukuba imithetho kufuneka ivele kubameli abanyuliweyo nokuba uluntu lunelungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kwityala, kunyulo, kunye ne-arhenteums.
  • [[NTLA:0] Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo angaphambukeli kufuna ukuba wonke umthetho uvavanywe ngenxa yempembelelo yawo kubomi, kwinkululeko, nakusukelo lolonwabo. Imithetho ephazamisayo kula malungelo ingacelw ’ umngeni enkundleni okanye iphinde incitshiswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho yexesha elizayo.
  • ekunene ukutshintsha okanye ukuphelisa kusetyenziswa ngonyulo, utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, kunye nohlolo lomthetho. Inkqubo yenzelwe ukulungisa iimpazamo zayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Jikelele [ iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ifeza okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo hayi iminqweno yabambalwa.

Esi Sibhengezo asiyontshayelelo nje engokwentelekelelo kwimbali yaseMerika. Luxwebhu oluphilayo oluqhubeka lubumba wonke umthetho odluliswayo, nawuphi na umthetho wenkundla, nayiphi na impikiswano engokwamalungelo. Ukuqonda indlela enziwa ngayo imithetho ngenxa yesibhengezo kunika abemi izixhobo zokuvavanya enoba urhulumente wabo uyayifeza na injongo yakhe, `ukukhusela amalungelo anikwe nguThixo angenakunikwa okanye awasuswe ngurhulumente.