Ukuqonda Ukungalawuleki Kwinkqubo Yomthetho

Ukusekwa komthetho kwenza isiseko solawulo lwangoku, kunye nezakhiwo ezimbalwa ezibumba umthetho ngokunzulu kune-badaralism. Le nkqubo, apho indlu yowiso-mthetho yahlulwe yangamagumbi amabini, yenzelwe ukulinganisa umelo, ukuqwalasela umthetho, nokuqinisekisa ukuba amabinzana amaninzi avalwe ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uhambe ngokukhawuleza. Kubafundi benzululwazi yezopolitiko, inkcubeko, kunye nembali, ukuthatha ii-intrications zenkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwinkqubo ye-bidamaral kwinkqubo enika uluvo olubalulekileyo kwindlela esetyenziswa ngayo idemocraliyo, indlela eyahlulwa ngayo, nendlela eminye imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo, nesizathu sokuba ithathe iminyaka emininzi idlule xa abanye behamba ngokukhawuleza. Oku kuhlola imvelaphi, izakhiwo, kunye nenkqubo elandela inkqubo yokufumana ii-byragedss, ihlola iinzuzo zayo kunye neengxaki zehlabathi, kwaye kunika imizekelo yobomi.

Yintoni Imfundiso Yokungalandeli Unqulo?

I-Badallerism ibhekiselele kwiqumrhu lowiso-mthetho elinamagumbi amabini ahlukeneyo okanye izindlu. Igama elifumaneka kwisiLatini bi [2] kunye imadrara[. Injongo esisiseko yale sakhiwo sibini kukunikezela iitsheki kunye nomlinganiselo ngaphakathi kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ngokwayo, ukunqanda umzimba omnye ukuba ungaqhubi okanye ungaqwayiyi. Ngokufuna ukuba umthetho ocetyikisiweyo udlule zombini iigumbi, ngokufuthi phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukileyo okanye umele ii-comsmenti, imikhosi yenkqubo inikezela kwaye yandisa isiseko semvumelo.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yokungalawuleki

Ingcamango yendlu yowiso-mthetho eneziko lamandulo, kodwa indlela yayo yale mihla ibuyele kwiPalamente yaseBritane. IPalamente yamaNgesi yaguquka ngenkulungwane ye 13 neyeshumi elinesine yaba liqumrhu le-bimeral: iNdlu yamaQela (ekhethwe ngabantu abaqhelekileyo) neNdlu yamaLords (eqeqeshiweyo yabaphathi abaphezulu nabefundisi). Le mfaniso yasetyenziswa yaza yalungelelaniswa namazwe amaninzi. Umzekelo, iUnited States, yaseka iBhameral Congressments ngo179 (enziwe ngumthetho omkhulu nomganyana), kunye neNdlukwano zabameli abasekelwe kwiNdlunds ezisekelwe kuluntu kunye neNxandumiso nganye enika umelo olulinganayo. Ukulalanisa okufanayo kwayaseKhanada, e-Australia, nase-Indiya.

Kutheni Zimbini Iicandelo?

Zininzi izinto ezibangela ukuba i-baobaralism:

  • Ulwamkelo lwezilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo. Elinye igumbi limele umlinganiselo wabemi (indlu esezantsi), ngelixa enye imela iindawo, amaphondo, okanye iiklasi ("indlu ephezulu"). Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba uninzi luza kuqwalaselwa kwaye imbono encinane okanye yengingqi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukusetyenziswa nokuhlolisiswa. Ngamagumbi amabini, umthetho uthatha uhlolo oluphindiweyo, unciphisa ubungozi bemithetho engekho semthethweni okanye yokudibanisa i-Roced okanye i-vFoults ityibilika ngaphandle kwengxoxo efanelekileyo.
  • Izixhobo kunye nomlinganiselo. I-Bababralism isasaza amandla owiso-mthetho, iyenza ibe nzima kakhulu nakweyiphi na intlangano ukuba ilawule. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente apho indlu ephezulu ikhusela amalungelo olawulo.
  • Ukhuseleko kwingcinezelo yoninzi. ngokufuna imvume ezimeleyo kuzo zombini iigumbi, inkqubo ingazilinda kumlinganiselo ongxamayo wokukhupha isandi esinokuthi siphazamise amalungelo amancinane.

Imizekelo Yamagunya Asebukhosini Ehlabathini Lonke

Ngelixesha imodeli ye-bimadral ixhaphakile, indlela yayo ecacileyo iyahluka kakhulu ngokwelizwe. Nantsi imizekelo ebalulekileyo ebonisa umgama wezinto ezinokwenzeka:

IBhunga laseUnited States

IBhunga le-U.S. linye lamaqumrhu e-baobaral adumileyo. Indlu yabameli inamalungu angama-435, ngalinye elinyulwe ukuba libe ligama leminyaka emibini elisuka kwisithili esabiwe ngabantu. IBhunga linamalungu ali-100 (kurhulumente ngamnye) anyulwe ngeminyaka emithandathu, kunye nesithathu sonyulo nyaka ngamnye. Indlu yeBhunga inamagunya akhethekileyo, kuquka ukudityaniswa nokuqinisekiswa kombutho womongameli, ngoxa amatyala ehlawulwa ekufuneka eqaliswe kwiNdlu.

IPalamente yoBukumkani eManyeneyo

IPalamente ye-UK ineNdlu yamaQumrhu (ama-650 anyuliweyo) neNdlu yamalungu eLords (malunga nama-80, uninzi lwamalungu ontanga abamiselweyo, oontanga abathile abafumana ilifa, kunye noobhishopu). IZiko ligumbi elilawulayo, linamandla okuvumela umthetho norhulumente. INkosi isebenza njengegumbi lokulungisa, iphanda iindleko nokucebisa ukupheliswa, kodwa amandla ayo alinganiselwe yiPalamente IZenzo, evumela amaPhondo ukuba alawule umthetho kunye norhulumente emva kokulibala.

Ibhende yomkhosi waseJamani kunye neBoundesrat

Inkqubo ye-bimeral yaseJamani yenzelwe ukujikeleze isakhiwo sayo sorhulumente. IBoundestag (indlu esezantsi) inyulwa ngqo ngurhulumente kwaye liqumrhu eliyintloko lowiso-mthetho. IBundesrat (indlu ephezulu) imele amaphondo ali-16 ( Länder) kwaye amalungu ayo angabathunywa abatyunjwe ngurhulumente. UBundesrat kufuneka avumele umthetho ochaphazela amagunya okanye izimali, anika amaphondo ilizwi elingqalileyo kwimithetho yesizwe.

IPalamente yaseIndiya

Ipalamente yaseIndiya ineLok Sabhaha (Indlu Yabantu) kunye neRaja Sabhaha (Indawo yaMazwe). ULok Sabha unyulwa ngqo ngokweentetho zeminyaka emihlanu ukusuka kwilungu elinye loonontlaloshe, lo gama uRajiya Sabha unyulwa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe ngokweemfuno ezineminyaka emithandathu. ULokhabha ubamba amandla angakumbi, njengoko elawula urhulumente kunye noqingqo lwemali, kodwa iRajiya Sabra ingazilibazisa izijungqu zemali engeyo yomnikelo kwaye ibonelela umelo lwamazwe.

Eminye Imizekelo Ephawulekayo

  • Canada:[ Ipalamente inendlu enyuliweyo yamaQela kunye neNdlu yeeNtsimi (abaphathi abanyulwe yirhuluneli jikelele kwicebiso lomphathi-mikhosi), kunye neQumrhu eliphethe igunya lomthetho.
  • Ipalamente yeFetika iquka iNdlu yabameli (ebekhethwe) kunye neNdlu yeNtsimbi (ekhethwe ngokulinganayo, nombuso ngamnye onomelo olulinganayo). IBhunga liyakwazi ukuvala okanye ukulungisa zonke iindleko, linika amandla amakhulu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Fransa: INdibano yesiZwe (enyulwe ngokungqalileyo) kunye neNtlanganiso (enyulwe ngokungqalileyo ngamagosa asekuhlaleni) zombini zithatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni umthetho, nangona iNdibano inegama lokugqibela xa kungavisisani.
  • I- yeyeSizwe iquka iNdlu yabameli neNdlu yamaBhunga, neNdlu yabameli iphethe amagunya aphakamileyo, kuquka ukubeka elinye igumbi kwimicimbi yoqingqo-mali nezivumelwano.

Isakhiwo Semithetho Engaphucukanga

Ukuqonda indlela igumbi ngalinye elenziwe ngayo nendima yalo eyahlukileyo kubalulekile ekulandeleni inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ezi zindlu zimbini ziphantse zisoloko zingafani ngobukhulu, indlela yokukhetha, ubude begama, namandla akhethekileyo.

Indlu Esezantsi (Indlu yabameli, Indlu YamaQumrhu, IBoundstag, ILok Sabhaha)

Indlu esezantsi inkulu kwaye ingummeli othe ngqo wabavoti. Amalungu ayo adla ngokunyulwa ukuze afumane amagama amafutshane, nto leyo ewenza aphendule ngakumbi kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. Iimpawu ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • unyulo ngevoti ethandwayo. Amalungu endlu asezantsi anyulwa ukusuka kwisithili esinye okanye ngokwenkqubo yomelo olulungelelanisiweyo.
  • Indima yokuqala ekuqaliseni amatyala emali. Ngenxa yokuba irhafu nokuchitha kuchaphazela uwonke-wonke ngqo, inkoliso yemithetho-siseko ifuna umthetho onjalo ukuba uqalise kwindlu esezantsi.
  • Ukuzithethelela nokunikezela. Kwinkqubo zepalamente (njenge-UK, Canada, Indiya), indlu esezantsi imisela ukusinda kukarhulumente. Ikhabhathi kufuneka ilawule uninzi kwindlu esezantsi.
  • Amagama angundoqo. amagama ohlobo asuka kwiminyaka emibini ukuya kwemihlanu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba uxanduva lwetyala lonyulo luthe rhoqo.

Indlu Ephezulu (ISanhet, Indlu Yamabhongo, IBundesrat, IRaje Sabha)

Indlu ephezulu idla ngokuba ncinci kwaye yenzelwe ukulungiselela uzinzo, ukulungiselela umelo lwengingqi, okanye uhlalutyo lobugcisa. Amalungu ayo asenokunyulwa ngokungangqalanga, amiselwe, okanye azuzwé njengelifa iindawo zawo. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • Amanani akhawulezileyo okanye unyulo olusindileyo. Ii-Alarm okanye iinkosi zisoloko zisebenzisa amagama amade (iminyaka emithandathu ukuya kwesithoba) okanye zishukunyiswe zijikeleza ezikhusela igumbi kwimijikelo yezobupolitika yexesha elifutshane.
  • Umelo lwengingqi okanye lwesizwe. Kwinkqubo zorhulumente, urhulumente ngamnye okanye ummandla ngamnye ufumana umelo olulinganayo okanye olulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba abemi (umz., iCampte yase-U.S.).
  • ulwahlulo kunye nolibaziseko lwamandla. Izindlu eziphezulu zisoloko zihlola kwaye zigqibe amatyala adluliswa kwindlu esezantsi, kodwa zisenokungabinawo amandla okuqalisa amatyala emali. Ubuchule bazo bokuvala umthetho buyehluka ngokubanzi.
  • Imisebenzi ekhethekileyo. Ezinye izindlu eziphezulu zinendima ezikhethekileyo, ezifana nezivumelwano zokuvuma, ukuqinisekisa ukubekwa kwequmrhu eliphetheyo, okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiimvavanyo zokungacebisi.

Inkqubo yoMthetho kwinkqubo ye-Badamaral: Inyathelo Ngenyathelo

Ngeli xesha ilizwe ngalinye linemithetho yalo eneenkcukacha, indlela jikelele ityala lilandela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bamaral iyavumelana ngokuphawulekayo. Le nkqubo ivumela amathuba amaninzi engxoxo, ukulungisa, nokuqwalasela kwakhona, ukunceda ukuvelisa imithetho eyenziwe ngobunono. Ngeli ngezantsi kulandelelana okuqhelekileyo, kusetyenziswa iBhunga loMkhosi we-U.S. njengomzekelo oyintloko kodwa kuqwalaselwe umahluko.

Inyathelo 1: Ukwazisa Ngebhili

Naliphi na ilungu legumbi elingazisa ityala lemali, nangona ingeniso okanye irhafu yerhafu idla ngokuvela kwindlu esezantsi. Imali inikwa inani kwaye inikwe isiqu, emva koko ibhekisa kwikomiti efanelekileyo. Kwinkqubo yepalamente, uninzi lomthetho usungulwa ngurhulumente (ikhabhathi), kunye namalungu azimeleyo afumana imali enqabileyo.

Inyathelo lesi-2: Impinda yeKomiti

IiKomiti ngamahashe asebenzayo enkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ikomiti nganye ijongene nobume benkqubo (umz., ukulima, ukuchonga, impilo). Ikomiti ihlolisisa ityala, izivalo neengcaciso kunye nabagcini-matyala, kwaye ingaba "nophawu" (okuphela) umbhalo. Kwi-U.S., intelekelelo-mali eninzi ifa kwiikomiti.

  • [[UMTL:0] Iikomiti ezimisayo: iindawo zolawulo ezisisigxina eziphatha imimandla ethile yesihloko.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Khetha iikomiti: Iikomiti zexeshana zenzelwe injongo ethile, efana nokuphanda ngembambano.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iikomiti zeMathiriyeli:[ Ekhiwe ngamalungu asuka kuzo zombini iigumbi, ngokufuthi ukwenzela uphando okanye uphando (umz., iKomiti eManyeneyo yoMthendeleko).

Emva kwesenzo sekomiti, ityala lixelwa kwakhona kwigumbi elipheleleyo ngengcebiso (indlela, i-ante, okanye ukugatya). Ingxelo yekomiti ichaza injongo yemali kunye nazo naziphi na iinguqu ezenziweyo.

Inyathelo 3: Impikiswano ehambayo NeziHlomelo

Xa ithe yaxelwa, ityala libekwa kwikhalenda yegumbi. Ukhokelo (umz. iNkokeli Yomlomo okanye iMajor Monity) lucwangcisa ukuqwalaselwa kwayo ngokweenkqubo zomgangatho. Imithetho yengxoxo iyahluka phakathi kwamagumbi. Kwindlu yabameli yase-U.S. ingxoxo isoloko ilawulwa ngokuqinileyo yiKomiti yemithetho, emisela imida kunye neentlobo zokulungisa izithuba ezivumelekileyo. KwiNdlukwano, impikiswano ivulekile kakhulu; abaquququzeli bangathetha ixesha elide njengoko befuna, kwaye i-Relibbuster (ingxoxo elindelekileyo) inokuba nolibazisa ukuvota ngaphandle kokuba i-Rhoverse (upymaorties of 60 covers) iyacelwa. Kwindlu ye-UK Houses Comma, uLawulo lwengxoxo, kunye nengxoxo ephakathi kolawulo lomgangatho.

Inyathelo lesi - 4: Ukuthetha Ngelitye

Emva kokuqukumbela, amavoti egumbi elisemgceni, adla ngokufuna uninzi olulula (iipesenti dibanisa enye) ukuze ludlule. Amanye amanyathelo, afana nokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko okanye ukusetyenziswa kweveto, angafuna ii-3-3 okanye isithathu-ftial somnitor. Kwindlu yase-U.S., uvote lusoloko luqhutywa nge-electornet; kwiBharha, lunokuba lilizwi levota okanye umqulu. Ukuba intengiso iyasilela, ifile ngenxa yeso seshoni. Ukuba idlula, ngu "i-engross" (ishicilelwe njengoguqulelo lokugqibela) kwaye ithunyelwe kwenye igumbi.

Inyathelo 5: Ucalulo lwecandelo lesibini

Enye iphinda yonke inkqubo: ibhekisa kwikomiti, iindlebe, ukunyusa, ingxoxo yomgangatho, ukulungisa, kunye nokuvota. Le gumbi lingadlula kanye njengoko lifunyenweyo, liyidlulise ngokulungisa, okanye ligatye. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, indlu ephezulu isoloko inexesha elilinganiselweyo lokusebenza okanye amandla ancitshisiweyo eveto. Umzekelo, iUK House of Lords ayinakuwuvala umgaqo osisigxina; inokulibazisa nje unyaka omnye phantsi kwePalamente IZenzo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iNxantathu yendlu yasebukhosini inokubulala isibambiso ngokuchasa.

Inyathelo 6: Ukulungisa ukungavisisani: IiKomiti zeNgqungquthela

Ukuba amagumbi amabini adlulisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, ikomiti yenkomfa isekwa ukuze ixolelanise umahluko. Le komiti inenani elincinane lamalungu (amaqabane) kwigumbi ngalinye, ngokuqhelekileyo ekhethwe bukhokelo. Axubusha inguqulelo elalanisayo, eyaziwa njenge "ingxelo yemvume." Zombini iigumbi kufuneka zivote kwingxelo yenkomfa enye, apho utshintsho oluthe ngqo lwenkomfa luvumelekile. Ukuba igumbi lokulungisa liyala, ityala lingabuyela kwingquthela okanye life. Kumazwe amaninzi (kuquka i-UK ne-Jamani), inkqubo "impepho-entaka" isetyenziswa endaweni yoko, apho isibhengezo sesivumelwano sithunyelwa khona naphakathi kwezithuba de kufikelelwe, ngaphandle kwengqungqungquthelane.

Inyathelo 7: Ukunconywa kwegunya

Xa umbhalo ofanayo udlule kuwo omabini amagumbi, ityala libizwa ngokuba "liqengqeleki" kwaye linikelwe kumphathi-mikhosi (umongameli, i-monarch, okanye irhuluneli-jineli). Iinketho zegunya eliphetheyo ziyahluka ngokwelizwe:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Sisayina kumthetho. Imali iba sisenzo sepalamente.
  • Ukuyivosa. Kwi U.S., umongameli angayibuyisela kwimali, eyibuyisela kwiBhunga. Abaninzi abalishumi elinesithathu kuzo zombini iigumbi bangawugqitha u-veto. Kumanye amazwe (umz. India), umongameli angabuyisela incwadi yemali yokuqwalasela, kodwa umshwankathela olandelayo ufuna imvumelo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ivumele ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo. Kwezinye iinkqubo (umz., U.S.), ukuba umongameli akathathi nyathelo iintsuku ezilishumi ngexesha iBhunga lisesesehlo, ityala liba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo.
  • Pocket vento. Ukuba iiKhomyutha ziyangqubana ngexesha leentsuku ezilishumi, ukungathathi nxaxheba komongameli kubulala uxanduva.

Emva kokuba imvume yabalawuli (okanye iphelile), umthetho uyapapashwa ngokusemthethweni, usebenze kumhla ochazwe kumalungiselelo awo.

Ukubaluleka KobuGcisa Bedemocratic Government

I-Bidameralism asiyonto nje ebangela umdla wendalo; inempembelelo enkulu kubunjani nokufaneleka komthetho. Abakhuseli benkqubo balatha kwiinzuzo eziliqela:

Ukhuthuzo noMkhuphiswano

Kuba ityala kufuneka lisebenzise iikomiti ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, iingxoxo, kunye neevoti, lifumana uvavanyo olucokisekileyo kunaleyo ibiyakwenziwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho engangeni manzi. Oku kunciphisa iimpazamo, kufumana iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga, kwaye kunyanzelela abenzi bomthetho ukuba bacoce izicelo zabo.

Umelo lwemidlalo eyahlukeneyo

Izindlu ezisezantsi zidla ngokubonakalisa ukuthanda okuthandwayo, ngelixesha izindlu eziphezulu zidla ngokuthetha kwimimandla, amazwe, okanye amaqela amancinane. Oku kumela okubini kuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho awusebenzi nje kweyona mimandla ininzi ngokulahlekelwa ngabanye. Umzekelo, kwiNdlu yeeNkulumbuso yase-U.S., amaphondo amancinane njengoWyoming anamandla okuvota alinganayo kumaphondo amakhulu anjengeKhalifoniya, awakhuselayo angaphazanyiswa.

Ukumanyana Nokukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Amancinane

Ngokufuna amatyala amakhulu ngenxa yezenzo ezithile (umz., ukudityaniswa kwesivumelwano, ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko) okanye ngokunika indlu ephezulu amandla alibazisayo, iinkqubo ze-bidamaral zenza kube nzima kakhulu kwiinkalo ezinkulu zokwexeshana ukumisela iinguqu eziphazamisa amalungelo amancinane. Olu manyano lubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwibutho labantu ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Ukhuthazo LwaseBipartisan Lokulalanisa

Xa amaqela awahlukeneyo elawula amagumbi ahlukeneyo, umthetho ungadlula kuphela ngengxoxo nentsebenziswano. Kwanaxa iqela elinye lilawula zombini izindlu, ukwahluka kwangaphakathi phakathi kwamagumbi (umz., iNdlu etyhalela imilinganiselo engakumbi yepopulist ngoxa iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ingumntu oweyisa inkathalo) idla ngokunyanzelisa ulalaniso. Oku kunokukhokelela kwimigaqo elungelelene ngakumbi.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa KobuGqwebedu

Phezu kwako nje ukuqina kwayo, i - bidraralism ayiyongxaki. Abahlalutyi bathi le nkqubo inokuba nesantya, ingancedi nto yaye inokuba buthathaka ngakumbi, ingakumbi xa ikwimeko engafaniyo.

Umqulu othe ngqo we Grid

Xa amagumbi amabini elawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo okanye eneembono ezahlukileyo, umthetho omncinane ungadlula. EUnited States, umzekelo, ukudityaniswa kweNdlu yeQela yeNdlu yeNdlu ePhakamileyo neNdlu yeNdlu yeMalanga ePhakamileyo kunye neNdlu elawulwa ngokungqongqo ikhokelela ekuzinziseni urhulumente rhoqo kunye nezixhobo ezibalulekileyo zemali-maphepha. Kwanaxa umlomo unenkxaso kawonke-wonke, imfuneko yokudlula okufanayo kuwo omabini amagumbi yenza iincam ezininzi zeveto.

Umelo oluguquguqukayo

Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, umelo lwendlu ephezulu alulingani ngabom ekuthandeni amazwe amancinci okanye imimandla. Ngoxa oku kukhusela le mimandla, kungakhokelela kwiimeko apho iqaqobana labemi besizwe lingathintela ukuthanda koninzi. Ngokomzekelo, iNdlu yeeNgwevu yase-U.S., imela malunga nama-20% abemi kwii-senethi ezingamashumi amahlanu ezincinane, ukanti bangawubeka umthetho we-vebibuster.

Ixesha Nexabiso

Inkqubo ye-bimateral ifuna ixesha elininzi, abasebenzi, kunye nezinto kunenkqubo ye-uncameral. IiBhili kufuneka zifunyaniswe kumagumbi amabini, iingqungquthela kufuneka zicwangciswe, kwaye imigudu yokubhenela kufuneka ijoliswe kwixhoba eliphindwe kabini kunabenzi-mthetho abaninzi. Oku kusenokudinisa kwaye kulibazise umthetho ongxamisekileyo.

Umngcipheko Wokusetyenziswa Kweziko

Asizinkqubo ze-bimadral ezilinganayo. Kwinkqubo ezininzi zepalamente (umz., i-UK, Canada), indlu esezantsi ibamba phantse wonke amandla, kwaye indlu ephezulu ingalibaziseka, hayi imiqobo, umthetho. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi oku kwenza inkqubo ibe yi-i-inimaral, inciphisa iitsheki ezicetyiweyo kunye nolungelelwano. Ngokwahlukileyo, xa indlu ephezulu inamandla kakhulu (njengoko ezinye iimpikiswano ze-U.S. Caten), ingathintela utshintsho olufunekayo.

Iinkqubo zokuthelekisa i-bimeral kunye nezinganyusiyo

Ukuqonda i-bidadralism kukwafuna ukuvuma enye indlela: i-un-gallers, apho igumbi elinye liphethe lonke igunya lemithetho. Iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho ezingezomthetho zixhaphakile kumazwe amancinci okanye afanayo (umz., iDenmark, iNew Zealand, iSweden) nakumazwe amaninzi e-U.S. (iNbraska kuphela urhulumente onendawo yowisomthetho we-Unival-aral). Abaxhasi be-Unigarality baphikisa ukuba isebenza kakuhle, icace, kwaye ityala ngenxa yokuba abavoti bayazi kakuhle ukuba ngubani obeke ityala lomthetho. Kukho iingongoma ezincinci, ngoko ke, abagxeki-mthetho baphikisa ukuba ngaphandle kwegumbi lesibini, umthetho uzakukhawuleziswa, ukuphathwa kakubi, okanye ulawulo lwento enye.

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Ukuyiqonda Inkqubo Yomthetho

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwinkqubo ye-bidamaral yenzelwe ukuba ibe yeyomgaqo-nkqubo, inika amathuba amaninzi okungeniswa, uhlolo, kunye nokuhlaziywa. Kunokuba ibe ngumqobo nje onegunya, esi sakhiwo sibonakalisa ukhetho lwamabhongo lokuxabisa ukuma komelo, ucalucalulo, nokulalanisa ngesantya kunye nokulula. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda indlela amatyala aba ngumthetho ngayo, iikomiti zengqungquthela, iikomiti zengqungquthela, kunye nesenzo solawulo lwequmrhurhu, , `iiiademo-mente',' kunye nesmeaaaas' sokulawula, ```iiiiiiiiinjini''',' kunye nesenzo solawulo lwe-Rhulumente', ukuqaphela indima esebenzayo yokusetyenziswa kolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ibonisa indlela ezilungiswa ngayo ngokukhawuleza, nendlela ezisetyenziswa ngabantu abasebenza ngayo, kwaye zixhomekeke kwimithetho yemithetho. Ukuba uklawulo lukawonke-U.

Ukuhambela phambili kokuhlola, abafundi bangakhangela ulawulo olusemthethweni olunjengoluthi .Gov kugcino zincwadi lwemithetho, isikhokelo sePalamente sokwenza umthetho [[FLT:], kunye [[FLT:] nenkcazo yeJamani yenkqubo yowiso-mthetho [[FLT]. Ukujongana, uluvo olululo, Eclopedia Brank Brank [[FLT]], kunye nolubonelo olusuka kwi Biblicratic [[FLT:]] lunika uluvo olukhoyo lolwazi, ngelixa olungundoqo [[FLT] lolwazi olukhoyo]