Isiseko somGaqo-siseko kunye nenjongo yokwakha

ISebe loMgaqo-siseko, elimiselwe phantsi kweGatya I loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, liqashelwa njengesebe lokuqala likarhulumente − linyulwe ngabom yiFrames ukuqinisekisa ukuba ilizwi labantu liza kuba ngumqhubi oyintloko wenkqubo yesizwe. Amagama okuqala omGaqo-siseko, "Onke Amandla emithetho ewiso-mthetho apha agunyaweyo aya kubekwa phantsi kweKhomishini yeUnited States," aseka isiseko esicacileyo: eli sebe liphethe amandla okubhala imithetho elawula uhlanga. Noko ke, isakhiwo salo siya kuba sikude. Inkqubo yeBhayibhiyaral, emiswe yiNdlukwano yabameli neNtlanga, ivela ekulahlweni kwe-1787, ukulingana kwezilangazelelo-Anqithiweyo zamazwe amakhulu namancinane. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba umthetho omele uhlale usuka kwimibutho emibini, ngokomlinganiselo ohlukene, neembopheleleko ezikhethekileyo, neembopheleleko ezikhethekileyo.

Indlu yabameli, kunye namagama ayo eminyaka emibini, yayiyilelwe ukuba ihlale isabela ngqo kwiimbono eziguqukayo zonyulo. IBhunga, kunye nemithetho yalo yeminyaka emithandathu, yayinenjongo yokunika uzinzo kunye noluqikelelo olude, esebenza njengovavanyo lwezilangazelelo zosuku. Le siseko sidala uxinezeleko lwesiqu sesebe ngokwalo, `ingxaki ekhuthaza ingxoxo, inkcubeko, kunye nokulala. Ukuqonda le misebenzi yeGenestive Brants Brants ibalulekile, ngenxa yokuba isebenza ngaphaya nje kokudlula kwezijungqeko; iquka ukumela izilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo, ukulawula imali zikawonke, ukuphatha urhulumente, kunye nokulungisa i-judiary kwinkqubo yokuqinisekisa.

Imisebenzi yekhorali yesebe loMthetho

Ngeli xesha ukwenza umthetho kusebenza kakhulu, iSebe loMgaqo lisebenza ngapha nangapha kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo echaza indima yalo ekulawuleni. Umsebenzi ngamnye unxulumene nezinye ukugcina inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulinganisa okubonwa kwangaphambili ngabalawuli.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Umelo ngumsebenzi osisiseko welungu ngalinye leBhunga. Izicaka zimela lonke iphondo lazo, ngelixa amalungu endlu emela izithili ezithile zombutho. Olu melo ludlula nje ekuvoteni umthetho. Amalungu eKhompathimente nabasebenzi bawo basingatha amawaka ezicelo nyaka ngamnye, ezisuka ekuncedeni inkxaso ekhuselekileyo ekuncedeni ishishini elincinane elinomba wokufumana urhulumente. Lo msebenzi [[FLT:] usisicathulo ngumsebenzi osisinxulumanisiso esithe ngqo phakathi kommi ngamnye norhulumente worhulumente.

Indima yommeli idityanisiwe. Abameli kufuneka balungelelanise izilangazelelo zesithili sabo okanye urhulumente kunye neemfuno ezibanzi zohlanga. Baneentlanganiso ze-holo yedolophu, bahlole abameli babo, kwaye basebenzise iindawo zeekomiti zabo ukuxhasa imisebenzi yobulali kunye nenkxaso-mali. Uxinezeleko phakathi kokuba ludityanisiwe [ [umsebenzi] (ukwenza ngokweminqweno ye-mastelects) kunye nomahluko wesizwe, nomgangatho wesizwe, nowendlela yomthetho.

Amandla Okuthenga: Ulawulo Lwemali Nolawulo Loqingqo-mali

Elinye lawona mandla abalulekileyo eMgaqo-siseko weSebe leMithetho linegunya elipheleleyo leendleko zikarhulumente, elidla ngokubizwa ngokuba liGunya lePutse. Icandelo I, Icandelo 9, lichaza ukuba "Akukho mali iya kuthathwa kuMphathi, kodwa kwiConparayo of Appropplications ezenziwe nguMthetho" Eli gunya linika ulawulo lweBhunga ngaphezu kwemali echithwa ngurhulumente. Le nkqubo iqala ngoMongameli unika isicelo soqingqo-mali, kodwa yiKhonklathi ethetha okokugqibele.

Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali kunye nenkqubo yemigaqo-nkqubo ibandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi angundoqo kunye nabadlali. I-ofisi yoHlahlo loHlahlo-mali ePhakathi inika uhlalutyo oluzimeleyo lwezicelo zoqingqo-mali kunye nezixeko zezoqoqosho. IiKomiti zeNdlu kunye neNdlu yoHlalo-mali zimisela amaqondo okuchithwa jikelele ngokwesigqibo soqingqo lwabiwo loqingqo-mali. Ngoko, iiKomiti ze-Appropriation kumacala ohlalo omabini, nganye ityala ummandla othile karhulumente, njengokhuselo, ubugcisa, okanye ezothutho. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuva okubanzi, iintlanganiso zogcino, kunye neevotilo.

Ukungaphumeleli ukugqithisa amatyala okunikezela ngomqathango kulawulo lukarhulumente, ukumisa imisebenzi yamasebe karhulumente kunye nokuchaphazela izigidi zamaMelika. Ukusetyenziswa kwezigqibo [[FLT: 0] eziqinisayo [ ukugcina urhulumente exhaswayo kwimigangatho ekhoyo kuyinto eqhelekileyo, ukubonakalisa ubunzima bokufikelela ekusebenziseni iimfuno eziphambili kwixesha elide. Eli gunya linika uMthetho wesebe elikhulu, unyanzelisa amagosa athethelela iinkqubo neenkcitho zawo rhoqo.

Ukulawula nophando: Ukuphendula Umlawuli

ISebe loMgaqo-siseko linomsebenzi womgaqo-siseko wokujonga ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho ngeSebe eliLawulayo. Lo msebenzi wokujonga ulawulo lilungu elibalulekileyo lenkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ngokuchonga kweekomiti, uphando, neengxelo, iBhunga lihlola ukusebenza kweenkqubo zikarhulumente, lichonga inkunkuma kunye nobuqhetseba, liqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa njengoko kucetyiwe.

Iikomiti zeBhunga elizimeleyo, ingakumbi iikomiti eziphethe amagunya phezu kolawulo oluthile, ziphethe ukuvalwa kwetyala apho amagosa esebe aphetheyo angqinela phantsi kwesifungo. I-ofisi ye-Akhawunti yeBhunga, isebe elizimeleyo, elingathathi-nxaxheba elisebenza kwiBhunga, iqhuba iingxelo zophicotho-zincwadi kunye nophando olunika iinjongo kwimisebenzi karhulumente. Amandla okukhupha ityala lokunyanzela ubungqina kunye nemveliso yamaxwebhu sisixhobo esingundoqo sokuqhuba ukhokelo olucokisekileyo.

Uhlobo olupheleleyo lobuveleli ngamandla okungaqeqeshi. Indlu yabameli inamandla okungawachasi amagosa aseburhulumenteni, kuquka uMongameli, "ngomdla, okanye ngeMicimbi ePhakamileyo kunye namanye amatyala aphezulu kunye nabaPhathi-mthetho." IBhunga liqhuba ityala ngoko ukugqiba enoba ukubanjwa nokususwa kwegosa. Le nkqubo ibonisa ukuba igunya elibalulekileyo iSebe leMithetho libambe ihambo yabalawuli nabaphathi bezahlulelo.

Icebiso Nemvume: Ukubhukuqa ukhokelo Olunolawulo Oluphezulu

IBhunga leNtlanganiso lenza uvavanyo olukhethekileyo kumandla obungamongameli ngeSiluleko sayo nangendima yayo. Phantsi kweCandelo II, iCandelo 2, uMongameli angamisela oonozakuzaku, abagwebi bephondo, kuquka amaJaji eNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye namagosa eKhabhinethi kuphela "ngeSiluleko neSivumelo seNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso". Lo msebenzi ufuna uvotelo olulula ukuqinisekisa uninzi lwabalawuli, nangona kufuneka ubuchule obugqithisileyo kwizivumelwano ze-rayftive.

Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ibandakanya ukuhlolisiswa okunzulu yiKomiti yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu (ooonongendi abagwebi) okanye ikomiti efanelekileyo yamasebe alawulayo. Ikomiti ibamba iindlebe apho abasemagunyeni bajongene neemfuno ezineenkcukacha ngemfaneleko zabo, intanda-bulumko, nengxelo. Ikomiti ngoko ivota ukuba ingathumela kusini na iBhunga elipheleleyo ukuba livote.

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, icebiso kunye nenkqubo yokuvuma iye yanempikiswano engakumbi. Ukusetyenziswa kwe kuthintela uthotho lwemithetho olubalulekileyo olukhokelela kutshintsho lweprocedification, kuquka "ukhetho lwenyukliya" ngo-2013 kwinkundla esezantsi kunye nolokungavumelani nenkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, ehlisa umda wokuphelisa impikiswano ukusuka kuma-60 amavoti ukuya kuninzi olulula. Le ndaleko ibonisa indlela imithetho yangaphakathi yeGagislative Bat enokuthi iwaphembele ngayo amandla ayo okuhlola amanye amasebe. Amandla okuqinisekisa okanye ukungagatyeli okanye ukugatya okanye ukuqinisekisa okungagunyazi kuqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli wenkundla yesizwe okanye umbutho wesebe ngaphandle kwegalelo-gcisa.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Ibhayisekile YoMthetho

Inkqubo yokuguqula ingcamango ibe ngumthetho intsonkothileyo ngabom kwaye idibanisa ixesha. Le ngxaki ayiyongozi; yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uqwalaselwa kakuhle kwaye nawuphi na umthetho odlulisiweyo ubonisa ungqinelano olubanzi. Conrever.

Igalelo lokwazisa neloMbutho

Naliphi na ilungu lendlu okanye iBhunga lingazisa ityala. Imali ibhekiswa kwikomiti emileyo efanelekileyo elawula umbandela wayo. Umzekelo, ityala elikwinkqubo yocoselelo lwempilo liza kuthunyelwa kwiiNdlela kunye neKomiti yoMathelo okanye iKomiti yaMandla nezorhwebo kwiNdlu. Eli komiti lingummandla apho uninzi lwemali yetyala ifa khona. Ngokucacileyo azize zisiwe kwikomiti ukuze kuvelwe okanye ivoti. Oku kusebenza njengenkqubo enzima yokukhulula, iqinisekisa ukuba eyona njongo ibalulekileyo nebalulekileyo nebalulekileyo yezorhwebo kuphela ihamba phambili.

IKomiti yokuphawula

Ukuba ikomiti igqiba kwelokuba ithathe inyathelo kwityala lemali, ibamba ukuchonga ulwazi kunye nobungqina obungochwepheshe. Emva kokuva, ikomiti ibamba intlanganiso yokurhweba, apho amalungu anokunikela iintengiso kwimali. Le komiti ngoko ivota ukuba ingawuthumela na umba wemali, njengolungiso-mthetho, kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Imali evotelwe ngaphandle kwekomiti ikhatshwa yingxelo yekomiti, echaza injongo yemali, amalungiselelo, kwaye ilindele iziphumo. Le ngxelo iba nguvimba obalulekileyo wegumbi lonke ngexesha lengxoxo.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

Xa ityala lifikelela kumgangatho, inkqubo iyahluka phakathi kweNdlu yeNdlu yeQela. Indlu isebenza phantsi kwemithetho engqongqo emiselwe yiKomiti yeMimiselo enamandla, elinganisela ixesha lengxoxo kunye nenani lezinto ezinokutshintshwa. Oku kwenza ukuba le ndlu ihambe ngokukhawuleza ngomthetho.

Indlu yeQela, ngokwahlukileyo, isebenza kakhulu yi ulu luvo oluvunyiweyo , ithetha ukuba nayiphi na i-isenator enye ingalathisa ukuya phambili, ngokunempumelelo okanye ilibazise ireji. Abalawuli bayakwazi ukundulula [ ubulubhabha[[FLT]], isebenzisa impikiswano eyongeziweyo ukunqanda ukuvota okanye umahluko wento ekhoyo. Ukuphelisa i-injini ye-injini, i-Catarder kufuneka itshate [[FLT:] i-, efuna ukuvota okukhuluyo kwe-60. Oku kwenza umahluko othelekelelwayo we-ecectal i-bugconfreators (iiequast) apho umntu ngamnye enegunya okanye i-ethene-mthetho.

IKomiti yeNgqungquthela neSekela loMongameli

Phambi kokuba irejista ibe ngumthetho, iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso kufuneka iyidlulise ngendlela efanayo. Ukuba bagqithisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, ikomiti enxulumeneyo yenziwa ngamalungu asuka kuzo zombini iigumbi zidityaniswe ukucombulula umahluko. Ikomiti yengqungquthela ivelisa utyikityo, ngoko kufuneka ivunyelwe ngoninzi kuzo zombini iNdluko neCandelo. Olu hlobo lguqulelo lokugqibela lubizwa ngokuba ngumthetho owenziwe kwaye luthunyelwa kuMongameli.

UMongameli uneentsuku ezilishumi zokusebenza kulo mthetho. UMongameli angawutyobela kumthetho, awurhoxise kwaye awubuyisele kwiKhomishini ephikisayo, okanye angathathi nyathelo. Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo xa ingqungquthela isekho kwintlanganiso, ityala liba ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino. Noko ke, ukuba iKhomishini idibanisa iintambo phambi kokuba iintsuku ezilishumi zidlule, lo mthetho ufa kwinkqubo eyaziwa njenge- i-pocreet to[. Ingqungquthela ingenza i-deveto ngomvoti omkhulu womongameli kunye nezimbini ezilishumi ezibonisa ukuvumelana okungaqhelekanga okufunekayo ukugqitha umthetho ngokuchasene noMongameli.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Nendima Etshintsha Iingqungquthela

Isebe loMthetho lijongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo kwixesha langoku. Ukuthatyathwa kwezithuba kwenza kwaba nzima ngakumbi ukufikelela uvumelana okufunekayo ukudlulisa umthetho omkhulu okanye ukuqinisekisa ii-mineines. Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zeprocedtural njenge-monicbuster kuvele ukusuka kubuchule obunqabileyo obusetyenziswayo ukuya kwisixhobo esisezantsi seqela elincinane, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimithetho yokulawula i-gridblock ngemicimbi yengxabano.

Olunye ucelomngeni olungundoqo lulwandiso lwezwe lolawulo. IBhunga linike abameli besebe igunya elibalulekileyo lokubhala imimiselo kunye nokumisa imithetho, umkhwa ophakamisa imibuzo ngokulungelelana kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nesebe eliphetheyo. Ukuphinda kuvuselelwe koMthetho [[FLT: 0]] weNjongo yeNkqutyana yeQumbu [ njengesixhobo sokubhukuqa imimiselo yezikomfa eqhubekayo ibonakalisa ukuzama ukugcina igunya lolawulo lokuphumeza inkqubo.

Ukongezelela, impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika iyaqhubeka iguqula ukuziphatha kweSebe leMithetho. Amalungu eKhontrakthi kufuneka achithe inxalenye ebalulekileyo yexesha lawo lokunyusa iminikelo yephulo lawo elilandelayo, elinokususa ingqalelo kumsebenzi wowiso-mthetho neenkonzo zesebe. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zemali yephulo zivule umnyango wokusebenzisa imali engekho mthethweni, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ulwalamano phakathi kwabameli nabemi abakhonzayo lube buthathaka.

Ukunyamezela Ukuphakanyiswa Kwesebe Lomthetho

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, iSebe loMgaqo-siseko lihlala liyilinchpin yedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Isakhiwo salo, esisekelwe kumGaqo-siseko, silungiselela isiseko sengxoxo, ukulalanisa, kunye nokumela okungenakuxelwa lisebe elinye. Amandla esingxowa semali, igunya lokuvelela isikhululo, kwaye imbopheleleko yokuqinisekisa okanye ukugatya ukumiswa komongameli iqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga lihlala lilisebe elilinganayo likarhulumente.

Impilo yeSebe loMthetho ixhomekeke kakhulu kubuchule bobumi obuthenjiweyo. Ukuqonda imisebenzi yeBhunga ."Ngaphandle kwesenzo esilula sokwenza umthetho(-"ibalulekile ukuze inxaxheba yoluntu luphumelele. Isebe lenzelwe ukuba lifikeleleke, liphendule, kwaye liphendule kubantu. Ubunkimbini balo, ukusuka kwinkqubo yekomiti ukuya kutsho kumntwana, buyinkqubo apho uhlanga oluhlukeneyo nolwandekileyo luzama ukuzilawula ngokwalo.

ISebe loMthetho lingaphezulu kunengqokelela yabenzi bomthetho. Yindibano emela abameli, i-fiscalog, iqumrhu eliphandayo, kunye nokuxilonga amandla olawulo. Imisebenzi yalo liliwa lenkqubo karhulumente waseMerika, iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ubonisa ukuthanda kwabantu nokuba abo baphumeza umthetho baphenduliswa. Ukuqhubana nomsebenzi weBhunga akungokulunga nje kodwa ngumthwalo wemfanelo wokuba ngummi kwi-Riphabliki esebenzayo.