Ukuqonda Isebe Eliphetheyo: Ukhokelo Olunengcebiso

Isebe elilawulayo limi njengenye yeentsika ezintathu zikarhulumente wase-United States, lisebenza ecaleni kwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nezomthetho ukuze ligcine ulungelelwano oluluqilima lwamandla olucetyiswa ngabaseki belizwe. Njengelona lungu libonakalayo nelinamandla likarhulumente, isebe eliphetheyo lichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMelika, ukusuka kukhuseleko lobuzwe kunye nolwalamano lwangaphandle ukuya kukhuseleko lwemekobume kunye nenkqubo yezoqoqosho. Ukuba ungumfundi ofunda ngentlalo, ummi omtsha ofuna ukuqonda urhulumente welizwe lakho owamkelekileyo, okanye nje umntu onomdla kwindlela amandla asebenza ngayo kwiRiphabliki yedemokhrasi, ukuphatha iziqalelo zesebe eliphetheyo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esebenzayo iMelika.

Embilinini, isebe elilawulayo lijongene nokusebenza, ukuphonononga, nokusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Eli sebe likhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States, lisebenzisa izigidi zabasebenzi besebe kumakhulu-khulu amasebe, lonke elisebenza ukuqhuba imisebenzi karhulumente yemini yonke. Ukusukela kwixesha ovuka ngalo uze uhlole ukuxelwa kwangaphambili kwemozulu okulungiselelwe yi-National Weather Service ukuya kukhuseleko oziva umkhosi ukhusela imida yohlanga, impembelelo yesebe eliphetheyo ichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla ngendlela ezicacileyo nezingaqondakaliyo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samandla alawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo lifumana igunya lalo kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, elimisela umongameli lize lichaze amagunya neembopheleleko zomphathi oyintloko. Abalahli bomGaqo-siseko, besele belwe imfazwe ukuphepha ubuzwilakhe bukaKumkani uGeorge III, babexhalabele kakhulu ukuyila isigqeba esinegunya esinamandla ngokwaneleyo ukulawula ngokunempumelelo kodwa sinyanzelwe ukuthintela ubuzwilakhe. Olu xinezelelelo lusentliziyweni yegunya elinegunya eliphakamileyo namhlanje.

I-Spectives yeMigaqo-siseko "igunya lokubulala" kuMongameli wase-United States, osebenza igama elineminyaka emine kwaye onokuthi aphinde akhethwe kanye, kubukhulu bamagama amabini. Lo mqathango wexesha elibini, omiselwe nguMphengululo wama-22 ngowe-1951, waba yimpendulo kuFranklin D. Roosevelt engazange ibonwe ngaphambili kwisigaba sesine sobungangamzi-mmi bendalo, ubuncinane iminyaka engama-35 ubudala, kwaye ebengummi wase-United States ubuncinane iminyaka eyi-14.

Ngapha koko, umGaqo-siseko unika uMongameli amandla aliqela akhethekileyo: ekhonza njengoMlawuli kwiNtloko yemikhosi exhobileyo, esenza izivumelwano namazwe asemzini (ngokuvunywa yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi), emisela abagwebi kunye namalungu eKhabhinethi (ngokuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeNtlanganiso), exolela nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembekileyo. La mandla adweliswe ngokwesiseko segunya lolawulo oluphezulu, nangona umgangatho kunye nokucaciswa kwamandla kamongameli kuqaleke ngokuphawulekayo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini zembali zaseMelika.

UMongameli: Ulawulo oluPhezulu neNtloko kaRhulumente

UMongameli we-United States unesikhundla esikhethekileyo kurhulumente waseMerika, esebenza ngexesha elinye njengentloko karhulumente, intloko karhulumente, kunye nomphathi-mikhosi kwintloko yomkhosi. Oku kugxininiswa kweendima kwahlula inkqubo yamaMelika kulawulo-lawulo-bulunga lwepalamente, apho le misebenzi idla ngokwahlulwa phakathi kwabantu abahlukeneyo okanye ii-ofisi.

Njengentloko karhulumente, uMongameli umela uhlanga lwemisebenzi yemithendeleko kwaye usebenza njengomqondiso ophilayo karhulumente waseMerika. Xa uMongameli ebulisa iindwalutho zasemzini, ekhanyisa uMthi weSizwe weKrismesi, okanye ethetha nohlanga ngexesha lamanqam, bayayifeza le ndima yomfuziselo. Njengentloko karhulumente, uMongameli ukhokela ucwangciso lwesebe eliphetheyo, umisela umthetho kwiBhunga, kwaye ulawula ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo zikarhulumente.

Imbopheleleko yemihla ngemihla kaMongameli iyamangalisa kubungakanani bayo kwaye iyantsonkotha. Ntsasa nganye iqala ngeDaily Brief kaMongameli, isishwankathelo sobuntlola esahlulwe luluntu olugquma amaqhinga kunye nenkqubela-phambili ehlabathini lonke. Kulo lonke usuku, uMongameli angadibana namalungu eKhabhinethi ukuze axubushe amanyathelo enkqubo, adibane neenkokeli zombutho malunga nomthetho omiselwe yingqungquthela, athethe neenkokeli zamazwe angaphandle malunga nemibandela yezizwe ngezizwe, atyikityanisa imiyalelo yegunya ekhokela ekhokelayo ekhokelayo ekhokelayo ekhokelayo ekhokelayo ekhokelayo ekhokelayo ekhokelayo elawulayo, kwaye enze izigqibo ezingenakubalwandoqokokubachaphazela izigidi zabantu.

Amandla Nemida Yomongameli

UMongameli usebenzisa amandla angakumbi, kodwa elo gunya likude kakhulu. Inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano iqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo alikwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle kokucela uncedo kwimicimbi ebalulekileyo. Xa uMongameli okanye uwiso-mthetho, eso senzo singangatshati ngevoti yesithathu kuzo zombini izindlu zeBhunga. Xa uMongameli engenazigwebo okanye amagosa eBhabhinethi, iBhunga kufuneka linikeze icebiso lalo kwaye livume. Xa uMongameli eququzelela izivumelwano, ezo zivumelwano zifuna ukuba iNdlundlwano zifune ukuquluzwa.

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo imela enye yezixhobo zoMongameli ezithe ngqo zokuzalisekisa inkqubo ngaphandle kwemvume yokuququzelela. Ezi zindululo kumaqumrhu alawulayo aphethe impembelelo yomthetho kodwa kufuneka zibekwe kwigunya lomgaqo-siseko okanye kwigqiza elivela kwiBhunga. Oomongameli baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo ukukhupha umkhosi, ukuseka amatye esizwe, ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zenkqubo zokufuduka, kunye nengxubusho engenakulinganiswa neminye imiba emininzi. Noko ke, imiyalelo yegunya le-ofisi yezo mithetho inokucelw'ilwa enkuphenelwa, okanye ipheliswe ngumthetho olandelayo owiswa yimithetho yequmrhu.

Indima kaMongameli njengoMphathi kwiNtloko inika igunya elibalulekileyo kumsebenzi womkhosi, kodwa kwanalo eli gunya linemida. Ngelixesha uMongameli ekwazi ukusebenzisa amajoni kunye nobuchule obungqalileyo bomkhosi, kuphela iNgqungquthela enegunya elisemthethweni lokuvakalisa imfazwe. Isigqibo seWar Powers of 1973 sazama ukucacisa le candelo legunya ngokufuna uMongameli ukuba azise iBhunga kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48 zokubeka amajoni axhobileyo kwisenzo somkhosi nokulinganisela ukunikezelwa kwalo kwientsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kogunya.

Umongameli onguMongameli oPhakamileyo: Umthetho wesibini

Umongameli ongumongameli wase-United States unesigxina esichazwa njengesibaluleke kakhulu nesidinisayo. UJohn Adams, umongameli wokuqala, owathiwa ngumsebenzi ongekho ngqiqweni owakha wasungulwa ngumntu. Kodwa oomongameli abasisithoba abangoomongameli baye banyukela kumongameli ngenxa yokufa okanye ukurhoxa, besenza iofisi ibe yindawo ebalulekileyo yokukhusela ukuqhubekeka kukarhulumente.

NgokomGaqo-siseko, uMongameli onguMongameli uneziqendu ezibini kuphela ezisemthethweni: ukongamela iBhunga kunye nokuvota ngokutyumbo iintambo xa igumbi lahlulwe, kunye nokuthatha umphathi-gosa ukuba uMongameli ufile, uyarhoxa, okanye uyasuswa eofisini. IsiHlaliso se-25, esagunyaziswayo ngo-1967, sicacisa ngakumbi indima yoMongameli onguMongameli woBuongameli kwimi bobumongameli kunye nenkqubo emiselwe ukugcwalisa ubusekela bomsekeli.

Noko ke, kumsebenzi wale mihla, indima yoMongameli onguVimba ithe yakhula kakhulu ngaphezu kwezi zincinci zomGaqo-siseko. Abameli bephondo basebenza njengabameli abakhulu kuMongameli, bamela ulawulo kwiiphulo zezobuzwe, abameli bolawulo lwemigaqo-nkqubo, bathathele amanyathelo akhethekileyo okanye kwizibuko. UMongameli ongumongameli oPhakathi ufumana iintlanganiso zeKhabhinethi ezithi, afumana ubuchule obunye njengoMongameli, kwaye agcine iofisi kwiNtshona-Hulumeni yeNtshona, eqinisekisa ukusondelana kumbindi wegunya leBhange.

IKhabhinethi: AbaPhathi-mikhosi kunye neeNtloko zeSebe

IKhabhinethi imele isiqu esiyintloko soMongameli sommeli kwaye ineentloko zamasebe aphetheyo ali-15, kunye namanye amagosa anikwe isikhundla somgangatho weKhabhinethi nguMongameli. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ungakhankanyi iKhabhinethi, ichaza amandla oMongameli okufuna iimbono ezibhaliweyo ku "iNkokeli eyintloko kwiSebe ngalinye leSebe eliphetheyo," kunye nenkqubo yeKhabhinethi yavela kwasekuqaleni kwimbali yeMelika njengemfuneko esebenzayo yokulawula isebe eliphetheyo.

UGeorge Washington wamisela umzekelo weentlanganiso ezithe rhoqo zeKhabhinethi, ekuqaleni ehlanganisa iintloko ezine zesebe: izifungo zikaRhulumente, uThir, kunye nemfazwe, kunye neNjengele yeAthorney. Njengoko ilizwe lakhulayo kwaye iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente zandisiwe, amasebe amatsha asungulwa ukuphendula iimfuno ezivelayo. Owona mlinganiselo wakutshanje, iSebe loKhuseleko loMkhosi, lamiselwa ngo-2002 ukuphendula kuhlaselo lwabanqolobi.

Amalungu eKhabhinethi asebenza kulonwabo loMongameli kwaye angagxothwa nangaliphi na ixesha. Atyunjwa nguMongameli kwaye kufuneka aqinisekiswe yiBhunga, inkqubo ebandakanya uhlolo lwemvelaphi engasemva, ukutyhilwa kwemali, kunye nokungqinwa phambi kweekomiti zeNdlu yeNtlanganiso.

ISebe eliLawulayo

Isebe ngalinye elilawulayo ligxininisa kumbandela othile wembopheleleko karhulumente, nangona imisebenzi yalo idla ngokufuneka ilungelelane. Ukuqonda la masebe kunceda ubani aqonde ububanzi bemisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo nokuntsonkotha kolawulo lwale mihla.

ISebe leSizwe, isebe elidala kakhulu leKhabhinethi, lilawula ubudlelwane bobuzwe baseMelika kunye nenkqubo yobuzwe bamanye amazwe. Unobhala welizwe usebenza njengemicimbi eyintloko yoMongameli yezorhwebo kwaye ujonge uthungelwano lwehlabathi lwe-embass kunye nee-accountiers. Abasebenzi beSebe leRhulumente bathetha izivumelwano, ukukhutshwa kweencwadi zokundwendwe neemvume, banikela uncedo kubemi bamazwe aseMelika aphesheya, kwaye basebenzela ukuhambisela phambili izilangazelelo zeMelika ngolawulo kunokuba basebenze ngomkhosi.

ISebe leBhunga leMali lilawula izimali zesebe, liqokelela irhafu ngeNkonzo yeNdebe yeNgeniso, livelisa imali kunye nemali, lilawula amatyala karhulumente, liphumeze inkxaso yezoqoqosho. Unobhala weBhunga udlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni inkqubo yezoqoqosho nokusabela kwiingxaki zemali, esebenza ngokusondeleyo neFederal Reserve namaziko emali ehlabathi lonke.

Isebe lokhuselo limele umbutho omkhulu karhulumente ngokusebenza nangoqingqo-mali, ejonge imikhosi exhobileyo kwaye elawula ukhuselo lwesizwe. Unobhala wokhuselo, omele abe ngowasekuhlaleni, uyalela isebe eliquka umkhosi, uMkhosi womkhosi wamanzi, umkhosi wolwandle, uMkhosi wamanzi, kunye noMkhosi we-Akarphera, kunye namasebe amaninzi okhuselo. IPentagon, ikomkhulu leSebe lokhuselo lokhuselo, yenye yezakhiwo ezinkulu ze-ofisi yehlabathi kunye nomqondiso wamandla omkhosi waseMerika.

ISebe leJaji likhonza njengequmrhu lomthetho nomthetho worhulumente. Eli sebe liqhutywa nguMphathi-mikhosi we-Attorney, iSebe leJaji limangalela ulwaphulo-mthetho lukarhulumente, likhusela urhulumente kwimicimbi engokwasemthethweni, kwaye lijonge abameli abaquka iFederal Bureau of Investigation, iDrughostment Administration, kunye ne-Breauniars. Isebe lisebenza indima enzima ekunyanzeleni imithetho yamakhaya, ekulweni nobugrogrisi, nasekulondolozeni umthetho.

ISebe leMbindi lilawula amazwe orhulumente, ubuncwane bendalo, kunye nolwalamano nezizwe zamaMelika amaIndiya. Ibala lommandla womhlaba lijonge iipaki, iindawo zokusabela zezilwanyana, kunye namazwe kawonke-wonke, lilungelelanisa ulondolozo nenkqubela-phambili yezibonelelo. Isebe likwanika iinkqubo kuluntu lwamaMelika aseMdabi kunye nokulawula ubuncwane bombane.

ISebe lezolimo lixhasa abalimi nabalimi, liqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya, lilawula amahlathi esizwe, kwaye linika iinkqubo zoncedo lwezokondleko. Iinkqubo ze-USDA zichaphazela amakhaya kunye namadolophana asemaphandleni, ukusuka kwiinkqubo ze-inshorensi yesivuno kunye nolondolozo lwezityalo ukuya kwi-Someral Nutrition Application Program (SNAP) enceda izigidi zamaMelika afumana ukutya okuphantsi.

ISebe lorhwebo likhuthaza ukukhula kwezoqoqosho nokudalwa komsebenzi, liqhuba ukubalwa kwabantu, ukugunyaziswa nokuphawulwa, kunye nokujongwa kwemozulu ngenkonzo yemo yezulu yesizwe. ISebe lorhwebo lisebenza ukwandisa urhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe, ukuxhasa uphuhliso, nokunika ugcino-lwazi kunye nohlalutyo olufunekayo ekwenzeni izigqibo zezoqoqosho ezinolwazi.

ISebe lemisebenzi likhusela amalungelo abasebenzi, likhuthaza ukhuseleko emsebenzini, linika i-inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, liqokelele irente yemisebenzi. Isebe linyanzelisa imithetho elawula intlawulo encinane, intlawulo yoxanduva lomsebenzi, nokhuseleko lomsebenzi, ngoxa lixhasa uqeqesho lomsebenzi kunye neenkonzo zemisebenzi.

ISebe leeNkonzo zezempilo nezezoluntu lijonge impilo kawonke-wonke, uphando lwezamayeza, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo. IHS iquka iziko lolawulo lwezifo nothintelo, iziko lesizwe lempilo, uLawulo loTshungu neDiski, kunye neziko leMedicaid Services. Iimbopheleleko zesebe zisuka ekuvumeleni amayeza amatsha kunye nezitofu zokuhlangabezana nokuchasa ukuqhambuka kwezifo nokusebenzisa iinkqubo ze-inshorensi yempilo yabakhulile nabasezantsi eMedicaid.

ISebe leNdlu yezindlu noPhuhliso lweUrban licebisa iimfuno zezindlu, likhuthaza uphuhliso loluntu, linyanzelisa imithetho yezindlu elungileyo. Iinkqubo ze-HUD zinika uncedo lokuqesha, zixhasa umnini-khaya, zilwa nokungabi namakhaya, zisebenza ukuvuselela uluntu oludandathekileyo.

ISebe lezothutho ligcina liphucule izibonelelo zezithuthi zelizwe, kuquka iindlela, iziporo, iinqwelo-moya, namazibuko enqanawa. I-DOT imisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko yezithuthi kunye neenkqubo zezithuthi, ukulawula iinqwelo-moya kunye neziporo, kunye nokusasaza inkxaso-mali yesebe kwimisebenzi yezothutho.

ISebe leMimandla lilawula inkqubo yamandla yelizwe, ingqokelela yezixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nophando lwenzululwazi. I-DOE iqhuba iilaboratori zesizwe eziqhuba uphando lokusika i-edged efundisa inzululwazi, izinto kunye nobugcisa bamandla, ngoxa isebenza ukukhuthaza ubuchule bombane kwaye iphuhlisa imithombo yamandla ehlaziyekayo.

ISebe lemfundo limisa inkqubo yemfundo yesizwe, linika uncedo lwemali yabafundi, lisebenze ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela kwimfundo efanayo. Ngelixesha inkqubo yemfundo eninzi imiselwa kurhulumente nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, iphembelela izikolo ngeenkqubo zenkxaso-mali kunye nokugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu.

ISebe leMicimbi yezeMicimbi yezeMidlalo linika unyango, iingenelo, kunye neenkonzo kumagqala asemkhosini kunye neentsapho zawo. I-VA ilawula eyona nkqubo inkulu yezonyango edityanisiweyo yesizwe, inika intlawulo yesiphene kunye nempesheni, kwaye ilawula amangcwaba esizwe.

ISebe loKhuseleko lwasekhaya likhusela uhlanga kwizisongelo, imida ekhuselekileyo, ulawulo lokufuduka, nokusabela kwiintlekele. Idalwe emva ko-9/11, i-DHS yaqinisa amaqumrhu angama-22 awahlukeneyo kwaye imela enye yezona ntlobo zikarhulumente ezibalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMelika. Isebe liquka iCorstom kunye noKhuselo loMda, i-Immigration kunye neCmstom Enforcementment, i-Unity Administration, i-Unity Service, i-S Service, i-Coarters Coant, i-Auvergated, i-Agency, kunye ne-Agement ye-Fomatial Emeter Megency.

Ingxakeko ezizimeleyo kunye nemibutho karhulumente

Ngaphandle kwamasebe eKhabhinethi, isebe elilawulayo liquka amasebe amaninzi azimeleyo asebenza ngomlinganiselo ohlukeneyo wokuzimela geqe kulawulo olungqalileyo lomongameli. La masebe asoloko enziwe yiKhonklathi yeeNkqutyana ukuze aphendule imibandela ethile efuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo okanye ukuphenjelelwa kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.

Amasebe azimeleyo alawulayo njengeKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loManyano, iKhomishini yoNxibelelwano kunye neKhomishini yokuKhuselwa Kwemekobume, ayila kwaye anyanzelise imimiselo kwimimandla yawo. La masebe asoloko ekhokelwa ziibhodi okanye amagunya namalungu akhonza amagunya amiselweyo, ethintela nawuphi na uMongameli omnye ukuba athabathe indawo ngoko nangoko yolawulo lombutho. Esi sakhiwo sizimisele ukukhuthaza ukungaguquguquki nokunciphisa ukungenelela kwezopolitiko kwizigqibo zobugcisa.

I-Arhente yobuNcutshe obuPhakathi iqokelela kwaye ihlaziywa ngobukrelekrele bamanye amazwe ukuxhasa isigqibo sokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ngokungafaniyo neFBI, egxininisa ekunyanzelweni komthetho wasekhaya nasekuphicothweni, i-CIA isebenza ngokuyintloko phesheya, iqokelela inkcazelo ngoorhulumente bamanye amazwe, imibutho yabanqolobi, nezinye izisongelo kwiimfuno zaseMelika. Umlawuli weCIA ushwankathela uMongameli imihla ngemihla kwimicimbi yobulumko kwaye uququzelela uluntu olukrelekrele.

I- National Aeronautics kunye nolawulo lwe-Space iqhuba ukhangelo lwesithuba, uphando lwe-aeronoutics, kunye nezifundo zenzululwazi yomhlaba. Iinkonzo zeNASA zilandelela ukusuka ekuhlaleni kwabantu kwinyanga ukuya ekusebenzeni ababhabheni kuMars, ukukhupha iteleskopu ze-spearescopes ezijonge kwindalo ekude, kunye nokuhlola imozulu yomhlaba ukusuka kwindlela ejikeleza ngayo. Umbutho ubonisela indlela urhulumente anokuthi asukele ngayo iinjongo zenzululwazi ezifuna ukuqhubela phambili ulwazi lomntu kunye nezizukulwana zexesha elizayo.

I-Arhente yoKhuselo lwezeMbali yoluntu nemekobume ikhusela impilo yabantu ngokumisela imithetho elawula umoya namanzi, umgangatho wenkunkuma eyingozi, kunye nokhuseleko lwemichiza. I-EPA imisela imilinganiselo yongcoliso, ijonge iimeko zemekobume, kwaye ingenza umsebenzi wokunyanzelisa nxamnye nabaphula umthetho. Umsebenzi wombutho uchaphazela yonke into ukusuka kwimpumelelo yepetroli yemoto ukuya kukhuseleko lwamanzi okusela.

Iinkampani zikarhulumente ezinjenge-United States Postal Service neAmtrak zisebenza njengeshishini kunamaziko angokwesithethe, zivelisa ingeniso ngeenkonzo zazo ngoxa ziphumeza iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke. La maqumrhu axhaphakileyo abonakalisa ubulula besebe eliphetheyo ukusingatha iimfuno zesizwe ngemibutho eyahlukeneyo yentlangano.

I-ofisi eLawulayo kaMongameli

I-Ofisi yesiGqeba esiLawulayo yoMongameli (EOP) iquka amasebe kunye neeofisi ezixhasa umsebenzi kaMongameli ngqo. Idalwe ngo1939 ukunceda uMongameli ukuba alawule isebe elilawulayo elikhulayo, i-EOP iguqukele kwisixhobo esinamandla esibumba inkqubo, ilawule uthungelwano, kunye nemisebenzi karhulumente.

I-ofisi yeNdlu eWhite iquka abalawuli kunye nabasebenzi abakufutshane boMongameli, abasuka kwiNtloko yoMphathiswa olawula ucwangciso kunye nezinto eziphambili kubabhali bentetho, inkqubo yabaququzeleli bonxibelelwano. Aba bantu basebenza kwiNtshona Wiking kunye neMpuma yeNdlu emhlophe, esebenza embindini wamandla aphezulu. INkulu yeStaff isebenza njengomgcini wesango, igqiba ukuba ngubani ofikelela kuMongameli, ungenelelo lwemithetho kunye noncedo lokuzalisekisa ummiselo woMongameli ngaphaya korhulumente.

I-ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo-mali ilungiselela izicelo zoqingqo-mali zoMongameli, ukuphatha imali esetyenziswa ngamasebe karhulumente, kunye nokuhlola imimiselo ecetywayo. I-OMB isebenzisa impembelelo enkulu kumgaqo-nkqubo wokulawula inkqubo yoqingqo-mali nokuqinisekisa ukuba loo manyathelo ahambelana nezinto eziphambili kumongameli. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yonyaka, eqala ngaphezu konyaka phambi kokuba kuqalise unyaka wonyaka wonyaka, ibandakanya ingxubusho entlukwano phakathi kwe-OMB kunye nemigangatho yemali kunye neenkqubo zemigaqo.

IBhunga loKhuseleko loMkhosi wesizwe licebisa uMongameli kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe neyoburhulumente bamanye amazwe, ukuququzelela phakathi kweSebe lokhuselo loMkhosi, amasebe obuntlola, kunye namanye amaqumrhu afanelekileyo. Abasebenzi be-NSC, abakhokelwa yiNational Security Adviser, balawula inkqubo yenkqubo yeembambano zezizwe ngezizwe kunye nempendulo yamanqam. Ngexesha longxamiseko, i-NSC'S Comment isebenza njengesazulu solawulo lweziganeko kunye neempendulo zikarhulumente.

I- Ikhonco-mali yezoqoqosho inika uMongameli ngohlalutyo lwezoqoqosho necebiso, inceda ukubumba inkqubo yemali, ukuphendula kwiingxaki zezoqoqosho, nokukhuthaza ulwando. Ingxelo yezoqoqosho yonyaka kaMongameli inika uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha ngeemeko zezoqoqosho kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo.

Ezinye ii-EOP ziquka i-Ofisi yoMmeli woTrade wase-United States, ethetha ngezivumelwano zorhwebo; i-Ofisi yenzululwazi kunye nomthetho wezobugcisa, ecebisa ngemicimbi yenzululwazi; kunye neBhunga elikwiNkcubeko yendawo engqongileyo, elilungelelanisa inkqubo yemekobume. Zombini ezi ofisi ziqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli uyakwazi ukufikelela kwiimbopheleleko zikarhulumente ezipheleleyo.

Indlela Imithetho Enyanzelwa Ngayo: Ukusuka Kwimithetho Ukuya Kuqheliselwa

Imbopheleleko eyintloko yesebe eliphetheyo ngumsebenzi "wokunyamekela ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembekileyo". Lo myalelo ubonakala ulula uquka inkqubo entsonkothileyo yokuguqulela imimiselo kwizenzo ezicacileyo ezichaphazela ubomi babantu.

Xa iBhunga likhupha umthetho, linika ulwalathiso oluphangaleleyo logama linika amaqumrhu aphetheyo igunya lokuvelisa imimiselo ethile ezalisekisa loo nkqubo. Umzekelo, xa iBhunga liphumeza uMthetho woNcedo woMkhosi woMoya, laseka usukelo jikelele lomgangatho womoya kodwa lawushiyela kwi-EPA ukumisela imida ethile yongcoliso, iimfuno zokujonga, kunye nenkqubo yokunyanzelisa.

Inkqubo yolawulo ibandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi alungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe kunye nolwazi lukawonke-wonke. Iinkqubo kufuneka zipapashe imimiselo ecetyisiweyo kwi-Federal Register, zivumele ixesha lokugqabaza, ziqwalasele loo magqabaza, zivelise nemithetho yokugqibela echaza izigqibo zazo. Imigaqo emikhulu iphinda ihlolwe yi-OMB ukuze ivavanye impembelelo yayo yezoqoqosho kunye nezinto eziphambili zomongameli. Le nkqubo isenokuthatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka, ibonisa ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo yanamhlanje nokubaluleka kokufumana imimiselo ngokulungileyo.

Xa imimiselo ibekwe, abameli bayayinyanzelisa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Amanye amasebe aqhuba uhlolo lokuqinisekisa ukuthobela, njengaxa abahloli be-OSHA betyelela iindawo zomsebenzi ukuze bahlole iimeko zokhuseleko okanye abahloli beFDA bahlole iindawo zokulungiselela ukutya. Amanye amasebe ahlola izicelo kunye nengxelo emvume, njengeeEPA ezivumela ukukhutshwa kongcoliso-moya ezivunyiweyo okanye izitishi zikanomathotholo ze-FCC. Xa ukuphamba, amaziko anokunyanzela ukuba imali intle, ukurhoxa iilayisensi, ukurhoxa iilayiselayisekile, okanye ukubhekisa amatyala kwiSebe leMimiselo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

ISebe Lomsebenzi: Umgaqo-nkqubo Ofak ’ Isidima

Isebe elilawulayo lisebenzisa malunga nezigidi ezisisi-2, lilenza libe ngomnye wabaqeshi abakhulu belizwe. Aba baqeshwa besebe borhulumente basebenza kulo lonke ilizwe nentsimi, kwanakumazwe asemhlabeni wonke, besenza imisebenzi emininzi efunekayo ukuze baqhubeke besebenza kurhulumente.

Abaqeshwa abaninzi begunya-mali baqeshwa ngenkqubo esekelwe kwigunya elifanelekileyo eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ubuchule nokukhusela ukuxhasa kwezobupolitika. Inkqubo yenkonzo yabemi, eyasekwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 emva kokubulawa koMongameli uJames Garfield ngumfuni wesikhundla odakumbileyo, ukhusela abasebenzi bengingqi ukuba bagxothwe ngenxa yezizathu zobupolitika kwaye uqinisekise ukuba inkqubela njengeinguqu zolawulo.

Abasebenzi bomanyano baquka izazinzulu eziqhuba uphando kwiZiko leSizwe lezeMpilo, abadwelisi beepaki abakhusela ubuncwane besizwe, abalawuli beenqwelo-moya abaqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwenqwelo-moya, abasebenzi abakhusela imida abakhusela umda, oonozakuzakuzaku baseMerika abamela izilangazelelo eziphesheya, kunye nabanye abangenakubalwa abasebenza iindima ezikhethekileyo. Aba basebenzi basekuhlaleni abazinikeleyo badla ngokusebenza kwiimeko ezilucelomngeni ukuze bafumane imivuzo ephantsi kunaleyo bebenokuyifumana kwicandelo lobuqu, beqhutywa yimbopheleleko yokusebenza kuwonke wonke.

Kumphezulu wombutho ngamnye, abamiselwe kwezobupolitika abakhethwe nguMongameli banikela ulwalathiso lwenkqubo kwaye baqinisekise ukuba izenzo zomasebe zihambelana nezolawulo oluphambili. Olu manyano lolawulo lwezopolitiko kunye nobuchule bomsebenzi lujolise ekulinganiseni ukuphendula kwedemokhrasi kunye nobuchule obuphambili, nangona uxanduva phakathi kwabasebenzi bezobupolitika kunye nabomsebenzi maxa wambi luvela xa imigaqo yemithetho itshintshisana nolawulo olutsha.

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano: Ukulinganisela Amandla Olawulo

Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko babesoyika igunya elinyanzelekileyo yaye beyila inkqubo apho isebe ngalinye likarhulumente lalinokuhlola abanye. Isebe elilawulayo, phezu kwalo nje igunya lalo elithe kratya, lisebenza phantsi kwemiqathango emininzi ethintela ukuphangwa komongameli nokuqinisekisa ukuba liza kuphendula.

Uphatho lolawulo lweziko loburhulumente lumela olona vavanyo lungqalileyo kumandla olawulo. IBhunga linokuphengulula imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo, limeme amagosa ukuba anikele ubungqina, afune amaxwebhu. Iikomiti zeBhunga zisoloko zihlola indlela abameli abazalisekisa ngayo imithetho kwaye bachithe imali efanelekileyo. Amandla emali anika iBhunga igunya elilawulayo leenkonzo zesebe, kwaye iBhunga lingala ukuhlawula imali efanelekileyo yemali ephambili kumongameli okanye ukudibanisa iimeko zokuchitha iindleko.

Icebiso leNdlu yeNdlu kunye nendima yokuvuma kunika olunye uvavanyo olubalulekileyo. Umongameli womacholatho wezikhundla zeKhabinethi, iinqanawa zolawulo zesizwe, kunye nezinye iindawo eziphezulu kufuneka ziqinisekiswe yiBhunga leNtlanganiso, elinokuchasa iintloko ezigqalwa njengezingakufanelekanga okanye ezithi iimbono zingqubanayo nezikhethwayo yi-synetator. Ukwenziwa kwesivumelwano kufuna ivoti yesibini kwisithathu sendlu yendlu yecawa, inika impembelelo yegumbi elibalulekileyo kwimithetho yangaphandle.

Uhlolo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo luvumela iinkundla ukuba zibethelele izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko okanye zigqithe igunya lomthetho. Oomongameli abanakungahoyi imiyalelo yenkundla, kwaye izigqibo zomthetho ziye zawanyanzelela ngokuphindaphindiweyo amandla okulawula. Ukusuka ekulahlweni koMongameli Truman kukuxhatshazwa kwezigamlo zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yekomkhulu laseKorea ukuya kummiselo ophantsi wenkundla ovala imiyalelo eyahlukeneyo ye-presigranti, ijaji isebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kwisikhulu esiphethe.

Ingcebiso inika uvavanyo olupheleleyo kwihambo engalunganga yomongameli. Indlu yabameli ingamtyumza uMongameli "Ngesizathu, Isifumbathiso, okanye ezinye iiCubi eziphezulu kunye nezisemgqomeni," kwaye iBhunga lendlu ingasusa uMongameli ongatyunjwanga ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu. Ngelixa kuthe kukho kuphela ooMongameli abathathu abatyunjwayo kwaye akukho nanye esusiweyo ngale nkqubo, igunya elinyusiweyo likhumbuza oomongameli ukuba abangengaphezulu kunomthetho.

Umatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo, nangona ungesiso isiko likarhulumente elisesikweni, usebenza njengesehlo esicwangcisiweyo ngokuphanda nangokunika ingxelo ngemisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo. Abacholacholi betyhila amanyala, iingxelo zoburhulumente, kwaye bagcina iinkokeli ziphendulwe nguwonke wonke. Ukhuseleko loFirst Const Remplition lwenkululeko yokushicilela luqinisekisa ukuba lo msebenzi wokugada ungaqhubeka naxa ukhutshelwa ugxekwa okanye ungamkeleki.

I-Evolution yamandla olawulo oluphezulu

Amandla obuongameli aye akhula ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekusungulweni kwelizwe, eqhutywa ziimfazwe, amanqam ezoqoqosho, utshintsho lobugcisa, kunye nokukhula kobuntlola bolawulo lwale mihla. Oomongameli bokuqala njengoThomas Jefferson noJames Madison basebenzisa igunya elilinganiselweyo, ngemisebenzi emininzi karhulumente ephethwe ngamaphondo okanye engaphunyezwa konke konke.

Imfazwe yamakhaya yaphawula incopho yotshintsho, njengoko uAbraham Lincoln wathi unamandla ongxamiseko angazange abonwe ngaphambili ukugcina iManyano, ukunqumamisa i-habeas corpus, ukuvala amazibuko aseMazantsi, nokukhupha iNgxelo yokuThumela ngaphandle kogunyaziso lombutho. Ngelixesha impikiswano, izenzo zikaLincoln zamisela imizekeliso yesenzo solawulo oluphezulu esinamandla ngexesha lengxaki yesizwe.

UTheodore Roosevelt wamkela imbono ebanzi ngamandla obumongameli, ephikisa ngelithi uMongameli ungenza nantoni na engayalelwanga ngokucacileyo ngumGaqo-siseko. Ingcamango yakhe "yecawa" igwetye ukhokelo lomongameli olusebenzayo kwimicimbi yasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ukusuka ekuthembekeni ekulondolozweni ukuya kulawulo lweziNdlu zoNxwabi zezizwe ngezizwe. Isenzo sikaRoosevelt samisela isikhokelo soodesimasingesi-20 senkulungwane ababejonga iofisi njenge "pulpulty" ukwenzela ukuqhubela phambili kwemithetho.

UFranklin D. Roosevelt waphendula kwiNqanawa enkulu yoHlomelo loLuntu noorhulumente abaPhathiswa besebe abaPhezulu. IMfazwe yehlabathi II yabangela amandla angakumbi agqithiseleyo kulawulo lobumongameli, kwaye iMfazwe Yomlomo yadala ukhuseleko lwesizwe olusisigxina kunye noMongameli walo embindini wayo. Umongameli wale mihla wavela kweli xesha njengeseko lamandla amakhulu nembopheleleko, elindele ukulawulwa kwezoqoqosho, ukukhokela kwehlabathi elikhululekileyo, nokucombulula iingxaki zesizwe.

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kuye kwakho impikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana namandla olawulo, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele izenzo zomkhosi, ukujongwa, ukunyanzeliswa kwabantu abafudukayo, kunye namagunya okulawula abantu. Abalawuli babo bobabini baye batyhalela imida yegunya elilawulayo, lo gama iBhunga kunye neenkundla ziphinde zibuye zibuye. Olu xinezeleko lubonisa indlela ehlala injalo yoMgaqo-siseko lo gama uqhelanisa neengxaki zangoku abasebenzi be-freams bengenakuze bazicinge.

Ukuphumelela koMongameli nokuLawulwa

Ukuqhubeka kokhokelo oluphezulu kuye kwaba yinkxalabo ukususela ekusungulweni kwesizwe. UmGaqo-siseko walungiselela ukuba ukuba uMongameli ufile okanye akakwazi ukukhonza, uMongameli onguMongameli osisiSigxina uza kuthatha imisebenzi yobumongameli, kodwa washiya kungacacanga ukuba uMongameli onguMongameli osisiqobo waba nguMongameli okanye wasebenza nje njengoMongameli okwexeshana.

UJohn Tyler wasombulula oku kungaqondakali ngo1841 xa wathatha ubungangampu emva kokufa kukaWilliam Henry Harrison, enyanzelisa ukuba wayenguMongameli ngokupheleleyo, hayi nje osebenza njengoMongameli. Lo mzekelo wabanjwa de i-25 Demetrigameters yawudibanisa ngo1967, kunye nenkqubo yokuzalisa ubusekela bobumongameli kunye nokususela igunya okwexeshana xa uMongameli engakwazi ukusebenza.

UMgaqo-nkqubo woMongameli wempumelelo umisela umgca wokulandelelana ngaphaya koMongameli onguMongameli: uMthetheli weNdlu, uMongameli uPro Tempore weNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, kwandule ukuba amalungu eKhabhinethi amiswe ngendlela amaqela awo, eqala ngonobhala weSizwe. Ngexesha leziganeko ezinkulu ezifana nedilesi yeSizwe se-Compris, ilungu elinye leKhabhinethi "elimiselweyo" lihlala kwindawo ekhuselekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iqhubeka xa kugaleleka.

Ukulungelelaniswa kocwangciso lukarhulumente kudlulela ngaphaya kolandelelwano ukuqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi ebalulekileyo karhulumente iyaqhubeka ngexesha longxamiseko. Iinjongo ezicetyisiweyo zilungiselela amagosa angundoqo okufuduswa, ukugcina umyalelo kunye nokulawulwa kwezixhobo zenyukliya, nokugcina urhulumente womGaqo-siseko kwiimeko ezimbi kakhulu. Ngoxa iinkcukacha zihlala ziyimfihlo, la malungiselelo abonakalisa ukubaluleka okubalulekileyo kokuqhubekeka kwesebe elilawulayo kukhuseleko nozinzo lwesizwe.

Isebe eliphetheyo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wasemzini

UMongameli usebenza njengonozakuzaku omkhulu welizwe, omela i-United States kulwalamano lwamanye amazwe nemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe. Le ndima ibaluleke ngakumbi njengoko ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi, urhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe, kunye neengxaki ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nobugrogrisi ziyenze inkqubo yamanye amazwe yahluka kwimicimbi yamakhaya.

ISebe leLizwe lizalisekisa umbono womgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle woMongameli ngenethwekhi yomhlaba wonke yemibutho kunye nee-arhente. Abameli baseMerika banxibelelana ngezivumelwano, bakhuthaza amaxabiso nezilangazelelo zaseMerika, banika amaxabiso neenkonzo ezinxulumene nabemi bamazwe angaphandle, kwaye baqokelela iinkcukacha ngeemeko zezobupolitika nezoqoqosho kumazwe abathunyiweyo. INkonzo yeMasi-Oventine imela iziko zenkcubeko ezigcina ulwalamano kunye nolwazi lwamaqumrhu.

Amandla esivumelwano eMongameli, asetyenziswa necebiso kunye nemvume yeBhunga leNtlanganiso, avumela i-United States ukuba ingene kwizivumelwano ezimanyeneyo zezizwe ngezizwe. Izivumelwano ezinkulu ziyiyile imbali yaseMerika, ukusuka eLouisiana Purchase ukuya kwizivumelwano zokulawula izixhobo ukuya kurhwebelana. Xa iCate ratiation ibonakala ingaqheleki, ngamanye amaxesha abalawuli basebenzisa izivumelwano zesebe elilawulayo ``izivumelwano ezingafuni iBhunga-mthetho''.

Ugunyaziso lukaMongameli .---amandla okuqonda ngokomthetho oorhulumente bamanye amazwe .Igunya lokunika ulawulo oluphezulu kwisebe elilawulayo kulwalamano loluntu. Izigqibo zodumo zingaba zezopolitiko, njengaxa iUnited States yala ukuqaphela iSoviet Union iminyaka eli-16 okanye yagcina ukuba urhulumente waseTaiwan wayemela lonke iTshayina kangangamashumi eminyaka emva kwemvukelo yamaKomanisi.

Uncedo lwamanye amazwe lumela esinye isixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo wesebe elilawulayo lamanye amazwe. I-United States inika amawaka ezigidi zeerandi zoncedo lomkhosi noqoqosho nyaka ngamnye kwamanye amazwe, ixhasa amahlakani, ikhuthaza inkqubela-phambili, nokuphuhlisa intlalo-ntle yaseMerika. I-USAID, umbutho ophambili woncedo lwamazwe asemzini, isebenza kumazwe amaninzi kwiinkqubo ezisukela kwimpilo nemfundo ukuya kunyuselo lwedemokhrasi kunye nokuhlangulwa kwentlekele.

Ukhuseleko nobuntlola besizwe

Ukukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe kumela enye yezona mbopheleleko zibalulekileyo zesebe eliphetheyo. NjengoMlawuli kwiNtloko, ukhokela imisebenzi yomkhosi kwaye wenza izigqibo zokusebenzisa amandla nokufa. ISebe lokhuselo ligcina imikhosi ekwaziyo ukuvelisa amandla emhlabeni wonke, ithintela abatshaba, kwaye isabela kwizisongelo.

Ingingqi yobuchule, equka amasebe kunye nemibutho eli-18, iqokelela kwaye ihlalutya inkcazelo malunga nezisongelo zamanye amazwe. Ngaphaya koko iCIA neFBI, olu luntu luquka i-Arhente yoKhuseleko yeSizwe (ebonisa ubuntlola), i-Arhente yoKhuseleko (enika ubuntlola basemkhosini), kunye neqela lobuchule obukhethekileyo kwinkonzo yomkhosi ngamnye kunye namasebe amaninzi e-Bhabhinethi. UMlawuli weSizwe sobuGcisa uquququzelela lalatha lamaqela kwaye usebenza njengelungu eliyintloko loMongameli

Ukulungelelanisa inkululeko yokhuseleko neyabemi kuselucelomngeni oluqhubekayo. Amaqumrhu obulumko kufuneka aqokelele inkcazelo ephathelele izisongelo ngoxa ehlonela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nezinto eziyimfihlo. Iingxelo ezimalunga neenkqubo zokuhlola ziye zadala iingxoxo malunga nobungakanani obufanelekileyo bemisebenzi yobulumko, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuguquleni okunenjongo yokwandisa ulawulo nokukhusela inkululeko yabemi ngoxa kugcinwa amandla okuzikhusela.

I-Cybereralisecurency Security Agency yoKhuseleko kwiDHS ikhokelela kwimigudu yokukhusela ikhompyutha, ngoxa isebe eliphetheyo lisebenza ukukhusela iinkqubo zorhulumente, izibonelelo ezichuliweyo, kunye neenkqubo zecandelo labucala ezisuka ekuhlaseleni ngekhompyutha.

Igunya loLawulo lwezezoqoqosho nelolawulo

Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko unika igunya eliyintloko leeKhomishini zezoqoqosho ngamandla awo erhafu, ukuhlawula, nokulawula ezorhwebo, isebe eliphetheyo linendima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni izoqoqosho. UMongameli ucebisa ukuba kubekho uqingqo-mali ochaza izinto eziza kuqala nezicelo zemali ngonyaka, nangona iBhunga lemali ifanele isetyenziswe. Le nkqubo yoqingqo-mali ichaza izinto eziphambili zesizwe kwaye ibonisa ukuphikisana kwendima karhulumente kwibutho labantu.

ISebe lezemali lilawula imali karhulumente, ukuqokelela irhafu nge-IRS nokuboleka imali ngokukhupha amaqhina karhulumente. UNobhala weBhunga leMali usebenza neFederal Reserve (iqumrhu elizimeleyo, ingeyiyo inxalenye yesebe elilawulayo) ukulungelelanisa inkqubo yemali nemali, ukuphendula kwiingxaki zemali, nokukhuthaza ukuzinza kwezoqoqosho.

Amaziko olawulo ajonge imicimbi emikhulu yezoqoqosho, ukusuka kwiibhanki nakwizinto ezivaliweyo ukuya kwii-intanethi nakwizithuthi. Le migaqo ijolise ekukhuseleni abathengi, ekukhuphiseni ngokufanelekileyo, ekukhuthazeni ukhuseleko, nasekulungiseni iintengiso. Inkqubo yolawulo ilungelelanise izilangazelelo eziphikisanayo.

Inkqubo yezorhwebo imela omnye ummandla wegunya eliphakamileyo lezoqoqosho. UMongameli uthetha ngezivumelwano zorhwebo, ubeka imiqathango (imida ebekwe yiBhunga), kwaye uthintela ukurhweba okusongela ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Inkqubo yorhwebo ichaphazela abasebenzi baseMerika, abathengi, namashishini, isenza isoloko ingumthombo wempikiswano yezopolitiko njengemibutho elungelelanisa izilangazelelo nemilinganiselo ekhuphisanayo.

Amandla eMbumbulu Nolawulo lweziphene

Ngexesha longxamiseko, amandla esebe elilawulayo ayanda ngokuphawulekayo. UMongameli angavakalisa iingozi zesizwe, abenzi bomthetho ovumela ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho. UMthetho weSizwe we-Emerdiations unika isiseko sezi zibhengezo, nangona iingxoxo ziqhubeka zisithi ngaba ooMongameli baye bawasebenzisa kakubi amagunya ongxamiseko ukuphepha iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zemithetho-mthetho.

I-Federal Emergency Management Agency ilungelelanisa ukusabela kwentlekele, inika uncedo xa iinkanyamba, imililo yequbuliso, izikhukula, okanye ezinye iintlekele zigqugqisa urhulumente kunye namandla oluntu. Ukusebenza kwe-FEMA kuye kwahluka ngokuhamba kwexesha, kunye neempendulo zeSitshingitshane uKatrina ezinconywa ngokubanzi xa kusenziwa ezinye iintlekele. Ulawulo lwengozi lufuna ukulungelelanisa urhulumente, urhulumente kunye namacandelo oluntu kunye namaqabane angaqhubi nako.

Iingozi zempilo kawonke wonke, njengoko ziboniswe yisifo se-COVID-19, zivavanya amandla olawulo oluphezulu lwesebe lobugxwayiba. ISebe lezempilo kunye neeNkonzo zoluntu likhokelela kwiimpendulo zoluntu, ukudibanisa neCDC, FDA, namanye amasebe ukulandelela ukunwenwa kwezifo, ukuveliswa kwemichiza kunye nonyango, kunye nokuthintelwa kwamanyathelo. Ezi zenzo kufuneka zilungelelanise iimfuno zempilo yoluntu kunye nenkxalabo yezoqoqosho, inkululeko yoluntu, kunye nemigaqo yorhulumente.

Isebe Elilawulayo Kwixesha Lamanani

Ubugcisa buye baguqula indlela isebe elilawulayo elisebenza ngayo kwaye linxibelelana ngayo. Ngoku oomongameli basebenzisa ijelo leenkqubo zonxibelelwano ukuze bathethe ngqo nabemi, bangabi naluhluzi lwezosasazo zemveli. Olu nxibelelwano lunokuba namandla kodwa lukwanempikiswano xa iingxelo zomongameli zishukuma, zichaphazela ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, okanye zisasaza iingxelo eziphosakeleyo.

Iinjongo zikarhulumente wamanani ukwenza iinkonzo zifikeleleke kwaye ziphumelele. Abahlali bayakwazi ukufaka iirhafu kwi-intanethi, ukufaka irhafu kwi-intanethi, ukufaka ulwazi lukarhulumente nge-webhsayithi nangee-apps. Ukutyhalela utshintsho lwamanani kuyaqhubeka, amaqumrhu asebenzela ukuguqula iinkqubo ezilifa langoku aze aphucule amava omsebenzisi ngoxa ekhusela inkcazelo echukumileyo kwiingozi zekhompyutha.

Ubuntlola obuzenzekelayo kunye nogcino-lwazi olunempembelelo ephezulu lusetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo kumsebenzi wesebe eliphetheyo, ukusuka ekuxeleni ukuqhambuka kwezifo ukuya ekufumaneni uqhaqho-qhayisho ukuya kulwabiso olufanelekileyo lwezibonelelo. Ezi zixhobo zobugcisa zinika inkxalabo enkulu kodwa zinyusa inkxalabo malunga nokungalingani namanani, ukuzimela, nokuziphendulela.

Ukuphendula kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lufuna ukuba isebe elilawulayo lihlale linetyala ebantwini. Iinkqubo ezininzi zikhuthaza ukuba kubekho ukubonakala nokuziphendulela, nangona uxanduva luqhubeka phakathi kokuvula izithuba nokukhusela inkcazelo echukumisekeyo.

I-Freedom of Information Act ivumela abemi ukuba bacele amaxwebhu karhulumente, bakhuthaze ukuba kubekho ukubonakala nokubonelela. Ngoxa amasebe kufuneka akhulule inkcazelo eceliwe, ukukhuselwa kwenkcazelo efunwayo, ukuphengululwa komthetho nezinye iingxelo ezichukumisiweyo. IFOIA iye yenza ukuba iintatheli kunye nabaphandi bakwazi ukutyhila inkcazelo ebalulekileyo ngemisebenzi karhulumente, nangona abahlalutyi bephikisa ukuba maxa wambi abaxhamli bakhulula ekuphepheni ukutyhilwa okuhlazisayo.

Abahloli jikelele kwisebe ngalinye eliphambili baqhuba ii-afticial kunye nophando oluzimeleyo, baxele inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba kunye nokuxhatshazwa. Ezi nja zangaphakathi zinikela inyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuphendula, nangona ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomekeke ekuzilawuleni nasekukulungeleni kokhokelo lweziko ukucombulula iingxaki eziziqondayo.

Imithetho yokuziphatha ilawula amagosa aphetheyo esebe, efuna ukutyhilwa kwemali, ithintela iimbambano zenzala, kunye nokulinganisela umsebenzi wasemva korhulumente. I-Ofisi ye-Status Ethics yoRhulumente ijonge inkqubo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, nangona abasebenzi abahlukeneyo nabaphathi-mikhosi abakwimigangatho ephezulu maxa wambi bejamelene nokugxekwa ngenxa yemisebenzi yabo yoluntu kunye nezilangazelelo zabo zabucala.

Unyanzeliso lomthetho ongundoqo kunye nenkqubo zobuntlola

Ukuqonda la masebe alawulayo kunceda ekucaciseni indlela elikhusela ngayo ilizwe yaye kunyanzelisa umthetho karhulumente.

IFBI isebenza njengesebe eliphambili lokunyanzelisa umthetho wesizwe kunye nenkonzo yobuntlola. Amagosa eFBI aphengulula ulwaphulo-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni olusuka kubugrogrisi kunye noogxabha, ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo. IBofisi ye-ofisi ibonelela iinkonzo zomthetho kumaziko okuqeqeshiweyo kwilizwe lonke kwaye igcine iisiseko sogcino-lwazi lwengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neminwe. Indima ye-FBI entluntlukwano engakumbi njengakunyanzelelwa komthetho kunye nemibutho yoorhulumente yoorhulumente maxa wambi ibangela ungquzulwano phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho nolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho oluqokelelwanolwazi olufuna ukugcingelana.

I-Arhente yobuNcutshe obuPhakathi yoBuntlola ijolise kwingqokelela yobuntlola nohlalutyo lwamanye amazwe. Ngokungafaniyo neFBI, i-CIA ayinalo igunya lomthetho kwaye isebenza phesheya kwelizwe. Lo mbutho usebenzisa imithombo yobulumko babantu, iindlela zobugcisa, kunye nohlalutyo ukunikezela ngabenzi benkqubo ngoorhulumente bamanye amazwe, imibutho yabanqolobi, nezinye izisongelo. Iinkqubo zesenzo ezigqubuthelwe nguMongameli kunye nomphathi-Bhunga, uvumela iCIA ukuba iphembele iziganeko ngamazwe ngamazwe ngezindlela ezihlala ziyimfihlo.

Indawo yokhuseleko lwasekhaya idityanisiwe amaqumrhu amaninzi emva kwe 9/11 ukuphucula ulungelelwaniso kwimiqathango yokhuseleko. Amalungu e-DHS aquka iNkcubeko kunye noKhuselo loMda (okhusela imida namazibuko okungena), i-Immigration kunye neCrostommentmentmentment (enyanzelisa imithetho yokufuduka ngaphakathi), uLawulo lwezokhuseleko (ekunye izithuthi zabakhweli beenqwelo-moya), iNkonzo yeSsesbetho (ekhusela uMongameli nehlola ulwaphulo-mthetho), i-Rhover Coa (enika ukhuseleko kunye nomthetho olawula iziphumo zentlekele), kunye ne-FEMA (ephethe iziphumo zentlekele). Eli sebe lijongeneengxaki eziqhubekayo zibandakanya ii-entuthutyana nee-ocesss.

I- inyanzelisa imithetho ye-Inforcement Administration yeziyobisi, iphengulula imibutho ethengisa iziyobisi kunye nokusebenza namaqabane amazwe ngamazwe ukuphazamisa urhwebo lweziyobisi. I-DEA ikwalawula ukwenziwa nokusasazwa okusemthethweni kwezinto ezilawulwayo, iqinisekisa ukuba amayeza agunyazisiweyo ayafumaneka ukuze asetyenziswe ngokwasemthethweni ngelixesha athintele ukuphambukiswa kwezoshishino okungekho mthethweni.

I-Bureau of Alcohol, Toba, Izixhobo zomlilo kunye ne-Explopasis inyanzela imithetho karhulumente enxulumene nemipu, iziqhushumbisi, i-armson, utywala kunye nokurhweba ngecuba. I-ATF iphengulula ukurhwampu okungekho mthethweni, iziganeko zokuqhushumbisa, kunye namatyala, ngelixa ilawula imipu kunye neemboni ezidubulayo.

Inkonzo yeRhatshis-Rolts ye-, isiko lomthetho elidala kakhulu lwesizwe, likhusela iinkundla zikarhulumente, amabanjwa, abakhonkxwa, ababhaleki, kwaye lilawula inkqubo yokunikela ubungqina. Amadragla akwaphumeza imiyalelo yenkundla yezorhulumente kwaye anikezele ukhuseleko kwiimvavanyo eziphezulu.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu namalungelo asekuhlaleni

Isebe eliphetheyo linendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu nasekuqinisekiseni imithetho echasene nocalucalulo. ISebe leMisebenzi elilawulayo leMigangatho yamaLuntu lihlola lize litshutshise ukuphulwa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu, ukusuka ekungalawuleni kwamapolisa ukuya ekuhlaliseni ucalucalulo kulwaphulo-mthetho. Kwakhona icandelo lihlola urhulumente nemithetho yasekuhlaleni kunye nezenzo ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kokhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu.

I-Aumence Opportunity Commission imisa imithetho karhulumente ethintela ucalucalulo lwemisebenzi esekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, imvelaphi yesizwe, ubudala, ukukhubazeka okanye inkcazelo yemfuza. IEEOC iphanda ngezikhalazo zocalulo, imizamo yokucombulula iingxabano, yaye inokumangalela abaqeshi abaphula imithetho yamalungelo abantu.

ISebe leDivi leDivi le-Educations Office for Civil Rights limisa imithetho ekwalela ucalucalulo kwizikolo nasekholeji, iphanda izikhalazo ngokungalingani konyango olusekelwe kuhlanga, kwisondo, kwisiphene, okanye kwezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Umsebenzi we-OCR uchaphazela imiba esukela kwingqeqesho yesikolo ukuya kutsho ekuxhatshazweni ngokwesini kunye nokufumaneka kwabafundi abanesiphene.

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo iphumele indima ebalulekileyo ekuhambiseleni phambili amalungelo abantu. Umyalelo kaMongameli Truman oye wahlula umkhosi, umyalelo kaMongameli Kennedy wokungalwamkeli ucalucalulo kwimisebenzi yesizwe, nomyalelo kaMongameli Johnson ofuna ukuba uvumo lweziko lolawulo oluphezulu lonke luxhase ukulingana xa inyathelo lombutho linzima okanye lingenakwenzeka.

Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo noovimba bendalo

Isebe eliphetheyo lilawula ukhuseleko lwemekobume kunye nolondolozo lwendalo ngoothunywashe abaninzi abanoxanduva oluhlahlelayo. I-Evironmental Protection Agency imisela kwaye inyanzelisa imilinganiselo yongcoliso yomoya, amanzi, nomhlaba, ilawula inkunkuma enetyhefu nemichiza enetyhefu, kwaye ijonge ukuhlanjululwa kwendawo ezonakalisiweyo. Umsebenzi we-EPA uchaphazela wonke umntu waseMelika, emoyeni esiphefumlela kuwo amanzi esiwasela kuwo ukuze sikhusele imveliso yabathengi.

ISebe leSizalo lilawula amazwe orhulumente, kuquka iipaki zesizwe, iindawo zokusabela kwizilwanyana, namazwe kawonke-wonke asetyenziselwa ukuzihlaziya, ukufuya, ukumba, nokuphuhlisa amandla. Ingingqi kufuneka ilungelelanise ukusetyenziswa okukhuphisanayo kula mazwe, ukusuka ekulondolozweni nasekuzijabuliseni ukuya ekuveliseni inkqubela yezoqoqosho. I-National Park Service igcina ubuncwane bendalo nobunkcubeko bezizukulwana ezizayo, ngoxa i-Bureauau of Land Management ijonge amazwe asebenzisa imisebenzi emininzi ekhoyo.

INkonzo yeFomati yaseUnited States, inxalenye yeSebe Lezolimo, ilawula amahlathi esizwe ukuze kwenziwe imithi, ukuzihlaziya, ukukhuselwa kwamanzi nezilwanyana ezihlala emahlathini. Izigqibo zeNkonzo yamahlathi ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukulawulwa komlilo, nokubekwa kwemililo yentlango zidla ngokudala impikiswano njengabaxhasi bemilinganiselo eyahlukileyo nabanomdla wokukhuphisana ngenxa yokulawula amahlathi.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuye kwabonakala njengeyona nto iphambili kwinkqubo yezokongamela yemekobume yamasebe. Abameli baye basebenzisa igunya elilawulayo ukulawula ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu, ukukhuthaza amandla avuselelekayo, nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwizivumelwano zemozulu yezizwe ngezizwe. Ezi zinto zidla ngokujamelana neengxaki zomthetho kwaye zinokutshintshwa ngabalawuli abalandelayo, bebalaselisa ukuthintelwa kwemigaqo yesebe kwimiba apho iBhunga lingakhange liyichaze ngokuphandle.

Ikamva Lesebe Elilawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo liyaqhubeka liguquka ngenxa yocelomngeni olutsha notshintsho olukhoyo. Iinkqubo zokuqhama ezifana nolawulo lobuchule obungeyoyamvelo, ulawulo lwendawo yorhwebo kunye nokuzilungiselela kuza kufuna ukuqhelaniswa kwesebe eliphetheyo kunye nezakhiwo ezintsha zentlangano.

Iingxoxo eziphathelele amandla aphezulu azibonisi zimpawu zokuncitshiswa. Imibuzo ephathelele igunya lomongameli lokusebenzisa umkhosi, ukulawula uqoqosho, ukukhusela imekobume nokusabela kwiimeko zongxamiseko iya kuqhubeka ibangela impikiswano kunye nokucatshukiswa. Ukufumana ulungelelwano phakathi kobugcisa nokuziphendulela kusengucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kulawulo-melo lwamaMerika.

Imigudu yokuphucula inkqubela karhulumente ifuna ukuba isebe elilawulayo libe nempumelelo, libe nempumelelo, likwazi ukuthobela izindululo ezisuka ekulungiseni imigaqo ukuya ekuphuculeni inkonzo yabathengi. Ubugcisa bunika amathuba okuguqula indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, kodwa bukwadala iingxaki ezintsha ngokuphathelele ukuba wedwa, ukhuseleko, nokungalingani.

Ukufaneleka kwesebe eliphetheyo kuxhomekeke ekulondolozeni ukuthembana kwabantu, okufuna ukuba kubonakale, kuphendulwe, kwaye kuthandwe yimfuno nenkxalabo yabemi. Njengoko ibutho lisiya lihluka-hluka kwaye lingenawo amaqela, liqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lisebenza kakuhle eMelika lonke kwaye ngokunempumelelo libaluleka kwaye liba nzima.

Ukuqonda Ulwalamano Lwakho Nesebe Elinegunya

Isebe elilawulayo lichaphazela ubomi bakho ngeendlela ezininzi, ukusuka ekukhuselekeni kokutya namayeza kuse kukhuseleko lwemida yakho ukuya kumgangatho womoya namanzi akho. Ukuqonda indlela elisebe elisebenza ngayo kukunika amandla okuba nempumelelo ngakumbi kurhulumente wakho kwaye kuphendulise neenkokeli zakho.

Unokunxibelelana nesebe elilawulayo ngeendlela ezininzi: ukucela iingenelo zikarhulumente, ukucela inkcazelo ngeFOIA, ukugqabaza ngemimiselo ecetyisiweyo, ukuxela ukwaphulwa komthetho karhulumente, okanye ukuhlala nje waziswe ngemisebenzi karhulumente. Amasebe omanyano agcina iiwebhsayithi ezinenkcazelo ngeenkqubo neenkonzo zawo, kwaye amaninzi anika amathuba okuba nenxaxheba ekuqululeni izigqibo.

Ukuncoma kumela eyona mpembelelo yakho ngqo kwisebe eliphetheyo, njengoko unyulo lomongameli lugqiba ukuba ngubani oza kukhokela esi sixhobo sikhulu. Ukuqonda isikhundla sabahlohli kumandla olawulo, kwimigaqo yolawulo, kwimicimbi yangaphandle, neminye imibandela kukunceda wenze ukhetho lolwazi. Unyulo luneziphumo, kwaye uMongameli oncedisayo uza kwenza izigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi bakho nekamva lohlanga.

Ngaphandle kokuvota, ungaqhagamshelana neWhite House okanye amaqumrhu karhulumente ukuze uvakalise iimbono zakho kwimibandela yezomthetho. Ngoxa unxibelelwano ngalunye lusenokubonakala lungabalulekanga, amaziko alo ayazijonga indlela abantu abavakalelwa ngayo aze ayiqwalasele xa esenza izigqibo. Ukulungelelanisa izibonelelo, enoba kusetyenziswa amaqela ezinzala, imibutho yentlalo, okanye imibutho yezentlalo, inokuba nempembelelo kwiinkalo eziphezulu zamasebe nezenzo.

Abo banomdla ekuthembiseni ngokunzulu, imisebenzi kwisebe eliphetheyo inikela amathuba okukhonza inkqubo kawonke-wonke kunye nokumila. Ukusuka kwizikhundla zomgangatho wokungena ukuya kwimisebenzi emikhulu, inkonzo karhulumente itsala abantu abazinikele ekwenzeni umahluko. Iinkqubo ezifana ne-Mongameli Ulawulo loomatshini abasebenza kunye nenkqubo yokufumana amaphulo aphezulu kwimisebenzi karhulumente, ngelixa iSebe lezeNkcubeko yaMazwe Angaphandle nezinye iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zinika amathuba akhethekileyo abo banezilangazelelo nobuchule obuthile.

Isiphelo: Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu kuLawulo - melo lwaseMerika

Isebe elilawulayo limela elinye lamasebe karhulumente anamandla nantsonkothileyo ehlabathini. Ukusuka kwidesika likaMongameli kwi-Oval ofisi ukuya kubasebenzi borhulumente abasebenza kwingingqi yelizwe lonke nakwihlabathi lonke, eli sebe lichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bale mihla. Likhusela uhlanga, linyanzelisa imithetho, lilawula uqoqosho, likhusela imekobume, linika abahlali iinkonzo, limela izilangazelelo zaseMelika kwamanye amazwe.

Ukuqonda isebe elilawulayo kuthetha ukuqaphela amandla alo kunye nokulinganiselwa kwalo. UMongameli uyalela ukuba kubekho oovimba abaninzi kunye negunya kodwa usebenza kwinkqubo yomGaqo-siseko eyenzelwe ukuthintela ulawulo ngee-checks kunye nolungelelwaniso. Amasebe omanyano asebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo olawulo kodwa amele alandele iinkqubo eziqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe nolwazi olusemgangathweni. Isebe eliphetheyo lingenza into ngokukhawuleza nangokungathandabuzeki kodwa lihlale linetyala kwiiBhunga, kwiinkundla, yaye ekugqibeleni abantu.

Indaleko yesebe eliphetheyo ibonisa ukukhula kweMelika ukusuka kwiriphabliki encinane yezolimo ukuya kwilizwe elikhulu elijongene neengxaki ezintsonkothileyo zenkulungwane yama-21. Njengoko ubugcisa buhambela phambili, izisongelo, kunye neenguqu zoluntu, isebe eliphetheyo kufuneka lilungelelanise ngexa lihlala liyinyani kwimigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kunye namaxabiso olawulo-demokhrasi. Oku kuxinezeleka okuqhubekayo phakathi kokuqhubekeka notshintsho, phakathi kwamandla nokuzibamba, kuchaza indima yesebe eliphetheyo kwidemokhrasi yaseMelika.

Kubemi abafuna ukuqonda urhulumente wabo, isebe elilawulayo linikela iwindow kwindlela amandla asebenza ngayo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ngokufunda ngendlela eyakheke ngayo, imisebenzi yayo, kunye nemiqathango yayo, ufumana ukuqonda indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo, indlela onokuthi ungenelele ngayo urhulumente okuncedayo. Olu lwazi lukunika amandla okuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kulawulo lwedemokhrasi kwaye lugcina iinkokeli zinetyala ngezenzo zazo.

Isebe eliphetheyo liza kuqhubeka liguquka, lijongene neengxaki ezintsha kwaye lilungelelanise neemeko ezitshintshayo. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukuphazamiseka kobugcisa, ukhuphiswano lwehlabathi lonke, kunye nolwahlulo lwamakhaya luza kuvavanya amandla esebe elilawulayo kunye nobulumko beenkokeli zalo. Ukuba liza kusabela kakuhle kule mingeni, kuza kubumba ikamva leMelika kunye nobomi babo bonke ababiza olu hlanga ngokuba likhaya.

Nokuba ungumfundi, ngummi omtsha, okanye ungomnye umntu onomdla kwindlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, ukuqonda isebe eliphetheyo kubalulekile ekuqondeni iMelika. Olu lwazi lukwenza ukwazi ukuthelekelela ngakumbi iingxoxo zobupolitika, ukuvavanya abathathi-nxaxheba kunye nemigaqo enzima, kwaye uthabathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Kurhulumente, osebenza, ongowabantu, ummi onolwazi uhlala esoloko ekho ukhangelwa ngokupheleleyo kwigunya kunye nesiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olungakumbi ngesebe eliphetheyo nendlela elisebenza ngayo, tyelela i-website esemthethweni yeWhite House, uphanda iiwebhsayithi zomzi - mveliso ngamnye, okanye ujonge izibonelelo ezisuka kwimibutho efana .gov. olunonxweme[ olunika ulwazi olubanzi ngeenkonzo nemisebenzi karhulumente. Amaziko emfundo, acinga iitanki, kunye nemibutho yezentengiso ikwanikela oovimba abaluncedo abafuna ukunyusa ukuqonda kwabo urhulumente waseMerika kunye nesebe eliphetheyo.