Ukuhlaziywa Kokuqala Nendlela Yokunxibelelana

UHlaziyo Lokuqala loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States luyisiseko senkululeko yaseMerika, lukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yokuhlanganisa, yokuhlanganisa, yokucela, neyonqulo. Izigwebo zonqulo ```iSimiselo sikaClaus' ne-Free Execle Claus')) zasungulwa ukukhusela urhulumente wesizwe ekuphazameni imicimbi yonqulo okanye ekumiseni icawa yesizwe. Kodwa kwiminyaka emalunga ne-30 emva kokuba iBhili yamaLungelo lagunyaziswe, ezi ntloko zisetyenziswa kuphela kurhulumente worhulumente. EUnited States yayikhululekile ukumisela iinkonzo ezisemthethweni, ukumisela imiqathango yonqulo, okanye ukugweba imiqathango yonqulo encinane ngaphandle kokuphula umGaqo-siseko. Oko kwaqala ukutshintsha inkulungwane yama-20 kusetyenziswa inkqubo esemthethweni ebizwa ngokuba yi-Complitiodmentation, eyathi ngokuthe ngcezulelo ka-191449.

Ibali lokuququzelela kweFree Expression Claus asiyonto nje efundiswayo ekutolikeni komgaqo-siseko; libali elichaza indlela inkululeko yonqulo lwamaMelika eyaba yimfanelo epheleleyo ngayo enyanzelisa wonke umgangatho worhulumente. Ukuqonda le nkqubo kufuna ukuvavanywa kwenkundla epheleleyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, umongo wembali weReconstration, kunye noxanduva oluqhubekayo phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo nezilangazelelo zemeko ezinyanzelisayo zombuso.

Imvelaphi Yangaphambili: IBhili Yamalungelo Nendlela Eyayikuyo Ekuqaleni

Xa iBhili yamaLungelo yavunywa ngo-1791, yabonisa inkxalabo yomseki yokuba urhulumente onamandla karhulumente angaphazamisana nenkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Noko ke, uMphengululo Wokuqala uqala ngamazwi athi "IKonret ayisayi kwenza mthetho," ilinganisela isicelo sayo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba oorhulumente babengenayo imiqathango esemthethweni ejongene nokuphathwa kwabo ngonqulo. Amaphondo amaninzi agcina iicawa zisekwe kakuhle kwinkulungwane ye-19, kwaye amanye amisela imithetho eyahlula iincalucalulo ngokuchasene neqela lonqulo (8-8), amaKatolika, namaYuda, nabangakholwayo (angenalo naluphi naluphi unyango lorhulumente.

Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo yowe-1833 . Baltimore yaqinisekisa oku kutolika kunciphile, ikholelwa ukuba iBhili yamaLungelo yabeka urhulumente wesizwe kuphela, hayi amaphondo. Esi sigqibo sahlala malunga nenkulungwane. Ukwenziwa kweSindululo se 1450 soMphetho-Mbeko ngo1868, kunye namalungelo awo okanye i-Immunion Clausse kunye ne-Id Procesclace, kwayila isiseko esisemthethweni sezenzo ezicel'ityala ezichasa amalungelo asisiseko. Kodwa kwathatha amashumi eminyaka ukuze iNkundla i-Nku.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezigwebo Kweshumi Elinane Nokuzalwa Komanyano

ISindululo soMgqibelo seshumi elinesine sika-Stive Claus sinikela ukuba akukho rhulumente oya "kukhupha nawuphi na umntu wobomi, wenkululeko, okanye wempahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho." Umbuzo weenkundla waba kukuba igama elithi "liberty" kule ngxelo laliquka amalungelo akhethekileyo adweliswe kwiBhili yamaLungelo. Imfundiso yokuqulunqwa yaphendula lo mbuzo ngokuvumayo, kodwa yawuphendula ngokunjalo, ngokufanelekileyo, ngemeko elungileyo.

Amatyala asekuqaleni kwelama-20 aqalisa inkqubo yokusebenzisa inkululeko yokuHlaziya koQala uHlaziyo kumaphondo. Gitlow v. eNew York (1925), iNkundla yabambelela kwelokuba uKhuseleko Lokuqala olukhululekileyo lwamadlamko lukhuselwe kumazwe kumthetho omthetho okwinkqubo yeSeed Programme Clause. UJaji Sanford wabhala ukuba "ngeenjongo zangoku sinokuthi sicinge ukuba inkululeko yokuthetha kunye nomatshini wokushicilela [ikhuselwa] yinkululeko yokuqala yokuHlalisa iBridgegmentmentmentation jumpre-'sssss' ikhuselwe kwinkqubo efunekayo ye-Adrectivetion ekhoyo. Oku kuzakunwenwa ukuqiniswa kwenkululeko yonqulo.

Kwasetyenziswa indlela efanayo yokuqiqa kuqheliselo lonqulo ngokukhululekileyo ku Hamilton v. Regents zeYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya (1934), apho iNkundla yaphawula kwidista ukuba iFree Execs Claus isenokuba yasebenza kumaphondo. Kodwa isigqibo esiqinisekileyo seza kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva.

Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940): INkundla Yokuguqula

Ityala eliphawula iziganeko zembali elaliquka iFree Examines Claus ngokusemthethweni nxamnye namaphondo yayingu Cantwell v. Connecticut , ligqitywe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo eyayameneyo ngo1940. Ityala lalibandakanya uNewton Cantwell noonyana bakhe, amaNgqina kaYehova awayegwetyelwe ukwaphula umthetho we-Connecticut ofuna imvume yokubhalisa iinjongo zonqulo. AbaCantwell babeshumayela kwaye besasaza uncwadi kwingini yamaKatolika, kwaye babedlala ingxelo yegrama eyayigxeka unqulo olulungelelanisiweyo.

IJaji Owen Roberts, ibhalela iNkundla, yathi iFree Ecence Ecenices Claus yafakwa kwiSindululo seMsebenzi seMpatho-mda seshumi elinesine. Wathi: "Ingcamango esisiseko yenkululeko ekhoyo ekuhlaziyweni kweSigqibo ibandakanya inkululeko eqinisekiswe nguMphengululo wokuqala. UMthetho Wokuqala uvakalisa ukuba iKhomyutha-nkqubo ayisayi kwenza mthetho ngokuphathelele ukusekwa konqulo okanye ukunqandwa kokuziqhelisela ngokwayo. UMthetho woLawulo weshumi elinesine unikezele imigaqo-mthetho yamazwe njengakwiNgqungquthela yokumisela imithetho enjalo."

Isigqibo sikaCantwell sasingumzuzu opheliswayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanakuphinda bajolise kuqheliselo lonqulo lokwalathisa umgaqo okhethekileyo ongekho ngqongqo. Esi sigqibo sakwaphelisa iyelenqe lokungalulawuli iConnecticut njengelinge elingafanelekanga umsebenzi wonqulo, simisela ukuba amaphondo akanakufaka izicelo zonqulo kwimvume yeqhinga ekhutshwe ligosa likarhulumente.

Okubangel ’ umdla kukuba, uCantwell wagqitywa ngosuku olufanayo nolo uMinersville weSithili saseSikolweni soMgangatho v. Gobiis (1943), apho iNkundla yaxhasa umthetho weflegi onyanzelekileyo nxamnye namaNgqina kaYehova, kwaye isigqibo seNkundla saguquka kwiminyaka emithathu kamva [ku- kwi-West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette [193]). Oku kusemva-kanye-ngokwethu kubonisa ukutshintsha kwendlela yokusebenza kokusebenza kwe-Eye-Eye-Opencire Julist Reviced Julistnupdance nasemva kokuba iquququququance.

Sherbert v. Verner (1963): Umgangatho oPhakamileyo woMqulu-siseko

Iminyaka emibini emva kweCantwell, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasungula uvavanyo olungqongqo lokuvavanya iimfuno ze-Free Egrafication. . Verner [1963], iNkundla yaqwalasela ukuba i-South Carolina ingazikhanyela na iinzuzo zokungaqeshwa ku-Adell Sherbert, umSabatha owagxothwa ngenxa yokwala ukusebenza ngoMgqibelo, isabatha. Umthetho wentlawulo lwentlawulo lokungaqeshwa wafuna ukuba abamkeli bemkelwe "kusebenza ngokufanelekileyo xa kunikezelwa," kwaye ukwala kukaSherbert ukuba asebenze ngoMgqibelo kumenzangamfanele.

Inkundla, ngokwembono yeJaji uWilliam Brennan, yathi ukukhanyelwa kwesizwe inzuzo kwabangela ukuba uSherbert asebenzise unqulo ngokukhululekileyo. Imo ibinokuwuthethelela umthwalo onjalo kuphela ngokubonisa inzala karhulumente [ kwaye umthetho ube ngumthetho ongqongqo uthetha ukuba [ unamandla okufikelela loo mdlalo. Uvavanyo lweSherbert, njengoko lwaziwayo, lwagunyazisa uphando olungqongqo kwisenzo sikarhulumente esinzima sonqulo.

Phantsi kwalo mgangatho, uMzantsi Carolina wasilela. Umdla karhulumente wokuthintela amatyala obuqhetseba wawunganyanzeliswanga ngokwaneleyo ukuphelisa ukuchasa kukaSherbert konqulo, kwaye urhulumente wayenokukhulula unqulo ngaphandle kokusingela phantsi inkqubo yokungaqeshwa. Uvavanyo lweSherbert lwasetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kwezinye iimeko, kuquka amatyala okungaqeshwa abandakanya ukugcinwa kweSabatha kunye nokungavumi ngenxa yesazela ukuya emkhosini.

Isigqibo seSherbert sasimele uphawu lwamanzi aphezulu lokuzilolonga okuzilolonga phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20. Kwakufuneka ukuba amazwe ahlalise uqheliselo lonqulo ngaphandle kokuba enesizathu esinyanzelisayo sokwenjenjalo. Lo mgangatho wazisa ukhuseleko olunentsingiselo kwiinkonzo ezincinane neenkolelo ezingezo zooobhityozeleli, njengoko iinkundla zasebenzisa uphando olungqongqo kwimithetho eyayithwele ubunzima ukuqheliswa konqulo.

Icandelo leMsebenzi . Smith (1990): Ukuhlaziywa

Umhlaba womthetho weFree Exenings watshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngo1990 [u-FLT:0] I-Employment Division v. Smith. Ityala lavela ekugxothweni kwabacebisi ababini bamaNdiya aseMerika asebenzisa kakubi iziyobisi, uAlfred Smith noGalen Black, abagxothwa ngenxa yokufunxa ipeyote ngexesha lonqulo lweTshadom-American. Urhulumente wase-Oregon wawakhaba inzuzo yokungaqeshwa, wacaphula ukukhulula kwabo ngenxa yokusetyenziswa "mis capucie""

Kwimbono ephikisayo yeJaji uAntonin Scalia, iNkundla yawushiya umgangatho ongqongqo wokuhlola iSherbert kwintelekelelo yeNdlela yokuzilolonga. INkundla yathi imithetho yobundilele yokungachaphazeli jikelele yokungachaphazeli ekusebenziseni umthwalo wonqulo ayingqubani noMdlalo wamaNgeniso we-Free Exenices Claus, nokuba umthwalo unzima. Njengoko uScalia wabhala, "Ukwenza imbopheleleko yomntu ngamnye ukuthobela umthetho onjalo oxhomekeke kwiinkolelo zakhe zonqulo, ngaphandle kokuba inzala kaRhulumente ingu ingu `````umphakame''''', ngokuzicel', ukuba ngumthetho ozimisela isithethe somGwamGwamGaqo-siseko nengqiqo yoluntu."

Isigqibo seSmith sayibhukuqa ngokunempumelelo i-Sherbert yamatyala onke ngaphandle kwalawo abandakanya imbuyekezo yokungaqeshwa kunye neemeko ezidityanisiweyo apho elinye ilungelo lomGaqo-siseko lalibandakanyekile. Oku kwathetha ukuba amatyala anokumisela imithetho enzima kuqheliselo lonqulo ngaphandle kokukhulula, ukuba imithetho yayinobundilele kwaye isebenza ngokuqhelekileyo.

IBhunga laphendula ngokukhawuleza kuSmith ngokugqithisa uMthetho we-FLT we-FOD Reconfrective [RFRA] ngo 1993, owabuyisela umgangatho wokuvavanya ngokungqongqo njengomthetho wemithetho karhulumente. RFRA isebenza kurhulumente wesizwe, kwaye amazwe amaninzi agqithisa iinguqulelo zawo ```State Religious Freedom Reconsoletion Acts/'scts'scts [[FLT:] ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko olufanayo kumgangatho wezwe. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kamva yalawula kurhulumente iDocument of Boerne v. Flores[FFLT:3] (1997) uRFRA) umthetho wokulawula i-RFRA'SGrenceldertivera ngokusebenza kumazwe akwizwe-10-10, kodwa i-RFRA ihleli kurhulumente.

Impembelelo Yokungahloneli Nto Ngenkululeko Yonqulo

Ukufakwa kweFree Execreation Claus kuye kwaba nemiphumo enzulu nehlala ixesha elide kwinkululeko yonqulo lwaseMerika. Ngaphambi kokuba kuqukwa, amagunya anokuthi, angazimisela iinkonzo ezisemthethweni, anyanzele ukuba abantu baye ecaweni, avale uqheliselo oluthile lonqulo, okanye abohlwaye abantu ngeenkolelo zabo. Emva kokuba zifakwe, ezi zinto zaba zezoburhulumente ngokungekho mthethweni.

Ukuthatyathwa kwemibutho bekubaluleke kakhulu ekukhuseleni amaqela amancinane onqulo. AmaNgqina kaYehova, aguqulela ngokukrakra kunye nokungavumi kwawo ukukhahlela iflegi ngokufuthi abangela ukukhathazwa ngumthetho, ayexhamla rhoqo kwinkuselo yeFree Express Claus kumbindi wenkulungwane yama-20. Ngokufanayo, iintsapho zama-Amish zafumana uloyiso olubalaseleyo Wiscon v. Yoder [7] [7], xa iNkusithi umthetho onyanzelisayo wesikolo uWisconsicle u-cle Calaus ngokufuna ukuba abantwana bama-Amish bangene esikolweni ngaphezu kweredium wesibhozo kwiinkolelo zabo zonqulo.

Kwakhona amaYuda namaSilamsi aye asebenzisa iFree Execreation Claus ngokunempumelelo ukucel ’ umngeni imithetho ephazamisa uqheliselo lwawo lonqulo.Ityala elibandakanya ukugcinwa kweSabatha, imithetho yokunxiba yonqulo, nemiqathango yokutya konke oku kuye kwachazwa phantsi kwemithetho ebizwa ngokuba yiFree Execles Claus, ngokufuthi ngemiphumo ekhusela izithethe zonqulo ezincinane.

Noko ke, isigqibo sikaSmith salunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko wonqulo. Phantsi kocwangciso lwangoku olusemthethweni, akukho lungelo liqhelekileyo lomgaqo-siseko lokukhululeka konqulo kwimigaqo yobundilele, jikelele esebenzayo. Ukugxininiswa kusuka kwindawo yomntu ngamnye ukuya kunyango olulinganayo-----------------Ingsingle Yokuzilolonga u- Claus uthintela oorhulumente ekujoliseni izithethe zonqulo ukuze bafumane unyango olungafanelekanga, kodwa akufuni ukuba baphumele ngaphandle kwemithetho yobundilele.

Iinkqubo Zale Mihla Nengxoxo Eziqhubekayo

Ingxoxo ngomlinganiselo wokhuseleko lweFree Execle Claus iyaqhubeka ingunobumba womthetho nezobupolitika zaseMerika. Imimandla emithathu iphambili namhlanje:

Ukungakhutshwa kwemithetho echasene nocalucalulo. Uxinezeleko phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo neLGBTQ+ amalungelo lubangele amatyala amaninzi e-profile ephezulu. Kumacpointhop v.Isigqibo soluvolorrado samaLungelo oMbindini [[FLT: 3] (2017]), iNkuyilo yeNkundla yamaLungelo kaColorado ulweloradomalksi iphazamisanelo Free Exesssss (iiindlela yokuchasa umbhaki) ngokubonisa inti yomtshato ukuze adale ike ike ikethe-ex. Isigqibo sasixinene, esisekelwe kwizibakala ezithe ngqo zomsebenzi zoobhaji, kodwa sashiya ekulungeleneni konqulo.

Ukuqhelisa unqulo ezintolongweni nasemkhosini. Abantu abaphathwe kakubi kunye namalungu enkonzo baye baphakamisa izibhengezo zeFree Expression malunga nokufumana uncwadi lonqulo, iindyebo zokutya, nelungelo lokunxiba iimpawu zonqulo. IReligious Land Use and Institudialized Persons Act (RLUIPA) ka 2000 inikeza ukhuseleko lomthetho wecawa kunye nabanye kwintolongo karhulumente, kodwa amatyala ayaqhubeka enyuka phantsi koobabini i-Free Exes Classiase kunye ne-RLUIPA.

Amaziko asekelwe kukholo kunye nenkxaso-mali karhulumente. Ulwalamano phakathi kwe-Free Express Claus kunye neenkqubo zenkxaso-mali zikarhulumente lubangele uluvo olubanzi. LuyiLutheran Church v. Comer [2017] [2017], iNkundla yakholelwa ukuba iMissouri ayinakuyikhupha icawa kwinkqubo ekhoyo eqhelekileyo enika inkqubo ye-Istations ephinda ibonakale ngenxa nje yokuba nayo ikholo lonqulo. [[FLT:]] Espinozazab.[5] Isebe le projelo le[FLT:] [FLT]2020]

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa kwezi nkqubela-phambili, iKhomishini yophando lweKhompyutha enika ushwankathelo oluhle lwendlela yokuzilolonga yocamagulo nokwenziwa kwayo. Ukongeza, [[FLT: 0] iCornell Information yolwazi lwasemthethweni kwiZiko leFree Expressifice Claus[ inikela ushwankathelo lwemfundiso ebanzi. [[FLT:]] Iproject yendlela yokuzilo olukhululekileyo [[ inikezela ngonikezelo kwiimpikiswano zomlomo kunye netyala kuzo zonke izigqibo ezinkulu zokuziqhelisela i-Enzeko.

Isithunzi sika Smith nophendlo Olutsha

Abahlalutyi besigqibo se ` se-Icnation v. Smith baye baphikisa kangangamashumi eminyaka ukuba iNkundla yakwenza kwachaphazeleka , ukuba ukuqonda kwasekuqaleni kweZiko leKhosi yoMsebenzi ka-Xawusel, kwakunye noqheliselo lwembali lwendawo yonqulo lwaseMelika, kufuna oorhulumente banikele ukukhululeka okunentsingiselo kwimithetho enzima enzima yokuqhelisa unqulo. UJaji Sandra Day O'Connor, ngelixa iquzelela iNkundla ukuba igcine umgangatho ongqongqo weSherbert. UJaji Harry Blackun, ngokuphikisa, uphikisa ukuba uOregon wayengazange abonise umdla onyanze intlawulo lonqulo lokurhoxisa iinkonzo.

Amaphondo aliqela agqithise eyawo i-Religious Freedom Reformation Zects ukumisela kwakhona umgangatho we-Sherbert kumgangatho wezwe. Eli lizwe i-RFRAs lisebenza kurhulumente nakwizenzo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, lizalisa umsantsa oshiyelwe siSixeko saseBoerne. Noko ke, ububanzi kunye nokusetyenziswa kweRFRAs yezahluka kakhulu, kwaye iinkundla kumazwe ahlukeneyo maxa wambi zifikelela kwiziphumo eziphikisanayo xa zisebenzisa ezo zenzo.

INkundla ePhakamileyo icebise, kwiimeko ezifana ne Fulton v. IsiXeko sasePhiladelphia [2021], ukuze kukulungele ukuphinda kuthathwe kwakhona uSmith. KwiFilton, iNkundla yavumelana ukuba iPhiladelphia yaphula umthetho we-Free Expression ngokufuna ukuba izibini zezezentlalo zamaKatolika ziqinisekise izibini ezifanayo zobugcwabiso njengabazali abaxhasayo phezu kwako nje ukuphikisa kwesebe. Inkundla igqibelele ukuba ityala likwizintlukwano zesixeko ziquka umgaqo owedwa owenqanda ukukhulula abantu ngabanye, obangela ukuba uphakathwe ngokungqongqo. Kodwa uJacholalmey Conte Barrett, wathelelwa nguJajini uBrette Kavauth noSamuel Alito, wabhala ngokwahlukeneyo ukuba ucebisa ukuba uSmith aphinde aphinde aphinde adiswe yityala, kodwa avume iNkulwane.

Isiphelo: Ukuthotywa Okuhlala Kuhleli

Ukuqukwa kwe-Free Emplified Claus kuMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine kumi njengenye yezona ziphuhliso zibalulekileyo kumthetho-siseko waseMerika. Ngaphandle kokungeniswa, amaMelika ebengayi kuba nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanokumisela imiqathango yonqulo lwabo. Isiqinisekiso sokuba "IKhonreferi ayiyi kwenza mthetho onqanda ukuqheliselwa kwayo ngokukhululekileyo" ngoku, singenxa yokusekwa, isiqinisekiso sokuba akukho mgangatho karhulumente eUnited States unokuthi ungakwaleli ukusebenzisa unqulo ngokukhululekileyo.

Olu khuselo aluzange luphele. Iinkundla zisoloko ziqonda ukuba ukuqhelisela unqulo kusenokuthotyelwa ngokusengqiqweni kumgaqo womdla wempilo yoluntu, ukhuseleko, kunye nocwangco. Umbuzo asikokuba inkululeko yonqulo inokuba nemilinganiselo elinganiselweyo kusini na, kodwa kunoko ngumgaqo wokuthethelela urhulumente amele ahlangabezane nawo xa emisela imida enjalo. Ingxoxo phakathi kweSherbert umgangatho wokuhlola ngokungqongqo nomgangatho wokungathabathi cala nomthetho weSmith ibonisa iimbono ezahlukileyo ngolwalamano olufanelekileyo phakathi kwesazela sonqulo negunya le-rhulumente.

Ukuhlola okunzulu kwezi miba, iziko lophando lobuProfente elijongene nenkululeko yonqulo eMelika[[FT:1] linika ugcino-lwazi olubalulekileyo kwizimo zengqondo nomthetho. Brennan Center yomsebenzi weSiko loLuntu kwinkululeko yonqulo [[ inikela inkcazelo ecacileyo ngokunqamleza kwemiqamelo ye-Free Exect kunye namanye amalungelo asisiseko.

Ukuqukwa kwe-Free Execs Claus kuqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yonqulo ihlala ifanelekile nguMmeli ngamnye nxamnye norhulumente ngamnye. Kuyisiqinisekiso kumbono wabaFrame kunye nesibopho sesizukulwana sokuphinda sivuselelwe sobuzwe bokhuseleko lweBhili yamaLungelo. Njengoko kuvela iimpikiswano ezintsha nezidala ziguquka, intelekelelo yeFree Execle Claus equlution iza kuqhubeka zichaza ukhuthuzo lwenkululeko yonqulo eUnited States.

Ibali lokuqukumbela aligqitywanga. Ukwenziwa kweNkundla Ephakamileyo kuyaqhubeka kutshintsha, ukubekwa ityala phezu kokukhulula konqulo kuyaqhubeka kugcwalisa amadokisi karhulumente, kwaye iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziyaqhubeka zizama ukukhusela inkululeko yazo yonqulo. Oko kuhlala kuhleli kungummiselo womgaqo-siseko, omiselwe ngokubandakanya, ukuba ukuqhelisela unqulo ngokukhululekileyo yinkululeko esisiseko efanelwe lukhuselwa ngamandla umthetho onokuyinikela.

Kooogqirha, abafundi, kunye nabemi abafuna ukuqonda lo mmandla womthetho, isitshixo sokuwufumana sisi: ukufakwa kwendlela yokwandiswa kokuzilolonga kuka-Celas yayingesosiganeko esinye kodwa inkqubo, eyabhenelayo kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwaye iqhubeke iguqula indalo kumashumi amabini anesiqu. ICantwell v.Connecticut ivule ucango, iSherbert v. Verner yaphakamisa umgangatho, iPricev. Smith yayisihlisa, kwaye ikamva lihlala lingaqinisekanga. Into eqinisekileyo yokuba ukuquququzelelwa kwe-Free Exective Claus kuguqule umgangatho wonqulo lwaseMelika ngokusisigxina, iqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yokukholelwa nokuqheliswa kwesazela akukhuselwanga nje kwisizwe kodwa kumthetho worhulumente wasekuhlaleni.