Ukungenelela phakathi kwamasebe oMthetho nowezolawulo

Ulwalamano oluphakathi kwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namasebe alawulayo lulo luhlu lolawulo-bulumbiso lwedemokhrasi kwiinkqubo zolawulo-mpukane njenge-United States. Oku kudlala okusebenzayo kuchaza indlela imithetho eqanjwe ngayo, ehluziwe, ephunyezwayo, kwaye isetyenziswa, kwaye ngokusisiseko ilolonga ubume belizwe bezobupolitika. Ukuqonda olu nxulumano kubalulekile ekuqondeni ubunkimbini bokwenziwa kwemithetho, ukuphendula ulawulo lwedemokhrasi, kunye nokulingana kwamandla. Ngelixa abalawuli be-frems be-U.S.

Ukuqonda Isebe Elisemthethweni

Isebe lemithetho, ngokuyintloko iBhunga lowiso-mthetho, linegunya lokubeka imithetho. EUnited States, esi siko singunobumba we-bimageral siyilwe yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zooMongameli, ngalinye linamalungu ahlukeneyo omgaqo-siseko kunye nesiseko sonyuselo. Indlu, enamalungu angama- 435 ahlulwe ngabantu, yenzelwe ukuba iphendule ngakumbi, enamagunya amabini apheleleyo kunye namandla akhethekileyo okusungula iindleko zemali kunye namagosa angoorhulumente. ICanter, enamalungu ali-100 (ababini) ahlukeneyo, asebenza njengamalungu angakumbi anokungameleki, kunye neemfuno-mfuno-mnyaka emithandathu, amandla okuqinisekisa ukumiselwa komongameli, kunye noxanduva lokuzama ukungatyisi.

Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho intsonkothe ngabom, ifuna amatyala adlulise amagumbi omabini afanayo phambi kokuba anikwe uMongameli. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukuva kweekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, ukulungisa, kunye neevoti ezininzi. Imfuneko yokuba nemisebenzi emikhulu kwezinye iimeko. Ngokungathi kunyanzelekile ukuba izivumelwano okanye ukuqinisekisa izivumelwano ze-raftive zisebenze njengokhangelo kumphathi-mthetho, kodwa ikwathetha ukuba inyathelo elikhulu lomthetho lifuna intsebenziswano enqamlezileyo kunye nolwakhiwo-mbutho.

Ukulawula Nophando

IKhomishini iqhuba ulawulo kwisebe eliphetheyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembekileyo. Oku kuvelela kungathatha uhlobo lwe-ofisi yokuva, encinci, kunye nophengululo lweekomiti. I-ofisi yeGovernment Accounting (GAO) kunye ne-Creferionational Bridgetment Office [CBO) inikela uhlalutyo oluzimeleyo olunceda izimiselo zolawulo lwezikomkhulu nezicelo zoqingqo. Amandla e-subpoena, ngexesha eliphantsi kwemingeni, livumela ukuba kunyanzelwe ubungqina kunye namaxwebhu aphuma kumagunya, yenza uxanduva olunamandla oluphakamisa ukuphendula.

Indima Yesebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu

Isebe eliphetheyo libekwa ityala lokuzalisekisa nokuqinisekisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Eliphethwe nguMongameli, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente, eli sebe liquka uMongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo, iKhabhinethi (edibanisa iintloko zamasebe alawulayo alishumi elinesihlanu), kunye nemithetho elawulayo yorhulumente ebanzi. Imisebenzi yomgaqo-siseko woMongameli iquka ukuqinisekisa ukuba "imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka," iqhuba inkqubo yangaphandle, kwaye isebenza njengoMphathi-iNdlundlo-mza-mzambutho wemikhosi exhobileyo.

Imiyalelo nemiyalelo yegunya

Ngeli xesha uMongameli engenakukwazi ukwenza imithetho ngaphandle kokuphinda aququzelele, iSebe eliLawulayo lingakhupha imiyalelo yabalawuli, umsebenzi wecarranda, kunye nezibhengezo zokwalathisa imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente. Ezi zixhobo zithwala amandla omthetho kodwa ziphantsi kohlolo lomthetho kwaye zinokutshintshwa ngolawulo olulandelayo okanye zithathelwe indawo ngumthetho. Ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo kuye kwanwenwa ngexesha elithile, ingakumbi xa iBhunga libotshelelwe, kodwa zihlala ziyisixhobo solawulo kunokuba zithathe indawo yomthetho.

IRhulumente Yolawulo

Amasebe kunye namasebe omanyano, anjenge-EPA Protection Agency yeNkcubeko yezeMpilo nezoBuntu (HHS), adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni nasekusebenziseni imithetho ngokumisela imithetho. Aba bathunywa begunya bayimfuneko ekulawuleni iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, kodwa kwakhona baphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokulingana okufanelekileyo phakathi kwengqiqo yolawulo oluphezulu kunye neenjongo zomthetho. Adminitive Procedure (A) ilawula inkqubo yokwenziwa kolawulo, inika amathuba okugqabaza nocaluvo lwasekuhlaleni.

Iingqinipho - bume Nokulungelelana Okuqheliselwayo

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye linokulawula elinye. Ingxoxo phakathi kwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namasebe alawulayo kukungqungqa okuzingisileyo kobuveleli kunye nokunyanzeliswa. Nazi ezinye zeenkqubo ezingundoqo:

  • [[NTL:0] Igunya loMphathiswa angawuhambisa nawuphi na umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga, kodwa iBhunga lingawugqitha umphetho ngesithathu sombini somnikazi kumagumbi omabini. Eli gunya liqinisekisa ukuba umphathi ophetheyo akanakuwuvala umthetho ngaphandle kwemvume ebalulekileyo yomthetho-mthetho avumelana naye.
  • Ukuqinisekisa: uhlomelo loMongameli lwezikhundla zeKhabhinethi, iinqanawa zolawulo zephondo (kuquka iNkundla ePhakamileyo), kunye nee-amirari kufuneka ziqinisekiswe yiBhunga leNtlanganiso. Oku kunika isebe lemithetho ilizwi elingqalileyo ekuxonxeni iqela lempatho ephezulu kunye nejaji.
  • [[NTL:0] Unikezelo nokukhutshwa: Indlu yabameli ibamba amandla okungatyunjwa nguMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, kunye namanye amagosa asekuhlaleni e-"Isizathu, Ukunyotywa, okanye amanye amatyala aphezulu kunye nabasebenzi abangekho mthethweni" IBhunga ngoko liqhuba ukuvavanywa kwaye, ukuba ii-isithathu ezibini zabameli ezikhoyo zibamba ityala, lisusa umphathi-gosaseofisini.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Amandla ePurse: ingulawulo lwemali karhulumente, kuquka ukuxhasa ngemali kwabameli abaphetheyo kunye neenkqubo. Ngokudibanisa iimeko kwityala lemali okanye ukurhoxisa imali, iBhunga linokuphembelela inkqubo yempatho elawulayo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Imvume eTreaty: UMongameli uthethana ngezivumelwano, kodwa zifuna ukwenziwa zidityaniswe ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu kwiBhunga. Oku kuthintela umphathi ukuba angabopheleli uhlanga kwimiqathango yezizwe ngezizwe ngaphandle kwenkxaso yemithetho-siseko.

Inyathelo Lomthetho Nezenzo Zolawulo

Omabini amasebe anokuqalisa utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwenkqubo, ngokufuthi lungawufinyezi umahluko phakathi kokwenziwa komthetho nokubulawa. Ngoxa isebe lowiso-mthetho licebisa kunye namatyala eengxoxo, isebe elilawulayo linokubeka izinto eziza kuqala ngedilesi yeSizwe se-Union, lifake izicelo zoqingqo-mali, lifake ingxubusho yokutyikitya umthetho.

Imigaqo yecandelo njengesixhobo soLawulo

Imiyalelo elawulayo iye yasetyenziswa ngoomongameli ukufikelela iinjongo zomgaqo-nkqubo xa umthetho upheliswa okanye ungekho. Umzekelo, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wasebenzisa imiyalelo yabalawuli ukuyila iOfisi yoLawulo oluPhezulu yoMongameli kunye nokusebenzisa amaJapan amaMelika ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kutshanje, oomongameli baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukufikelela kwinkqubo yokufuduka (Isenzo esithenjiweyo sokufikelela entlalweni, e-DACA), imimiselo yemekobume, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Kodwa, le misebenzi isoloko icetyiswa enkundleni, kwaye igunya labo elisemthethweni lixhomekeke kwigunya elikhoyo lemithetho yezomthetho.

I-Votoes Esemthethweni

IKhomishini yakha yasebenzisa "i-veto ebangela ukuba ingasebenzi imisebenzi yegunya ngaphandle kokunika uxwebhu kuMongameli. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yavakalisa oku kuchasene nomthetho INS v. Chadha [19983], ilawula ukuba umGaqo-siseko ufuna ukulawulwa kwezenzo ze-binalism nokunikelwa kwesenzo nasiphi na ngegunya lomthetho. Esi sigqibo someleza isandla somphathi-ntloko ngokususa isixhobo esingundoqo solawulo lwezikonga lwezikonga.

Uhlolisiso Longenelelo Lombandela

Imizekelo yembali inikela imizekeliso ecacileyo yendlela amasebe alawulayo asebenzisana ngayo aze angquzulane, ebumba ikhondo lohlanga.

IDerection Entsha (1933-1939)

Umthetho kaMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wachaza ixesha lokusebenzisana okunzulu phakathi kwamasebe alawulayo nawowiso-mthetho. Ukujongwa koLawulo oluPhezulu, iRoosevelt yasebenza ngokusondeleyo neKhomishini elawulwa yiDemocratic Congress ukudlulisa imithetho emininzi emisela inkqubo yeNtlalo-ntle, i-Security kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange (SEC), kunye neenkqubo zikawonke wonke. Eli xesha libonisa indlela eyomeleleyo ukhokelo lomongameli olunokunyusa ngayo isenzo sowiso-mthetho, kodwa kwakhona labangela iimfazwe zomgaqo-siseko ngenxa yokwahlula amagunya, kuquka nenkqubo kaRose-Roselt engaphumelelanga "Lourt-paging" kucwangciso lwe-packe".

Isigqibo samagunya emfazwe (1973)

Ukuphendula kwimfazwe yaseVietnam kunye noMongameli Nixon efihlakeleyo ebhombu eKhambodiya, iBhunga leMbutho ladlulisela iSigqibo seWar Powers phezu kweNicon's. Umthetho wafuna ukulinganisela amandla kaMongameli okubeka i-U.S. imikhosi exhobileyo kwimfazwe ngaphandle kwemvume yengqungquthela, ifuna ukuba umongameli axele ingxelo ngeyure ezingama-48 kunye nokurhoxa kwemikhosi emva kweentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga ligunyazinzise isenzo esiphazanyisiweyo. Lo mthetho uye waxabaniswa, ngokuphikisa koomongameli abaninzi ngendima yabo yesiseko njengoMphathi-inkumanda-Chief, nto leyo ikhokelela kumkhosi oqhubekayo womkhosi owemfazwe odityaniweyo.

ISebe libonise ukuba

Ukudlula koMthetho weNtolongo weAffordible Care (ACA) phantsi koMongameli uBarack Obama yayilixesha elibalulekileyo lokusebenza kwe-winter-ovement-ovement. Ityala lajamelana nenkcaso ekrakra kwaye kwafuneka uhlolo olunzima, kuquka iingxubusho ezicwangcisiweyo, ukukhusela inkxaso kuMmocrates ofanelekileyo. Emva kokudlula, isebe elilawulayo lalinoxanduva lokusebenzisa umthetho ontsonkothile, kuquka ukumisela ii-inshorensi ze-inshorensi zempilo kunye nokwandisa uMdicaid. Xa amanye amazwe ayengavumi ukwandisa uMdicaid, umphathi olawulayo wasebenzisa ubuchule bokulungisa ubuchule kwaye kamva wakhupha ii-ravers ukulungisa ukwenziwa komthetho. I-ACA yayikwabandakanya izenzo zolawulo lolawulo oluphezulu ekukhuseleni umthetho, njengesigqibo sokungakhuselwa kweminye imigaqo.

Uphando lukaMongameli uBill Clinton (1998-1999)

Ukungagunyaziswa kukaMongameli Clinton kwabonisa uvavanyo kunye nolungelelwano kwinkqubo yomsebenzi. Indlu yacetyiswa ngokutshayelwa ngezityholo zobuxoki nezithintelo zobulungisa, kodwa iNdlu yeNdlu yamatyala yakhulula, yasilela kumabanjwa angamashumi amabini anesithathu. Le nkqubo yabonisa umvalo ophezulu wokususa umongameli yabalaselisa ubukho bezobupolitika bokungakhuthazi, njengokuba ukunyaniseka kweqela kwaphembelela ngamandla iziphumo.

Ucelomngeni Nemigaqo Elandelayo

Unxulumano phakathi kwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namasebe alawulayo namhlanje luphawuleka ngokukhutshwa kwemimandla ephakamileyo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukusebenzisa iindlela zesithethe zokulalanisa nokuphatha.

Ukwenziwa Kwenkcazelo Yezobupolitika Nokuxinana

Ukwahlulwa-hlula okukhulayo kuye kwakhokelela kwimithetho elawulayo, iNkomfa izabalazela ukumisela umthetho oyintloko kwimibandela efana nokufuduka, ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo, kunye nenkqubo yezonyango. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba oomongameli bathembele kakhulu kwimiyalelo yezolawulo nakwizenzo zolawulo ukuze bafezekise iinjongo zabo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekumangalelweni kwabalawuli abachukumileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, iqela elincinane elikwiBhunga elisebenzisa izixhobo ze-procession (umz., i-nnskbuster kwi-Scorate) ukuvala umthetho, nto leyo enokuthi ibangele ukuthemba urhulumente kuqhubeke.

Ukucinywa Ngurhulumente

Xa iBhunga kunye noMongameli bengenakuvumelana ngetyala lokudityaniswa kwemiba, urhulumente angavala, amise iinkonzo ezingezizo ezentengiso. Ukuvalwa kwemali okude, ukususela ngoDisemba 2018 ukuya ngoJanuwari 2019, kwenzeka xa uMongameli Trump wafuna inkxaso-mali yodonga lomda loMbutho ongayi kugunyaziswa. Ukuvalwa kwemiqathango kubonakalisa amandla esipaji kodwa kwakhona kugxininisa ukungahleleki okunokuvela kwiloli lezobupolitika.

Ilungelo Elilawulayo Nolawulo Lwebutho

Ichasa ilungelo eliphezulu eliphezulu ." ilungelo lomongameli lokungaluvumeli ulwazi kwiNgqungquthela-macandelwana . ngoku lande kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Oomongameli baye bacela ilungelo eliphezulu ukuxhathisa amaxwebhu namangqina angaphantsi, nto leyo ekhokelela kumadabi asezinkundleni avavanya imida yobuveleli. I-2019-2020 yokungagunyaziswa kukaMongameli Trump kunye nophengululo olulandelayo kwihambo yakhe, nolwalamano oluthe lulukhulu, kunye nendlu engaphantsi kwesikhulu esinamagosa alwamkeli abathobelayo.

Ubandakanyeko Lwasesidlangalaleni Nemfundo

Impilo yenkqubo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke kulwazi oluziqondayo ezi ntshukumo. Imfundo ye-COVIVIC inganika abantu amandla okuba bathabathe inxaxheba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo, ngokuvota phakathi kwexesha lovotelo, kunye nokubandakanyeka kwiingxoxo zemigaqo kawonke-wonke. Iinzuzo ezifana [ zokwahlula uLuhlu kunye nemibutho enjengayo] ivumela abemi ukuba bafumane ii-'icips'[FLT] izibonelelo zoncedo lokunceda abafundi baqonde ukwahlulwa kwamandla nokubaluleka kwee-amandla. Ngaphezu koko, amaqonga afana [[FLT:]

Ucelomngeni Lobugcisa Nolawulo

Ukwanda konxibelelwano lwamanani kunye nokuntsonkotha okukhulayo kolawulo kudala ucelomngeni olutsha. Ukusetyenziswa kwezenzo zolawulo ukuphendula ubugcisa obuvelayo, obufana nobungeyonyaniso nokungaqiniseki kwekhompyutha, kudla ngokuyiphakamisa isantya somthetho. IBhunga lisenokufuna ukuhlaziya iindlela zalo zolawulo nokuvumela iimpendulo ezikhawulezileyo kutshintsho lobugcisa, ngexa kuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu zihlala zinetyala kubameli babantu.

Isiphelo

Unxulumano phakathi kwamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namasebe alawulayo lulwalamano olunamandla noludla ngokuba nengxabano olusembindini wedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ukusuka kwingxoxo yokusekwa kwe-odoli yomGaqo-siseko ukuya kumadabi ahlukeneyo namhlanje, ukudibanisa la masebe amabini, kumisela indlela urhulumente anokuzisingatha ngayo iimfuno zabemi bakhe. Abaquququzeleli benza inkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo, belindele ukuba amabhongo ajonge amabhongo. Ngeli xesha le nkqubo ikhokelela kwimijelo kunye nokhuhlazo, ikwaqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe elinye elinokulawula lula. Abafundi, abafundisi, nabaquququzeli, abanolwalamano oluntluvo luyimfuneko ukuze bathabathe inxaxheba kwiprojelo lokuzilawula. Ngokuhlola zombini ezimbali kunye nezimngeni, sinokuxabisa ngakumbi kunye nenkqubo ezifunekayo ngokuzinzileyo.