Table of Contents
Ukuqonda Ukungabi Nanxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi: Ukhokelo Olubalulekileyo
Ukuncoma kumela elinye lamalungelo asisiseko noxanduva kuluntu lwedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Ubuchule bokuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo busebenza njengesiseko solawulo lwabameli, ivumela abemi ukuba babe nelizwi elingqalileyo ekukhetheni iinkokeli zabo nasekulungiseni inkqubo kawonke-wonke. Noko ke, ilungelo lokuvota alinikwanga bonke abantu kwilizwe. Ukuqonda ukuba ngubani ofanele ukuvota, oko kusenokusebenza, nendlela amalungelo okuvota anokubuyiselwa ngayo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.
Le ndlela ibanzi ihlola iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokuvota kunye nemiqathango, ihlola imigaqo egqiba ukuba ngubani ozakuphosa ibhola yokuvota, iimeko apho amalungelo okuvota anokulinganiselwa okanye asuswe, kunye neenkqubo apho abantu abaphucukileyo banokufumana khona kwakhona ilizwi labo abanyuliweyo. Nokuba ngaba ungumvoti wokuqala, umxhasi wamalungelo okuvota, okanye umntu nje onomdla ekuqondeni ukungenelela kwedemokhrasi, eli nqaku likunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo olufunayo ukuze uqhubele phambili kumhlaba onobuchule bokuchola.
Isiseko Samalungelo Abantu Kwinkqubo Yedemokhrasi
Ingcamango yamalungelo okuvota ivele ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela imbali. Yayililungelo eligcinelwe abantu abambalwa abakhethiweyo ``ngokuqhelekileyo abantu abazakhele impahla'' ngokuya benwenwa ukuya kudityaniswa nabemi. Olu lwando lubonisa umgaqo-siseko osisiseko wolawulo-mpumezo wokuba urhulumente ufumana ilungelo lakhe ngokuvuma kwabalawulwayo. Namhlanje, amazwe amaninzi olawulo-demokhrasi agqala ukuvota njengamalungelo angundoqo, nangona imilinganiselo ekhethekileyo yaloo ndawo ilungile yahluka kakhulu ukusuka kulawulo olunye ukuya kolunye.
Ukusekwa kwemiqathango yokuvota kunceda iinjongo ezininzi kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ezi mfuneko zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba abavoti banesibonda sokwenene kuluntu kunye nolawulo lwalo, ukuba banamandla okwenza izigqibo ngolwazi, nokuba inkqubo yokukhetha igcina ingqibelelo yayo. Kwangaxeshanye, imilinganiselo yokungalinganiseli mayilungelelaniswe kakuhle ngokuchasene nomgaqo wokuzimela ngedemokhrasi jikelele ukuthintela iindidi ezingekho ngqi okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho olulula
Imigaqo yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke, kuquka iSindululo soMhlaba saMalungelo abantu neSivumelwano seZizwe Ngezizwe samaLungelo angokwabantu nangokweePhondo, iyalivuma ilungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kurhulumente ngonyulo olukhululekileyo. La maxwebhu amisela imigaqo esisiseko enika imiyalelo esisiseko echaza imithetho yokuvota kwesizwe, nangona amazwe ngamanye enegunya elibonakalayo ekusebenziseni le migaqo kwiinkqubo zawo zomthetho.
Iimfuno Zokusebenza Ngokwaneleyo Kulwimi
Ngoxa imiqathango yokuvota yahluka kumazwe nakumazwe awahlukahlukeneyo, iimfuno ezithile ezisisiseko zibonakala rhoqo kwinkqubo yonyulo lwedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Ukuqonda ezi mpawu zingundoqo kubalulekile ukuba nabani na ofuna ukusebenzisa ilungelo lakhe lokuvota okanye ukuxhasa ukuba athathe inxaxheba engakumbi kukhetho.
Iimfuno Zobudala
Iminyaka yokuvota encinane imela enye yezona milinganiselo zokungamkeleki kwedemokhrasi kwimimandla jikelele kunyulo lwedemokhrasi. Uninzi lwamazwe lumisela lo mqobo xa luneminyaka eli-18 ubudala, lubonisa ukuvumelana okuqhelekileyo ukuba abantu bafikelele ekukhuleni ngokwaneleyo baze bagwebe ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwizigqibo zokukhetha kule meko. Lo mlinganiselo wathatyathwa ngokubanzi phakathi kwesiqingatha sokugqibela senkulungwane yama-20, ngokufuthi udefaniswa nobudala obuthi abantu bathathe ezinye iimbopheleleko ezinjengenkonzo zasemkhosini, izivumelwano ezisemthethweni, kunye nokuphendula kolwaphulo-mthetho.
Noko ke, umqobo weminyaka eli-18 awuphelelanga. Amazwe aliqela aye azama iminyaka ephantsi yokuvota, eqonda ukuba abantu abaselula bachatshazelwa zisigqibo sobupolitika kwaye basenokuba nobuchule bokuthatha inxaxheba kolwazi. Umzekelo, iAustria, ihlisela ubudala bayo bokuvota kwishumi elinesithandathu kuzo zonke iinyuko ngo 2007, iyenza ibe yenye yamazwe okuqala aseYurophu ukwenza oko. iSkotlani yavumela abali-16 kunye nabasebenzi abali-17 beminyaka elishumi ukuya kuvota kwi-2014 uku-endendium yayo, kunye namanye amagunya aliqela angene ngoonyulo olufanayo lwezinyulo okanye isalathisi.
Ingxoxo emalunga nexesha lokuvota iyaqhubeka kwimimandla emininzi yolawulo-bume, nabameli bokuthoba isigaba seminyaka bephikisa ngelithi ikhuthaza ukuganana kwesizwe, iqonda ukuphaphela kwezobupolitika kwabemi abaselula, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba abo bachaphazelekayo kwizigqibo zexesha elide bangababumba. Abachasi bavakalisa inkxalabo ngokukhula, ukuchana kwempembelelo, kwaye amathuba okuncitshiswa komgangatho wokhetho. Le ngxoxo iyaqhubeka ibonakalisa imibuzo enzulu ngesimo sobukho bezobupolitika nemidanti yedemokhrasi.
Iimfuno Zobumi
Ukuba ngummi kumela enye imfuneko ephantse ibe yeyehlabathi lonke yokufumana unyulo kunyulo lwesizwe. Isizathu esiphambili salo mgaqo sicacile: abemi banomthi osisigxina kwikamva lelizwe labo kwaye bathwala iziphumo ezipheleleyo zezigqibo zikarhulumente. Iimfuno zobumi zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba abo banenxaxheba ekukhetheni iinkokeli kunye nenkqubo yokubumba bazimisele ukuhlala belawula uluntu.
Ingcaciso ecacileyo yobumi kunye nezindlela zokufumana ubumi bazo zahluka-hluka kakhulu kwiinkqubo zomthetho ezahlukeneyo. Amanye amazwe aqonda ukuba ubumi ngokuyintloko ngokuzalwa kwintsimi yawo (jus soli), ngoxa amanye egxininisa umnombo wabazali (ii-juscuinins). Amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa umxube wale migaqo, kunye neenkqubo zendalo ezivumela abemi basemzini ukuba bafumane ubumi emva kokuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile.
Ngoxa imfuno zobumi zingumgangatho wonyulo lwesizwe, ezinye iindawo ezinika amalungelo okuvota kubantu abangengobemi kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Oku kubonakalisa ukuba abemi bexesha elide, kwanangaphandle kokuba ngummi osemthethweni, banemfuno esemthethweni kwimiba yolawulo yasekuhlaleni enjengezikolo, izibonelelo, kunye neenkonzo zoluntu. Umzekelo, iNew Zealand, ivumela abemi abasisigxina bemi ukuba bavote kunyulo lwesizwe emva konyaka othile behlala, ngoxa amazwe amaninzi e-Europe Union evumela abemi be-EUNIO ukuba bahlale kwimi yabo ukuze bavote kuvote kukhetho lwepalamente yasekuhlaleni nakumazwe aseYurophu.
Umbuzo wamalungelo okuvota okungangeni kwinani lokuvota ufumene ingqalelo engakumbi kwiminyaka yakutshanje njengokuba iindlela zokufuduka ziye zabangela ukuba abemi abade bexesha bangahlali. Abameli baphikisa ngelithi irhafu ngaphandle kokumela imigaqo yedemokhrasi kwaye amalungelo okuvota asekuhlaleni anokubangela ukuba abantu bathandwe ngokungenalu manyano. Abahlalutyi bathi imfuneko yokuba ummi ugcine umanyano olukhethekileyo phakathi kohlanga namalungu alo kunye nezikhongozeli zokuziqhela zibonelela iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokufumana amalungelo apheleleyo ezobupolitika.
Iimfuno Zokuhlala Uhleli
Ngaphandle kokuba ngummi, iinkqubo ezininzi zovotelwa zimisela iimfuno zokuhlala ezidibanisa amalungelo okuvota kwiindawo ezithile zomhlaba. Ezi mfuneko zisebenza kwiinjongo ezininzi: ziyaqinisekisa ukuba abavoti banolwazi nomdla kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, ziyathintela ukuqhatha kovoti ngokuvota okuninzi, kwaye zigcina unxulumano phakathi kwabameli nabameli babo.
Iimfuno zokuhlaziywa zisebenza kwimigangatho emininzi. Kunyulo lwesizwe, abavoti kufuneka bahlale jikelele kwilizwe, nangona amazwe amaninzi enza amalungiselelo okuba abemi bahlala kwelinye ilizwe bevote ngeebholoti ezingekhoyo okanye kwiintlanganiso zezobuzwe. Kuvotelo lwengi okanye lwengingqi, abavoti kufuneka bahlale kulawulo olukhethekileyo olubamba unyulo, enoba lolo rhulumente, iphondo, iphondo, iphondo, okanye ingingqi.
Ixesha lokuhlala elifunekayo lohluka-hlukeneyo. Amanye amagunya afuna kuphela ukuba abavoti babe ngabemi ngomhla wonyulo, ngoxa amanye egunyazisa ixesha elincinane lokuhlala ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ukuvota. Ezi mfuneko zobude bobude kufuneka zilungelelanise usukelo lokuqinisekisa unxulumano loluntu lokwenene nxamnye nomngcipheko wokuhlulwa kwabemi abahambayo, kuquka abafundi, abasebenzi basemkhosini, kunye nabasebenzi abafudukela rhoqo.
Kuvela iingxaki ezikhethekileyo kubemi abangenamakhaya asisigxina, kuquka abantu abangenamakhaya nabo bahlala kwizindlu zokwexeshana okanye ezitshintshiweyo. Amagunya amaninzi aye asebenzisa amalungiselelo okuqinisekisa ukuba aba bantu banokusebenzisa amalungelo abo okuvota, njengokuvumela ukubhaliswa komvoti kusetyenziswe kwizindlu zokuhlala, abasebenzi bezonyango, okanye iindawo eziqhelekileyo njengedilesi. Ezi ndawo zokuhlala ziyaqonda ukuba ukungalungelelani kweendawo zopolitiko akumele kubangele ukungahlali ngokwezobupolitika.
Iimfuno zoBhaliso
Kwinkqubo ezininzi zedemokhrasi, ukuphumelela ekuvoteni kufuna kungekuphela nje imfuneko yokudibana kodwa kwakhona nokugqiba iinkqubo zokubhalisa kolawulo. Ubhaliso lwezibonelelo lusebenza njengenkqubo yokugcina iincwadana zonyulo ezichanekileyo, ukuthintela ubuqhophololo, nokuguqula ulawulo olufanelekileyo lonyulo. Noko ke, iimfuno zokubhalisa zingenza imiqobo ukuze kungenelwe, ingakumbi kuhlawulwe umgangatho okanye kusetyenziswe abantu abahambayo.
Iinkqubo zobhaliso zahluka kakhulu kwisakhiwo sazo nokufumaneka. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo, apho abemi abafanelekileyo bongezwa kwiincwadana ezibhaliweyo ezisekelwe kwiingxelo zikarhulumente ngaphandle kokuba kufuneke umntu ngamnye athathe inyathelo. Le ndlela inyusa inxaxheba ngokususa imiqobo yolawulo, nangona ifuna ii-database ezomeleleyo zikarhulumente kwaye inyusa ukuqwalaselwa kobucala.
Ezinye iindawo kufuneka zibhaliswe ngokusemthethweni, apho abantu kufuneka bathathe amanyathelo okuvuma ukuze bazifake kwiiroli zovoti. Ezi nkqubo zinganika iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubhalisa, kuquka ukubhalisa kwe-person kwii-ofisi zikarhulumente, ukubhalisa iposi, ukubhalisa nge-intanethi, kunye nokubhalisa okufanayo kwiindawo zokuvota. Ukufumaneka nokunelisa kwezi ndlela zinegalelo elibalulekileyo kumacandelo okuvota, ngophando olubonisa ukuba iinkqubo zobhaliso olulula ziyanda.
Ixesha lokubhalisa limele olunye utshintsho olubalulekileyo. Amanye amazwe afuna ukubhaliswa iiveki okanye iinyanga phambi konyulo, ngoxa amanye evumela ukubhaliswa kosuku olunye. Ixesha lokugqiba kwangaphambili linokubanceda abalawuli bonyulo balungiselele uluhlu oluchanileyo lwabavoti kunye nobuncwane bokwabela, kodwa kwakhona basengozini yokulahla abemi abanomdla ekuvotelweni kufuphi nosuku lonyulo okanye abanotshintsho lobomi oluchaphazela isikhundla sabo sokubhaliswa.
Imiqathango Eqhelekileyo Neenkqubo Ezingalungelelaniyo
Ngoxa imigaqo yedemokhrasi ixhasa ukuba nenxaxheba kokhetho olubanzi, phantse onke amagunya amisela imiqathango ethile ebeka okanye asuse amalungelo okuvota phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Le miqathango ibonisa imigwebo engobungakanani, isohlwayo, ingqibelelo yonyulo, nemida yebutho lezobupolitika. Ukuqonda ezi zinto kubalulekile ekuqondeni umlinganiselo opheleleyo wokufumana imvume yokuvota.
Ukuzithethelela Kwezaphuli - mthetho Nokunganeliseki Okuyingcinga
Ummiselo wamalungelo okuvota asekelwe kwiinkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho umela olunye lwezona ndlela zisasazekileyo nezididekileyo zokunganyulwa. Lo mkhwa, ngokufuthi obizwa ngokuba kukudityaniswa kwetyala okanye ukupheliswa kwezaphuli-mthetho, uhluka kakhulu kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zomgangatho nakwindlela elungelelanisiweyo.
EUnited States, ukudityaniswa kwetyala kuneziqalelo ezinzulu zembali kwaye kuhlala kuphangalele ngakumbi kunakwezinye iidemokrasi ezininzi. Imithetho yezolawulo-melo iyahluka ngokuphawulekayo: amanye amazwe abalahla ngokusisigxina abantu abaneenkolelo ezingekho mthethweni ngaphandle kokuba baxolelwe okanye amalungelo abo abuyiselwe ngokobuqu, ngoxa amanye ewabuyisela ngokuzenzekela amalungelo okuvota xa kugqitywa isigwebo, kuquka iparato kunye nokuvavanywa. Amazwe ambalwa, kuquka uMaine noVermont, awaze awasusi nanini namalungelo okuvota, ngaphandle kokuba anikwe ilungelo lokuvota, evumela abantu abavalelwe ukuba bavote entolongweni.
Ukuthethelela ukuchasana kwezaphuli-mthetho kuquka isohlwayo nokungathinteli, ingcamango yokuba abo baphula umthetho baphulukana nelungelo lokubeka imithetho, kunye nenkxalabo ngokukhetha ingqibelelo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngokuthi ukuchaswa kwesigwebo kululaza ukubuyiselwa nokubuyiselwa, ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kuchaphazela abantu abambalwa ngenxa yokungalingani kwinkqubo yezomthetho, kwaye bangqubana nemigaqo yehlabathi lonke. Ingxoxo ibonakalisa imibuzo esisiseko ephathelele injongo yesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho nokungawahluli amalungelo ezobupolitika.
Uqheliselo lwezizwe ngezizwe lwahlukile ngokuphawulekayo. Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu avumela amabanjwa ukuba avote okanye athintele ukulahlwa kwabo bagwetywayo ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olusemthethweni okanye ezona tyala zinzima. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhanada yagqiba kwelokuba amabanjwa alahle amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, lo gama iNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu ifumanise ukuba ukuvalwa komvotelwa ngokufihlakeleyo akuvisisani neembopheleleko zamalungelo abantu. Ezi zimvo zamazwe ngamazwe ziye zaphembelela impikiswano eqhubekayo ngokudityaniswa kwezaphuli-mthetho namazwe ngemigaqo engqongqo.
Impembelelo esebenzisekayo yokwahlulwa kwezaphuli-mthetho inamandla. EUnited States kuphela, izigidi zabemi azikwazi ukuvota ngenxa yeenkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezikhoyo okanye ezidlulileyo. Uphando luye lwachaza impembelelo engathethekiyo kuluntu lwaseAfrika, apho uqhekeko luphezulu kakhulu kunakubemi jikelele. Oku kwahluka-hlukeneyo kuye kwakhokelela ekuhlolweni okunyuliweyo kwale migaqo-nkqubo kunye nemigudu yokuphucula iinguqu eyandayo kwiingingqi ezininzi.
Isantya sokusebenza kwengqondo kunye nemiqathango yokukhuphisana
Imithetho emininzi imisela imiqathango yokuvota esekelwe kubuchule bengqondo okanye kukhuphiswano, nangona la malungiselelo enziwe athanda ukuphikisana yaye efuna ukuhlaziywa. Isizathu esisisiseko sikukuba ukuvota kufuna ubuchule obuthile bokuqonda, kuquka ukukwazi ukuqonda uhlobo lwesenzo sokuvota nokukhetha ngoluvolo phakathi kwabachongiweyo okanye izikhundla.
Ngokwembali, imiqathango yengqondo yayisoloko ivulekile yaye icacile, ibangela ukuba abantu abaneziphene zengqondo, abagulayo ngengqondo, okanye abo baphantsi kolawulo. Oku kulahlwa kwemiqathango kuye kwagxekwa ngokukhulayo ngenxa yokwaphula amalungelo esiphene, ukuxhomekeka kwiimbono eziphelelwe lixesha ngekhono, nokungaqondi ukuba abantu abaninzi abanesiphene sobuchopho banokuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kunyulo olufanelekileyo.
Iindlela zale mihla zigxininisa ngokukhulayo uhlolisiso oluye lwenziwa kumntu ngamnye kunokuba lugxininise ukucinywa okungacaci. Amanye amagunya afuna ukufunyaniswa okuchongiweyo kokungacaci kunokuba akhutshwe ngokwawo ngokwemeko yobungangamsha. Ezinye ziye zayisusa ngokupheleleyo imiqathango yobuchule bengqondo, ziqonda ukuba ilungelo lokuvota lingundoqo kwaye inkxalabo ngobuchule akufunekanga awuyekelele umgaqo wokuvota.
Ulungiselelo lwamalungelo abantu lwezizwe ngezizwe luye lwawamkela ngokukhulayo amalungelo okuvota abantu abaneziphene. INdibano yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yamalungelo abantu abaneziphene, eye yavunywa ngamazwe amaninzi, iqinisekisa ilungelo labantu abaneziphene ukuba babe nenxaxheba kubomi bezobupolitika ngokwezizizizibonelelo ezingokwasemthethweni ukuphelisa okanye ukuvala imiqathango encinane esekelwe kubuchule bokuvota.
Ukuphunyezwa okusebenzisekayo kwemiqathango esekelwe kubuchule kuphakamisa ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo. Ukungaqiniseki kwabo bangenawo amandla okuvota, ngemilinganiselo, nangeziphi iinkqubo ezibandakanya imigwebo entsonkothileyo ebeka esichengeni sobungcali okanye umsebenzi wobuhlanga. Abameli abaninzi baphikisa ngokuthi kunokuba bathintele amalungelo okuvota, amagunya amele ajolise ingqalelo ekulungiseleleni iindawo zokuhlala nenkxaso eyenza abantu abaneziphene zengqondo babe nenxaxheba kunyulo.
Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo kunye nokungafezeki okusekelwe kubuqhinga
Uninzi lwamagunya amisela izigwebo ezithile kulwaphulo-mthetho oluvotiweyo, kuquka ukwenziwa kwetyala lokuvota okanye lokubamba. La malungiselelo ajolise ekukhuseleni ingqibelelo yabachongi ngokubohlwaya nangehambo ephazamisa inkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olusemthethweni lungaquka ukuvota, ukoyisa, ukubhalisa okungekho mthethweni, nokuphanga abavoti okanye izixhobo zonyulo.
Ixesha kunye nobungakanani bokungabikho komthetho wonyulo lwahluka-hlukene. Amanye amagunya amisela ukuvalwa komsebenzi okwexeshana ophelelwa emva kwexesha elimisiweyo, ngelinye ixesha amanye agunyazisa ukurhoxiswa okusisigxina ngaphandle kokuba amalungelo abuyiselwe ngokobuqu. Ubungqingqwa besohlwayo bubonakalisa ubunzulu bolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nomlinganiselo esisongela ngayo ingqibelelo yonyulo.
Inkxalabo ngokuqhatha ngoovoteli iye yakhokelela amanye amagunya okuzalisekisa imiqathango eyongezelelekileyo yokuvota ebonakala ijoliswe ekuthinteleni ukuvota okungekho mthethweni. La manyathelo asenokuquka iimfuno ezingqongqo zomvoti, imiqathango kwiinkqubo zokubhalisa, imiqathango yokuvota kwasekuqaleni okanye yokurhoxa kovotelwa, kunye nokukhutshwa kwemiqathango okunengqwaba ephambili. Abaxhasi baphikisa la manyathelo ayimfuneko ukugcina ingqibelelo yokhetho kunye nokuthembeka kwabantu kwiziphumo zonyulo.
Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi imilinganiselo emininzi yokuqhatha ithetha kakhulu ngeengxaki zengcinga ngexesha kusenziwa imiqobo yokwenene ekuvotelweni okusemthethweni, ingakumbi kwemibutho ephantsi. Uphando luye lwafumanisa ngokungaguqukiyo ukuba iintlobo ezithile zobuqhetseba bovoti, ingakumbi ukuqhatha, zinqabile kakhulu. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwiimpikiswano zokuba amanyathelo okuvota angqongqo ajoliswe ngokwenene ekuthinteleni ukuqhatha okanye ekufezeni ezinye iinjongo, njengokucinezela ukubhadula phakathi kwamaqela athile asekuhlaleni.
Ezinye Izinto Ezibangela Ukungathethi
Ngaphandle kweendidi eziphambili ekuthethwe ngazo ngasentla, ezinye izizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuthintelwa kovotelo zikho kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Amanye amazwe ayawamisela uwiso-mthetho amalungelo okuvota amalungu omkhosi okanye amapolisa, ngenxa yokungathabathi cala kwezobupolitika okanye ngenxa yokuba imikhosi yezixhobo inokuphembelela unyulo. Eminye imiqathango ibeka kubantu abavakaliswe bengenamali, nangona loo malungiselelo engasaxhaphakanga njengendlela yokungathobeli kwemali.
Ezinye imigaqo engafanelekanga abantu abafunyaniswe benetyala lokuvukela urhulumente okanye ezinye izono ezichasene norhulumente. Le miqathango ibonisa imbono yokuba abo baye bangcatsha ilizwe labo ngokusisiseko balahlekelwa lilungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kulawulo lwalo. Noko ke, ingcaciso yezikreqo ezinjalo kunye nokungalungelelani okusisigxina kwetyala ihlala iphantsi kwengxoxo.
Ezinye iinkqubo zonyulo zimisela imiqathango enxulumene nobumi obubini okanye ukuthembeka kumagunya asemzini, nangona amalungiselelo anjalo engazange axhaphake njengokuba ubumi bamazwe amabini buye bamkeleka ngokubanzi. Imiqathango yonqulo, eyayiqheleke kwibutho labantu abaninzi, phantse iye yapheliswa ngokupheleleyo kwidemokhrasi yale mihla, ebonakalisa imigaqo yenkululeko yonqulo nolawulo lwehlabathi.
Inkqubo Yokubuyiselwa Kwamalungelo Okuthumela
Kubantu abaye baphulukana namalungelo okuvota ngenxa yeenkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ezinye iimbono ezingafanelekanga, inkqubo yokubuyiselwa iyahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeka kulawulo nakwisimo sokungalungisi. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zokubuyisela kubalulekile kwabo bafuna ukufumana kwakhona ilizwi labo abanyuliweyo nakumalungu asebenzela ukwandisa inxaxheba kwezobupolitika.
Inkqubo yokulungisa ezenzekelayo
Ulawulo oluninzi lusebenzisa iinkqubo zokubuyisela ezizenzekelayo, apho amalungelo okuvota abuyiselwa ngaphandle kokufuna ukuba umntu ngamnye asebenze xa iimeko ezithile zihlangatyezwana. Ezi nkqubo zidla ngokuthathwa njengezona ndlela zifikelelekayo zokubuyiselwa kwamalungelo, njengoko zingafuni ukuba abantu abaphucukileyo balahleke kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zokulawula okanye babonise iimfaneleko ezithile ezingaphaya kokugqiba izigwebo zabo.
Incopho yokuzivuselela ngokwayo iyahluka-hluka ngokuqwalaselwa. Ezinye iindawo zibuyisela amalungelo ngokukhawuleza emva kokukhululwa ekuvalweni, ngelinye ixesha ezinye zifuna ukugqitywa kwazo zonke iinkalo zesigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ukuvalelwa kwesigwebo kunye nokuvavanywa. Ezinye zimisela amaxesha okulinda emva kokugqitywa kwesigwebo ngaphambi kokuba amalungelo enziwe ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukukhethwa kwencam yokukhupha inkcaso kubonisa izahlulelo ezahlukeneyo malunga naxa abantu behlawulele ityala labo ngokufanelekileyo kwaye kufuneka babuyiselwe kwibutho lezobupolitika.
Kwanakwinkqubo yokubuyisela ezizenzekelayo, iingxaki ezisebenzisekayo zingaphazamisa ukubuyiselwa kokwenene. Abantu basenokungaqondi ukuba amalungelo abo abuyiselwe, okanye iinkqubo zolawulo zingasilela ukuhlaziya umqulu wabavoti ngokukhawuleza. Amanye amagunya aye aphumeza imfuneko yokwazisa, apho amagosa onyulo kufuneka azise abantu xa amalungelo abo okuvota ebuyiselwa, ukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukubuyiselwa okuzenzekelayo kurhoxiswa kwento yokwenene.
Iinkqubo zokulungisa ezisekelwe kwisicelo
Ezinye iindawo kufuneka abantu basebenzise ukubuyisela amalungelo okuvota, ngokufuthi ngeenkqubo zolawulo oluphezulu okanye iinkqubo zokulawula. Ezi nkqubo zibeka umthwalo kubantu abaphulukileyo ukuba bathathe amanyathelo okuvuma, nto leyo enokwenza kube nemiqobo ebalulekileyo ekubuyiselweni.
Iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwinkqubo ziyahluka kwimfuno nakufikelelo lwazo. Ezinye zifuna kuphela uhlobo olulula kunye noqinisekiso lweemeko zesigwebo eziye zafikelelwa, ngeli xesha ezinye zifuna uxwebhu oluninzi, ukuhlawulwa kwemali ehlawulweyo nentlawulo, iileta zokunconywa, okanye imiboniso yokubuyiselwa. Ezona nkqubo zingqongqo zifuna ukuxolelwa ngabantu ngabanye kwiirhuluneli okanye kwabanye amagosa aphezulu, iinkqubo ezinokufumaneka ngobulumko obuphezulu kwaye ziphenjelelwe ziingqwalasela zezobupolitika.
Ukuntsonkotha kunye nokungabonisi buchule beenkqubo zokubuyisela ezisekelwe kwinkqubo kungasikelwe umda ngokuphawulekayo. Abantu abaninzi abadidekileyo abanalwazi malunga neenkqubo zokubuyisela, abajongene nobunzima ekuqokelelweni kweengxelo ezifunekayo, okanye abakwazi ukuhlawula iindleko ezinxulumeneyo. Kusenokuba yimfuneko ukuqhuba inkqubo, kodwa uncedo olunjalo lusoloko lungekho kwabo bayifuna kakhulu. Ngenxa yesiphumo, iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwinkqubo ziphumela kwinani elisezantsi lokubuyisela kuneenkqubo ezizenzekelayo.
Imigudu yotshintsho kumazwe amaninzi iye yagxininisa ekunciphiseni iinkqubo zokusebenza, ekunciphiseni okanye ekuhliseni iindleko, ekunikeni ulwazi olungcono malunga neenkqubo zokubuyiselwa, kunye nokwandisa uncedo olusemthethweni kubantu abacela uncedo. Amanye amazwe aye asebenzisa iinkqubo zezicelo okanye iinkqubo ezikhuthuzekileyo ze-intanethi ezinciphisa imiqobo ye-injini ngoxa egcina umgangatho othile wokuziphendulela.
Iimbopheleleko Zemali Nokubuyiselwa Kwamalungelo
Inkalo ethanda ukuphikisa ngokuyintloko yokubuyiselwa kwamalungelo okuvota ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweemfanelo zemali ezinxulumene nezigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Amanye amagunya amisela amalungelo okubuyiselwa ngokuhlawula intengo, iindleko, ukuhlawula, okanye ezinye izigwebo zemali, ngokunempumelelo ezibangela umqobo wemali ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwezobupolitika.
Abahlalutyi bathi ukuqinisekisa amalungelo okuvota ngokuhlawula iimfanelo zemali kulingana nohlobo lwale mihla lwerhafu yovolo, uqheliselo lokuhlahlela ulwaphulo-mthetho olwalusetyenziselwa ukugxeka ngokwembali ukuvota abantu abahlwempuzekileyo nabambalwa. Iimfuno ezinjalo ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto zibachaphazela abantu abanemali elinganiselweyo, abasenokuba badala uqhekeko olusisigxina kwabo bangakwaziyo ukuhlawula. Imingeni engokwasemthethweni iye yanyuka kwimimandla emininzi, kunye namaqondo ahlukeneyo empumelelo.
Abameli beemfuno zemali baphikisa ngelithi ukugqiba zonke iinkalo zesigwebo, kuquka izigwebo zemali, kuyimeko esengqiqweni yokubuyiselwa kwamalungelo. Baphikisa ngelithi ezi mfuneko zikhuthaza ukuphenduliswa kwamalungelo abantu kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba abantu baye bazifeza ngokupheleleyo iimbopheleleko zabo ezingokwasemthethweni ngaphambi kokuba baphinde bafumane amalungelo ezobupolitika. Le ngxoxo ibonisa ukungavisisani okunzulu phakathi kwesohlwayo, ukubuyiselwa komntu, nokusetyenziswa kwamalungelo okusisiseko okuvota.
Impembelelo esebenzisekayo yeemfuno zemali. Abantu abaninzi abaneenkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho bajamelana neendleko zemali ezingundoqo, kuquka iindleko zenkundla, iindleko zolawulo, kunye nemiyalelo yokuhlaziywa, ukongezelela kwiingxaki zezoqoqosho zokuphinda ungenelelo. Xa amalungelo okuvota exhomekeke ekuneliseni ezi zibopho, amanani amaninzi abantu asenokuhlala engathotyelwa mdangaleleki nangona begqibile ukuvalelwa nokulawulwa.
Abemi Abakhethekileyo Nokufumana imithombo
Ngaphandle kwemigaqo nemiqathango esesikweni, abantu abahlukeneyo bajamelana nocelomngeni olukhethekileyo ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo okuvota. Ukucela ukufikelela ngokunentsingiselo kwisixhobo sokuvota kula maqela kufuneka imigaqo-nkqubo neendawo zokuhlala ezijongene neemeko zabo ezithile.
Izixhobo zomkhosi nezeelwandle
Abemi abakhonza emkhosini okanye abahlala kwamanye amazwe balucelomngeni olukhethekileyo kulawulo lwabavoti. Aba bavoti basenokuba bamiswe okanye bahlala kude neendawo zabo ezikude, besenza ukuvota kube yinto engasebenzi okanye kube yinto engenakwenzeka. Ulawulo-melo oluninzi luye lwasebenzisa iinkqubo zokuvota ezingekhoyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba aba bantu banokuba nenxaxheba kunyulo phezu kwako nje ukumgama abawufumanayo.
Iinkqubo zokuvota zombutho womkhosi nabavoti baphesheya zibandakanya abavoti abathunyelwa kwizithuba zabo zangoku okanye babavumele ukuba bavote kwii- embass, kwii-commistants, okanye kwiinkqubo zolawulo lomkhosi. Amanye amaziko aye asebenzisa iinkqubo zokuhambisa nge-electronic collet, apho iibhola zingathunyelwa nge-imeyili okanye ngokukhutshelwa phantsi kwee-website, nangona iindlela zokubuyisa zisoloko zifuna iposi yomzimba ngenxa yokhuseleko.
Ixesha linika ucelomngeni olubalulekileyo lovotelo lwaphesheya. Iibhola kufuneka zithunyelwe kwangoko ngokwaneleyo ukuze zivunyelwe ukuhambisa iposi, ukugqiba nokubuya ngaphambi kwemiqathango yonyulo. Amanye amagunya anika ixesha lokusebenza kwelo qela laphesheya okanye abale iibhola eziphawulwe ngomhla wonyulo nokuba zifika kamva. Ezi ndawo zokuhlala ziqinisekisa ukuba umgama wendawo akuthethi ukuba umgama welizwe uqhekekile.
I-United States iye yasebenzisa iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokukhusela abavoti basemkhosini nabasemideni yaphesheya ngee-Fracted kunye ne-Overseas Abicsee Voing Act (UOCAVA), emisela imilinganiselo encinane yokungena kovotelwa. Amalungiselelo afanayo akhona kwamanye amazwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abemi abakhonza kwelinye ilizwe okanye abahlala phesheya kolwandle bangagcina unxulumano lwabo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.
Izixhobo ezineziphene
Abantu abaneziphene basenokujamelana nemiqobo emininzi ekuvotelweni, kuquka iindawo zokuvota ezingenakufikeleleka, ukungabikho kwezixhobo zokuvota ezifanelekileyo, nobunzima bokubhaliswa nokufumana ulwazi. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba kufikelelwe kuvoti abanokukhubazeka kufuneka indawo yokuhlala ebanzi kunye nokuzimisela ukwenza iprojekthi ekhethekileyo.
Ukufumaneka kweendawo ezincinci kungumsebenzi obalulekileyo. Kumele kufikeleleke kubantu abanengxaki yokuhamba, kuquka abo basebenzisa izitulo ezinamavili okanye ezinye izixhobo ezincedisayo. Oku kuquka ukumisa izithuba ezifikelelekayo, iminyango yobubanzi obufanelekileyo, kunye nezitishi zokuvota ezikumgangatho ophezulu ofanelekileyo. Imimandla emininzi iye yasebenzisa imilinganiselo yokufikelela nokuqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyathotyelwa.
Izixhobo zokushicilela kufuneka zihlalise iziphene ezahlukeneyo. Abavoti abaneziphene, oku kungaquka iibhola zokuvota ezinesandi, imidibaniso yezixhobo zoqhagamshelwano, okanye ukukwazi ukusebenzisa izixhobo zobuqu zokunceda. Abavoti abaneziphene ezilinganiselweyo, izixhobo zokuphawula ezifikelelekayo kunye neenkqubo zokufakela ezinokufumaneka zibalulekile. Iinkqubo ezininzi zovotelwa ezinokucwangciswa ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zomntu ngamnye.
Ulwazi lokufumaneka lubaluleke ngokulinganayo. Iimpahla zobhaliso lwe Voter, ulwazi lwebhola, kunye nezaziso zonyulo kufuneka zifumaneke ngohlobo olufikelelekayo kubantu abaneziphene ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ushicilelo olukhulu, iibrorho, iifomati zesandi, kunye neenguqulelo zolwimi olucacileyo. Iinkqubo zolwazi lwevoti-lwazi kufuneka zihambelane nemigangatho yokufumaneka kwe-web ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana nobafundi beskrini kunye nezinye iteknoloji ezincedisayo.
Umthetho osemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi uyalela ukuba kubekho indawo yokuhlala efumanekayo. EMerika, amaMerika anoMthetho weNkcubeko kunye noMthetho Woncedo waseMelika uSicwangciso sokuvota okulula. Umthetho ofanayo ukho nakweminye idemokhrasi, ubonakalisa umgaqo wokuba ukukhubazeka akufanele kubangele imiqobo yokubandakanyeka kwezobupolitika.
Iilwimi Ezincinane Nezimvo ZobuGcisa ZaseNgilani Ezilinganiselweyo
Kumazwe athetha iilwimi ezahlukeneyo, imiqobo yeelwimi inokuthintela ukuvota abemi ngobuchule obuncinane ngolwimi oluqhelekileyo. Ukucela aba bavoti banokuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kufuneke uncedo lweelwimi, kuquka izixhobo eziguqulelweyo nabasebenzi bokuvota abathetha iilwimi ezimbini.
Amaziko amaninzi anika iivoti kunye nezixhobo zonyulo ngeelwimi ezininzi, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinabemi abambalwa abathetha iilwimi. Iilwimi ezithile ezinikelweyo ngokuqhelekileyo zixhomekeke kugcino-lwazi olubonisa amanani aninzi abemi abathetha iilwimi ezithile nabangakwaziyo ukuthetha ulwimi oluthile. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba uncedo lweelwimi lujoliswe kuluntu olufuna kakhulu kulo.
Ngaphandle kwezinto eziguqulelweyo, uncedo lweelwimi lungaquka abasebenzi bokhetho abathetha iilwimi ezimbini, ii-flowrine ezishushu, kunye neenkonzo zokutolika kwiindawo zokuvota. Amanye amazwe avumela abavoti ukuba beze nabancedisi besigqibo sabo sokunceda kwiingxaki zolwimi, nangona imigaqo yokukhusela idla ngokusetyenziswa ukukhusela impembelelo okanye ingcinezelo engafanelekanga.
EUnited States, uMthendeleko waMalungelo ufuna amagunya athile ukunikela uncedo lwelwimi olusekelwe kugcino-lwazi olubonisa inani labantu abathetha iilwimi ezimbalwa. Ulungiselelo olufanayo lukho nakweminye imimandla yolawulo-melo lweelwimi ezininzi. Ezi mfuneko ziyaqonda ukuba ukuba ukuba ngummi nokuvota amalungelo afanele axhomekeke kubuchule bolwimi kwaye umahluko weelwimi awufanele ubangele imiqobo yokubandakanyeka kwezobupolitika.
Abantu Belizwe Lolunye Uluntu Namalungelo Okuphana
Kumazwe amaninzi abantu belizwe labo baye bajamelana nokungavunyelwa kwembali ekuvoteni yaye bayaqhubeka befumana imiqobo ekhethekileyo yokuthabatha inxaxheba ekukhetheni. Ukulungisa le mingeni kufuna ukuqwalaselwa kokungekho sikweni okungokwembali, ukuhlala kwemeko yelizwe nenkcubeko, nemigudu yokuqinisekisa ukuba ukufikelela ngokunentsingiselo kwivoti.
Ukwahlukaniswa kwemimandla kubangela ucelomngeni olukhulu kuluntu oluninzi lwendawo zomthonyama. Iindawo ezikude zisenokuba kude kwiindawo zokuvota, yaye izibonelelo zezithuthi ezingephi zinokwenza kube nzima okanye kube nzima. Amanye amagunya angenele izitishi zokuvota ezihambayo, amathuba okuvota andayo, okanye iindlela zokuvota ezisetyenziswayo ukucombulula le miqobo.
Imiyalelo yedilesi ingadala ubunzima obuthile kubavoti bomthonyama, ingakumbi abo bahlala kumathandabuzo okanye kuluntu lwamasiko apho iidilesi zesitrato zaseNtshona zisenokungabikho. Amanye amaziko amkele iinkqubo zedilesi ezithambileyo ezivumela ukusebenzisa iidilesi zokuhambisa jikelele, ii-oyile, okanye ezinye iindawo ezichaza ubhaliso kunye nokuhambisa ibhola.
Iingxelo zolwimi nezithethe zikwachaphazela ukufumaneka kovoti bemveli. Abantu abaninzi bomthonyama bathetha iilwimi ezingezizo ezo ziphambili, kufuna ukuguqulelwa nokucaciswa kweenkonzo zesizwe.
Ukwakha intembelo nokukhuthaza abantu ukuba babe nenxaxheba kumazwe asekuhlaleni kuye kwabangela ukuba abantu bangathembani namaziko karhulumente, kufuneke baqhubeke bethembisana, besebenzisa izithethe zabo, yaye babuze iinkokeli nemibutho yabo.
Iimfuno zokwahlula nokuthembeka
Umbuzo wokuba kuluphi ulwahluleko, ukuba kukho olufuneka ukuba abavoti bafumane uhlaziyo kwiindawo zokuvota baye baba yenye yezona zinto zididayo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yonyulo ekhoyo. Iimfuno zokwahlula zihlala ekudibaneni kwenkxalabo malunga nengqibelelo yonyulo, ukufikelela kwi-colot, kunye nolawulo olusebenzayo lonyulo.
Iindidi ze-ID yeVoter
Iimfuno zokwahlula zahluka kakhulu ngaphaya kwemithetho, ukusuka ekungafunekiyo ukuya kwimiyalelo ye-ID engqongqo. Ukuqonda olu lwandla lubalulekile ekuhloleni impembelelo yendlela ezahlukeneyo zomkhethe wobunyani kunye nofikelelo lomvoti.
Amanye amagunya akafuni kwaziswa kwiindawo zokuvota, endaweni yoko kuxhomekeke kutyikityo olungqamanayo okanye ezinye iindlela zoqinisekiso. Abasebenzi bovota bachaza amagama abo needilesi, baqinisekisa ukuba bavela kumqulu wevoti, kwaye abavoti batyikitya isiqinisekiso esithelekiswa notyikityo kwifayile. Le ndlela ibeka ubhaqo oluphambili kwaye ixhomekeke kwezinye iindlela zokukhusela ukunqanda ubuqhophololo.
Izifuni-mvotelo zokwahlula ezingeyonxalenye zicela abavoti ukuba banikele uhlobo oluthile lolwazi kodwa banikeze ezinye iindlela zokuzichaza kwabo balusweleyo. Iivoter ezingenayo i-ID zingasayina i-affidavit engqina ukuba zingoobani, unobungqina bomvoteli, okanye ufakela isibalo esilungiselelweyo esibalwa emva kokubala isizizo siqinisekiswe ngezinye iindlela. Ezi nkqubo zizama ukulinganisa ulwahluzo nofikelelo.
Imiyalelo engqongqo yokwahlula imiyalelo yokuba abavoti banikele iindlela ezichaziweyo zokufakela ivoti eqhelekileyo. Imithetho engqongqo engeyoyayo ye-ID yamkela amaxwebhu ahlukeneyo abonisa igama lomvoti nedilesi, njengetyala lezenyuselo, iingxelo zebhanki, okanye amaxwebhu karhulumente. Imithetho ye-ID yefoto ifuna ukuba uqwalaselo lwefoto karhulumente, njengelayisensi yomqhubi, iipasesi, okanye amakhadi e-ID akhethekileyo.
Iimfuno ezingqongqo ezigunyazisa iindidi ezithile zophawulo lwefoto kwaye zinika ezinye ezisikelweyo kubavoti abangazisweleyo. Kule miqathango, abavoti abangenayo i-ID eyamkelekileyo basenokungakwazi ukuvota okanye bangayifaka ibhola ezibalwayo kuphela ukuba babuya benolwazi olufanelekileyo kwisakhelo esikhankanyiweyo sexesha.
Iimpikiswano Ze - Inshorensi Nemithetho Engqongqo
Ingxoxo engokwahlulelwa komvoti ibonakalisa ukuxabana okusisiseko phakathi kwamaxabiso akhuphisanayo kunyulo lwedemokhrasi. Abaxhasi bemithetho ye-ID engqongqo baphikisa ngelithi iyimfuneko ukukhusela ukuqhatha kovoti, ukugcina intembelo yoluntu kwingqibelelo yonyulo, nokuqinisekisa ukuba ngabavoti abafanelekileyo kuphela abarhoxileyo abachanekileyo. Baphikisa ukuba iimfuno zokuzichaza zisengqiqweni nokuba inkoliso yabemi sele ineentlobo ezamkelekileyo ze-ID kwezinye iinjongo.
Abaxhasi balatha kukubaluleka kokuthenjwa kwabantu kwiziphumo zonyulo, bephikisa ngelithi nokuba ubuqhophololo bunqabile, ingcamango yokuba bungabangela ukuba kubekho ubudemokhrasi. Baphawula ukuba kufuneka ukuphawulwa kwimisebenzi emininzi eqhelekileyo, ukusuka kwiinqwelo-moya ezihlalwayo ukuya ekuthengeni utywala, kwaye ukufuna i-ID yokuvota kusisixhobo esifanelekileyo sokukhusela ekunokuneliswa lula ngabavoti abaninzi.
Abagxeki bemithetho ye-ID engqongqo baphikisa ngelithi bacombulula ingxaki engangeniyo ngexesha besenza imiqobo yokoqobo yokuvota, ingakumbi kuluntu olucekeceke. Uphando lusoloko lufumanise ukuba kwi-person ivoting-(uhlobo lobuqhetseba olufunekayo lwe-ID luza kuthintela/lunqanda ngokugqithisileyo. Okwangoku, amanani abalulekileyo abavoti abafanelekileyo, ingakumbi abakhulileyo, abambalwa, abangenayo, kunye nabatsha abavoti, abanazo iindlela zokuzichaza ezifunekayo kwimithetho engqongqo ye-ID.
Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi ukufumana irhafu efunekayo kusenokuba ngumthwalo, kufuna ixesha, ukuhambela kwii-ofisi zikarhulumente, kunye nerhafu yamaxwebhu angaphantsi kwephepha elifana nesiqinisekiso sokuzalwa. Le mithwalo yehlela ngokungenakulinganiswa kwabo banobuncwane obulinganiselweyo, isenokuba yenze uhlobo lwerhafu yokhupho echasene nemigaqo yokufikelela. Baphikisa ngelithi iindlela zokomeleza imilinganiselo engqongqo zingagcina ingqibelelo esezantsi ngaphandle kokususa abavoti abafanelekileyo.
Ubungqina obufunyenweyo obukwiziphumo ze-ID yeziphumo budityanisiwe kwaye bukhuphiswane. Olunye uhlolisiso lufumanise ukuba imithetho ye-ID engqongqo inciphisa ukujika, ingakumbi phakathi kwabambalwa nabangenayo, lo gama abanye befumene iziphumo ezincinci. Umahluko ekufunyanisweni ungabonisa umahluko ekuzalisekisweni, ukufumaneka kwezinye iindlela zokuvota, kunye nokuphumelela kokuphuma nokuphumelela kwemigudu yemfundo. Okucacileyo kukuba impembelelo ixhomekeke kwindlela ethile eyiliweyo yemfuno ye-ID kunye neelungiselelo lokuncedisa ukunceda abavoti ukuba bafumane uchazo oluyimfuneko.
Ukulungelelanisa Ukufikelela nokuthembeka
Ucelomngeni lwabenzi benkqubo kukuyila iinkqubo zokhetho ezigcina ingqibelelo nokufumaneka. Oku kufuna ukuba uqhubele phambili ngaphaya kweengxoxo ezisukruqukileyo ukuze uqwalasele indlela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zoqinisekiso ezinokufikelela kuzo zombini ngomzuzu.
Enye indlela ibandakanya ukuzalisekisa iimfuno ze-ID ngexesha uqinisekisa ukuba ukufumana ulwamkelo olwamkelekileyo kukhululekile, kulungelekile, kwaye kusekuhleni. Oku kungaquka iinkonzo ze-ID ezihambayo ezihamba ukuya phantsi koluntu olugciniweyo, iiyure ze-ofisi zokwandisa i-ID, kunye nokukhutshwa ngaphandle kwenkonzo ukuqinisekisa ukuba abavoti bayakwazi oko kufunekayo kwaye banokuyifumana njani. Xa iimfuno ze-ID zidityaniswe nemigudu eqinileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abavoti abafanelekileyo bangafumana uchazo olufanelekileyo, inkxalabo malunga nokurhoxiswa komvolo iyancitshiswa.
Ezinye iindlela zoqinisekiso zinika enye indlela. Ezinye izithuba zisebenzisa utyikityo, apho utyikityo lwabavoti luthelekiswa naleyo ikwifayile. Ezinye zisebenzisa uphicotho-zincwadi lomngcipheko, apho iisampuli ezingacwangciswanga zikhangelwa ngesandla ukuqinisekisa ukuba amanani eekhompyutha achanile. Ezi ndlela zinganyusa ukuthemba kwiziphumo zonyulo ngaphandle kokufuna ukuchazwa okukhethekileyo kwiindawo zokuvota.
Ubuxhakaxhaka bunganika izisombululo ezongezelelekileyo. Ezinye iindlela zokuhlola i-biometric zobunyani, nangona ezi ziphakamisa inkxalabo zobuqu ezimele ziqwalaselwe ngenyameko. Iinkqubo zobhaliso lwe-Online zovoti ezinobungqina obunamandla zinokuqinisekisa ukuba iiroli ezichanekileyo zovoti ngoxa zisenza ubhaliso lufikeleleke. Iincwadi zokhetho lwe-electromatiki zinokunceda ekuthinteleni ukuvota okuphinda kabini xa zisenza inkqubo yokukhangela.
Ekugqibeleni, injongo kufuneka ibe ziinkqubo zokhetho ezikhuselekileyo nezifikelelekayo, ziqonda ukuba la maxabiso ayasebenzisana kunokuba aphikisane. Unyulo olungafaki bavoti abafanelekileyo alufanelekanga njengabo bachanekileyo ekuqhatheni, kwaye inkqubo esebenzayo kufuneka ithethe ngazo zombini inkxalabo ngexesha elinye.
Iingcamango Neenguqu Zakutshanje Ekuphuculeni Ukukhotyokiswa
Imithetho etshintshayo iyaqhubeka iguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemilinganiselo yentlalo, ukutshintsha kwamanani, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwakho utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwimimandla emininzi, olubonisa ulwandiso nemiqathango yamalungelo okuvota.
Ukwanda Kwamalungelo Okudlulisela Imali
Imithetho emininzi iye yamisela utshintsho olujolise ekukhuliseni ukufikelela kwi-colot nokususa imiqobo yokuthabatha inxaxheba. Le migudu ibonisa ukuqatshelwa okukhulayo kokuthi ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi okunamandla kufuna amanyathelo aphambili ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi abafanelekileyo bangawasebenzisa amalungelo abo okuvota.
Ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lomvoti lufumene ulwamkelo kwimimandla emininzi. Phantsi kwezi nkqubo, abemi abafanelekileyo babhaliswa ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba bavote xa besebenzisana namasebe karhulumente, njengaxa befumana ilayisensi yokuqhuba okanye iinkonzo zoluntu. Abami bangakhetha ukuba bakhetha, kodwa okungagqibekanga kubandakanya kunokuba babhaliswe. Uphando lubonise ukuba ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lunyusa imigangatho yokubhalisa, ingakumbi phakathi kwabatsha nabavoti abambalwa.
Ukubhalisa ngosuku olunye, okuvumela abemi ukuba babhalise kwaye bavote ngosuku olunye, kuye kwamkelwa kwimimandla emininzi. Olu tshintsho luthetha ngengxaki yemiqathango yokubhalisa enokuthi ilahle abemi abaphoswe yimihla yokubhalisa okanye abaphoswe kukutshintsha kobomi kufutshane nokhetho. Uhlolisiso lusoloko lubonisa ukuba ukubhaliswa kosuku olunye komvoti kwandisa umvoti ngaphandle kokulalanisa kwingqibelelo yokhetho.
Ukubuyiselwa kwamalungelo okuvota kubantu abanolwazi olungokwaphula umthetho kuye kwanda kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Amazwana aliqela ase-United States aye aguqula imithetho yawo yokungavumelani nokungavumelani, mhlawumbi ngomthetho okanye ngokuthabatha amanyathelo okuvota, ukuwabuyisela ngokuzenzekelayo amalungelo awo xa ekhululwe ekuvalweni okanye ekugqityweni kwesigwebo. Olu tshintsho lubonakalisa iimbono ezigqwethekileyo ngokusesikweni, ukubuyiselwa konyango, nokusetyenziswa kwamalungelo okuvota.
Ukwanda kokuvota kwasekuqaleni kunye nokukhetha ngeposi kwenza ukuvota kube lula kwaye kube lula nakubemi abaninzi. Ezi ndlela zivumela abavoti ukuba baphose amavoti ngamaxesha athile kunye neendawo ezihambelana nemithetho yabo, benciphisa umthwalo wokuvota ngosuku olunye kwaye benokunyuka. Indyikitya yokubheta ekhawulezileyo yokusetyenziswa kwezi ndlela kumazwe amaninzi, kwaye uninzi lwala mazwe asandisiweyo luye lwagcinwa.
Ukuhlisa ixesha lokuvota konyulo oluthile kuye kwamiselwa kwezinye iindawo, ingakumbi kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni okanye ukujoliswe ngqo. Olu tshintsho lubonisa ukuba abemi abaselula bathe bajoliswe kwimicimbi yezobupolitika, nomgaqo wokuba abo bachaphazelekayo kwizigqibo zezobupolitika bafanele babe nelizwi ekuzenzeni.
Imiqathango Notshintsho Oluvavanyiweyo
Kunye nokwanda, amanye amagunya aye amisela imiqathango emitsha ekungeneni kovoti, ngokufuthi egwetyelwe njengemiqathango yokuphucula ukuthembeka konyulo. Le miqathango iye yabangela impikiswano enkulu kwaye iye yabangela amadabi amakhulu ezobupolitika nawasemthethweni.
Iimfuno zokwamkelwa okutsha zibekwe kwimimandla emininzi, ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo okungqongqo. Abaxhasi baphikisa la manyathelo athintela ubuqhetseba kwaye andise intembelo kunyulo, lo gama abahlalutyi bephikisa ukuba babangele imiqobo ekuvoteleni okuchaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto amaqela athile abemi.
Imiqathango yemisebenzi yokuvota ebhaliswayo iye yaphunyezwa kwezinye iindawo, kuquka imiqathango kwimiqathango yokubhaliswa yecandelo lesithathu kunye nokuncitshiswa kwamathuba okubhaliswa. Abaxhasi baphikisa la manyathelo okuthintela ubuqhetseba kwaye baqinisekisa ukuba iincwadana zovoti ezichanekileyo, ngelixa abachasi bezama ukucutha amanani okubhaliswa kwaye bekwenza kube nzima ukuba abantu abangaphantsi kwenkonzo bathathe inxaxheba.
Imida ekuvotelweni kwasekuqaleni nasekuphunyezweni kokhetho lwangaphambili iye yamiswa kwezinye iindawo, kuquka izihlandlo zokuvota kwangethuba, imiqathango yokubeka iibhokisi zebholothi, kunye neemfuno ezintsha kwizicelo zokurhoxa komgunyaziso. Ezi nguqu ziye zagwetyelwa njengoyimfuneko kukhuseleko lonyulo nolawulo, kodwa abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba banciphisa ukulungelelanisa nokufumaneka, ingakumbi kubavoti abanokukwazi ukuvota ngokulinganiselweyo ukutshintsha kwiinkqubo zabo.
Kukho ukuhlambulula okuququzelelweyo okuqulethwe ngumvoti ovunyiweyo kwezinye iindawo, kususwe abavoti abangazange babe nenxaxheba kunyulo lwakutshanje okanye abanenkcazelo yokubhalisa engenakuqinisekiswa. Ngoxa ugcino lwencwadi echanileyo yabavoti lubalulekile, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi ukuhlambulula ngogonyamelo kuyingozi ukususa abavoti abafanelekileyo kwaye iindlela ezingaphazamisaniyo zogcino loluhlu ziyafumaneka.
Le miqathango ingqongqo iye yabangela impikiswano ebalulekileyo, iinkundla kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo efikelela kwizigqibo ezahlukeneyo ngokuphathelele ubusemthethweni kunye nomgaqo-siseko. Amadabi angokwasemthethweni abonakalisa ukungavisisani okunzulu ngolungelelwano phakathi kokufikelela nokuthembeka kunye nentshukumisa ebangela iinguqu ezahlukeneyo.
Impembelelo yobuxhakaxhaka ekufumaneni nokufikelela
Inkqubela yobugcisa iyayitshintsha indlela ukuvota okumiselwa ngayo nendlela abemi abafumana ngayo ivoti. Ezi zinto zinika amathuba nocelomngeni lokuba nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.
Ubhaliso lwangaphakathi lomvoti luye lwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwaye luye lwanyuswa kakhulu ngeli xesha lunciphisa iindleko zolawulo. Ezi nkqubo zivumela abemi ukuba babhalise okanye bahlaziye ulwazi lwabo lokubhalisa ngeewebhsayithi ezikhuselekileyo, ukuze inkqubo ilunge ngakumbi kwaye ifikeleleke. Noko ke, ukubhalisa ngekhompyutha kufuna ukufikelela kwi-intanethi kunye nokubhala ngemivo, nto leyo enokubangela imiqobo emitsha kubemi abathile.
Iincwadi zovota zekhompyutha zithathe indawo yemivotelwa yamavoti kwimimandla emininzi, ivumela uqinisekiso lokwenene lwexesha lobunyani lokhetho kunye nokunciphisa amaxesha okulinda kwiindawo zokuvota. Ezi nkqubo zikwanceda ekuthinteleni ukuvota okuphindiweyo ngokuhlaziya iirekhodi ngokukhawuleza xa umvoti ehlola ngaphakathi. Noko ke, zifuna ubuchule obunenkxaso-mali nokuphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokungagqibeki kwekhompyutha kunye nokungaphumeleli kwenkqubo.
Uvotelo olukwikhompyutha kunye nokuvota ngekhompyutha kuhlala kuphikiswana kwaye kulinganiselwe ekuphunyezweni. Ngoxa ezi ndlela zinokunyusa ubuchule, ingakumbi kwabo bavoti baphesheya nakumazwe angoomkhosi, ziphakamisa inkxalabo yokhuseleko. Iingcali ezininzi zezentlalo-ntle zilumkisa ngokusetyenziswa kovotelo olusasazekileyo lwe-intanethi de iingxaki zokhuseleko zinokucombululeka ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukungavumelani nogcino-lwazi nokujoliswe ekujolisweni kuye kwantsonkothile, kuvumela amagosa onyulo kunye nemibutho yokuchola inzala ukuba achaze abavoti abafanelekileyo abangabhaliswanga ngokusemthethweni kwaye anike inkcazelo ejoliswe ekujoliswe kuyo ngokubhaliswa nokuvota. Ngoxa ezi zixhobo zinokukwandisa inxaxheba, zikwaphakamisa nenkxalabo yobuqu kunye nemibuzo ngokusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi lobuqu ngokwezimo zokhetho.
Ubugcisa bokuvota ngekhompyutha bucetyiwe njengesisombululo esikhuselekileyo, nangona ukuphunyezwa kovotelwa kusemngciphekweni kwaye kusenovavanyo. Abaxhasi bathi ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuthintela ukukhuselwa nokuqinisekiswa okufunekayo ekuvotelweni nge-elektroniki, lo gama abathandabuzayo bebuza enoba ubugcisa bukhule ngokwaneleyo na nokuba bungakunika ukubonakala nokuphindwa konyulo lwedemokhrasi olufuna unyulo lwedemokhrasi.
Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngokubona Ukuba Kulula
Ukuhlolisisa izenzo zokuvota kumazwe awahlukahlukeneyo kunikela umongo obalulekileyo wokuqonda uludwe lweendlela zokuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi nendlela ibutho labantu ezahlukahlukeneyo elilungelelanisa ngayo imilinganiselo ephikisanayo ekukhethweni.
Ukuthelekisa Ukwaphula Umthetho
Uqheliselo lwezizwe ngezizwe lokungavisisani kwezaphuli-mthetho luyehluka ngokuphawulekayo. I-United States ibalasele ngobude bokwahlukana kwayo nemigaqo-nkqubo egqwethekileyo, yaye izigidi zabemi azikwazi ukuvota ngenxa yeenkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho zangoku okanye ezadlulayo. Le ndlela iyahluka kakhulu kuqheliselo kwezinye imimandla emininzi yedemokhrasi.
Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu avumela amabanjwa ukuba avote okanye abeke ityala eliya kuhlawulwa kwabo bagwetywayo ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olunyuliweyo okanye ezona zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zinzulu. Ngokomzekelo, iJamani ivumela inkoliso yamabanjwa ukuba ivote, idimaze kuphela abo bagwetyelwe ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile ngokuchasene nolawulo lwedemokhrasi.
Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhanada yawisa umthetho ngowama-2002 wokuba ukuchaswa kwebanjwa kwaphula iSicatshulwa saMalungelo neNkulumbuso saseKhanada, iqinisekisa ukuba kwanabemi abavalelweyo banelungelo lokuvota. Esi sigqibo sabonisa ukuba amalungelo okuvota abaluleke kakhulu ukuba bangasuswa kwanangesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho.
INkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu ifumanise ukuba ukuvalwa komthetho wokuvota ngamabanjwa kuchasene neBhunga laseYurophu lamaLungelo, lifuna ukuba nayiphi na imiqathango ilungelelaniswe kwaye igqitywe ngumntu ngamnye. Oku kuye kwabangela utshintsho kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwawo bekusoloko kunengxabano ngamanye amaxesha.
I-Australia inika umgaqo obangel ’ umdla, ivumela amabanjwa agweba izigwebo zeminyaka engaphantsi kwemithathu ukuba avote ngoxa egxeka abo bafumana izigwebo ezinde. Le ndlela izama ukulungelelanisa inkxalabo ngolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu ngokuqwalaselwa kwamalungelo okuvota.
Iinkqubo zokunyusa nokunyusa ezinyanzelisayo
Ezinye idemokhrasi ziye zamkela uvotelo olunyanzelekileyo, apho abemi abafanelekileyo banyanzeleka ukuba babe nenxaxheba kunyulo okanye kwisohlwayo sobuso. Le ndlela imela ingcamango eyahlukileyo ngokusisiseko yokuvota .
I-Australia mhlawumbi ngumzekelo owaziwayo wokunyanzeleka ukuba kuvotelwe, emva kokuba iphumele inkqubo ngo1924. Abemi base-Australia abasilelayo ukuvota ngaphandle kwesizathu esisebenzayo sobuso obunentengo encinane. Le nkqubo iphumele kwixabiso eliphezulu ngokungaguqukiyo, elingaphezulu kwama-90 ekhulwini, kwaye iye yanconywa ngokuqinisekisa ukuba unyulo lubonisa iinjongo zokhetho olupheleleyo kunokuba nje ivoti eqhutywa yintshukumisa.
IBelgium, iBrazil, neArgentina ziphakathi kwamanye amazwe anenkqubo yokuvota enyanzelekileyo, ngalinye linenkqubo enyanzelisayo nesohlwayo esingafaniyo. Zimbi zimisela intlawulo, ngoxa ezinye zisenokuthintela ukungena kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente okanye zibangele ubunzima ekufumaneni amaxwebhu asemthethweni angengowamavonga.
Abaxhasi bokuvota okunyanzelekileyo baphikisa ngokuthi kuqinisekisa ukuba abameli bemali bafumana iziphumo, kunciphisa impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika ngokwenza ukuba umvoti alwele ukugxekana, kwaye kukhuthaza ukuganana kwezentlalo. Bathi ukuvota okuphezulu kukhulisa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente bamele basabela kubo bonke abemi, kungekhona abo nje bavota ngokuzithandela.
Abahlalutyi bathi ukuvota ngokunyanzelekileyo kuyayiphazamisa inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, kuquka nenkululeko yokungathabathi nxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Baphikisa ngelithi ukunyanzelisa abemi abangafuni ukuchonga okanye abangenalwazi ukuba bavote kusenokunciphisa ukufaneleka kwezigqibo zokukhetha okanye ukuba nenxaxheba ngokuzithandela kubonisa imbono entle yezopolitiko. Le ngxoxo ibonisa imbono eyahlukileyo ngokuphathelele ubumi nolwalamano phakathi kwabantu nelizwe.
Amalungelo okubonelela
Nangona iimfuno zobumi zingumgangatho wonyulo lwesizwe, uqheliselo lwezizwe ngezizwe lwenzeka ngokuphathelele ukuvota okungangeni mvume kunyuselo lwasekuhlaleni. Amazwe aliqela aye anika abahlali abasisigxina amalungelo okuvota okanye abanye abangengobemi bonyulo lukamasipala okanye lwengingqi, eqonda ukuba abemi bexesha elide banemfuno esemthethweni kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni.
INew Zealand ivumela abemi abasisigxina ukuba bavote kunyulo lwesizwe emva konyaka omnye behleli, enye yezona nkqubo zokuvota zibanzi phakathi kolawulo-melo oluphuhlisiweyo. Le ndlela ibonisa umgaqo wokuba abo baye benza isibopho kwilizwe kwaye bachaphazeleka yimithetho yalo kufuneka babe nelizwi ekulawuleni, kwanaphambi kokuba bagqibe inkqubo yokuzinzisa.
Amazwe aseYurophu avumela abemi be-EU ukuba bakhethe kwiiPalamente zengingqi nezeYurophu, bebonisa umgaqo wokuba ngummi we-EU nosukelo lokuphelisa umanyano lwamazwe angamalungu. Oku kuthetha ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwamalungelo okuvota ngaphaya kwemida yobumi yemveli.
Amazwe aliqela, kuquka iSweden, iDenmark neNetherlands, andisa amalungelo okuvota kubemi basekuhlaleni abangengobemi basemzini emva kwamaxesha achaziweyo okuhlala. Le nkqubo iyaqonda ukuba ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni luchaphazela bonke abemi kwaye ukuba nenxaxheba kwezobupolitika kunokwenza abaphambukeli baqhelane.
EUnited States, abanye oomasipala baye bamkela okanye bacinga ngokuvota okungaqhutyelwanga unyulo lwasekuhlaleni, bevuselela uqheliselo olwaluqhelekile kwinkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kweye-20. Le migudu iye yathandatyuzwa, yaye abaxhasi bephikisa ngelithi irhafu ngaphandle kokumela ichasene nemigaqo yedemokhrasi kunye nabachasi abaphikisanayo ukuba ukuvota kufanele kuhlale kulilungelo lokuba ngummi.
Ikamva Lokuzimela Ngokulula
Njengokuba imibutho iqhubeka iguquka, imibuzo ngokufumana imvume yokuvota iya kuhlala isemgangathweni wolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Iimbambano eziliqela eziqhambukayo zisenokuguqula iingxoxo zexesha elizayo kunye notshintsho kulo mmandla.
Iinguqu zomfanekiso nokuthatha inxaxheba
Ukutshintsha kwendlela yokusebenza, kuquka ukwaluphala kwabantu, ukutshintsha kwendlela yokufuduka nokuhamba, kuza kuqhubeka kucel ’ umngeni iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuvota. Iinkqubo ze-elector ziya kufuneka zilungelelanise ukuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iinkalo zebutho labantu zinokuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo.
Ukwaluphala kwabemi kumazwe amaninzi ahambele phambili kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelele indawo yokuhlala yabavoti abakhulileyo, kuquka abo bangakwaziyo ukucinga kakuhle okanye abangakwaziyo ukufikelela kwimisebenzi ethile.
Ukwanda kokwanda kolwahluka-hlukeneyo, kuquka ukunyuka kwabemi abaphambukeli, kuza kuqhubeka kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga neemfuno zabemi, iinkqubo zokwemvelo, namalungelo abantu abangengobemi abaqhelekileyo. Ibutho kuza kufuneka lilwe nendlela yokudibanisa amatsha kubomi bezobupolitika ngeli lixa ligcina ubumi obukhethekileyo.
Iindlela zokuhamba ezizinzileyo nezingazinziyo zingafuna ukucinga ngezithethe zokuhlala kunye neenkqubo zokubhalisa. Njengoko abantu abaninzi behamba rhoqo ngenxa yomsebenzi okanye ezinye izizathu, iinkqubo zokukhetha ziza kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba ukuhamba akuphumeleli ekudibeni.
Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nenkqubo ye-Evolution yokusebenza
Technological advances will continue to reshape how voting eligibility is determined and how citizens participate in elections. While technology offers opportunities to increase accessibility and convenience, it also raises new challenges related to security, privacy, and equity.
Ingxoxo enkulu iqhubeka ibandakanya ukuvota kwi-intanethi. Ukuba ucelomngeni lobugcisa lunokuxutyushwa kakuhle, uvotelo lwe-Intanethi lungakwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukufumaneka, ingakumbi kwabo bavoti abaneziphene, abo bahlala kwiindawo ezikude, kunye nabemi abahlala kwamanye amazwe. Noko ke, inkxalabo yokungakhuseleki nokufuna ukuvavanywa, iinkqubo zokuvavanya zihlala zimiqobo.
Ubuntlola obuzenzekelayo kunye nokufunda ngomatshini kungadlala indima ekhulayo kulawulo lwezivoti, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kufanelekile ukufumanisa ubuqhetseba obunokwenzeka. Ezi zixhobo zobugcisa zinokuphucula ukusebenza nokuchana, kodwa zinyusa inkxalabo ngokutshintsha kwemithetho-siseko, ukubonakala, nendima efanelekileyo yokwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi.
Iinkqubo zokuzichaza zamanani zingaqukuqela kubhaliso lwamavoti kunye noqinisekiso lo gama kuncitshiswa ubuqhetseba. Kodwa ke, iinkqubo ezinjalo ziphakamisa inkxalabo ephawulekayo yangasese nemibuzo emalunga nokujongwa nokhuseleko lukarhulumente. Ukulungelelanisa iingenelo zokuzichaza ngamanani kunye nokhuseleko lomntu ngamnye luza kuba lucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.
Iingxoxo Eziqhubekayo Nezinto Eziza Kuqala Kutshintsho
Iingxoxo eziliqela eziphambili ngokuphumelela kokuvota zisenokuqhubeka zibumba inkqubo yonyulo kwiminyaka ezayo. Umbandela wokungavumelani kwezaphuli-mthetho uhlala unempikiswano, nemigudu eqhubekayo yokuguqula okanye yokuphelisa imiqathango yokuvota engekho mthethweni kwiindawo ezininzi. Njengoko ukuqonda ngokusesikweni kolwaphulo-mthetho kuyatshintsha yaye kuxhalabisa ngokubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi kuqhubekeka, uxinzelelo lotshintsho luyaqhubeka.
Ingxoxo yeminyaka yokuvota ifumana ingqwalasela entsha, nabaxhasi bemathelela ukuba abali-16 kunye nabaneminyaka eli-17 ubudala bafanele bavunyelwe ukuvota, ubuncinane konyulo oluthile. Njengokuba abantu abaselula bebonisa ukudityaniswa kwezopolitiko kwimibandela efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu nogonyamelo lwemipu, iingxoxo zokuthoba ixesha lokuvota zinokuba negalelo elikhulu.
Iimfuno zokwahlula ziya kuhlala ziphikisana, ngengxoxo eqhubekayo ephathelele indlela yokulungelelanisa inkxalabo malunga nengqibelelo yonyulo nokuqinisekisa ukuba inxaxheba kulula. Ukufumana iindlela ezifikelela zombini iinjongo ngexesha elinye kuya kuba yinto ebalulekileyo ekuguquleni unyulo.
Amalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo aza kuqhubeka efumana ingqalelo, ngemigudu eqhubekayo yokuphelisa imiqathango esekelwe kubuchule nokuqinisekisa ukufumaneka ngokupheleleyo kwenkqubo yokuvota. Njengoko imibutho yamalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo ifumana amandla kwaye ulungiselelo lwamalungelo abantu lwezizwe ngezizwe luzivelela, uxinzelelo lotshintsho luza kwanda.
Imibuzo ephathelele amalungelo okuvota angeyondlela yokuvota, ingakumbi kubemi abasisigxina kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni, isenokuqhubeka ibangela impikiswano eqhubekayo. Njengoko abantu abaphambukeli besanda kwaye beneengxaki ezingapheliyo, umbuzo wokuba ngubani ofanele abe nelizwi kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni uya kuhlala ufanelekile.
Isiphelo: Indaleko Eqhubekayo Yokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi
Ukungaguquguquki nemiqathango imela imibuzo esisiseko malunga nobumi bedemokhrasi kunye nemida yoluntu lwezobupolitika. Imilinganiselo egqiba ukuba ngubani onokuvota amaxabiso abantu, ingqiqo yabo yobuchule noxanduva, kunye nokuzibophelela kwabo ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ngokupheleli. Njengoko olu hlolisiso lubonise, ezi nkcukacha zahluka kakhulu ngokunqamlezileyo kwimithetho elawulayo kwaye ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ekutshintsheni amaxabiso entlalo, ukutshintsha kwenani labantu, kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo ngemigaqo yedemokhrasi.
Iimfuno ezisisiseko zobudala, ubumi, kunye nokuhlala zinika isiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba konyulo, kodwa ukuphunyezwa kwazo okukhethekileyo kuyahluka-hluka kakhulu. Ixesha elincinane lokuvota, ngeli xesha limiselwe ngeminyaka eli-18, licingisiswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwezinye iindawo njengoko abemi abaselula bebonakalisa ukunyanzeleka kolawulo nokwazi okungokwasebupoliseni. Iimfuno zobumi zihlala phantse jikelele ukwenzela unyulo lwesizwe, nangona eminye imithetho idlulisela amalungelo okuvota kubantu abangeyo kukhuphiko lwasekuhlaleni. Iimfuno zomdla ziqinisekisa ukuba uqhagamshelwano nonxulumano noluntu abayalulawulayo, nangona kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngobuchule ukuze ziphephe ukukhulula abantu abahamba bemi.
Imiqathango egunyazisayo, kuquka leyo isekelwe kwiinkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ubuchule bengqondo, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olunyuliweyo, ibonisa imigwebo emalunga nokuba ngubani ofanele akhutshwe ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwezobupolitika naphantsi kwezi meko. Le miqathango ihlala iphikisana, ngokuqhubekayo iingxoxo ezingendlela yokulunga, ukulungelelana, kunye nempembelelo. Utyekelo olukumazwe amaninzi belukukukukukukunciphisa imiqathango kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba, okubonisa ukukhula koxabiso lokuba amalungelo okuvota angundoqo kwaye kufuneka kulinganiselwe kuphela.
Ukubuyiselwa kwamalungelo okuvota kwabo baye bahlulwa kumela inkalo ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yonyulo, enomahluko obalulekileyo kwindlela eyahluke ngayo kwiimeko zokulungisa lo mba. Iinkqubo zokubuyisela ezizenzekelayo zidla ngokuphumela kumlinganiselo ophezulu wamalungelo okubuyiselwa kunenkqubo esekelwe kwisicelo, nangona zombini ezi ndlela zinokuba luncedo xa zisetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo. Unyango lwezibopho zemali ekubuyiselweni kwamalungelo luhlala lunempikiswano, kuphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko ngonxulumano phakathi kobume bezoqoqosho namalungelo ezobupolitika.
Kukho abantu abakhethekileyo, kuquka abavoti basemkhosini nabaphesheya, abantu abakhubazekileyo, abathetha iilwimi ezincinane, nabantu bomthonyama, abajamelene neengxaki ezingaqhelekanga ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo okuvota. Ukucela ukuba la maqela afumaneke ngokunentsingiselo kufuna indawo yokuhlala ekujoliswe kuyo kwaye kufuneke imbopheleleko yokuyila iinqobo. Inkqubela iye yenziwa kwiindawo ezininzi, kodwa umsebenzi obalulekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi abafanelekileyo banokuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi.
Iimfuno zokwahlula zibonakalisa ungquzulwano phakathi kwengqibelelo yonyulo kunye nokufumaneka okuphawula iingxoxo ezininzi ngokufaneleka kokuvota. Ngoxa kuyimfuneko ukulondoloza intembelo kwiziphumo zonyulo, iimfuno ezingqongqo zingenza imiqobo yokubandakanyeka ekungeneleni okuchaphazela uluntu oluthe qeleleka ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto. Ukufumana umlinganiselo olungileyo kufuna ingqalelo enonophelo kukhuseleko nokulungelelaniswa kolawulo lwabachongi.
Izimvo zakutshanje zibonisa ukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota kunye nemiqathango ekhoyo, ebonakalisa iingxoxo zezobupolitika nezeengcamango zokuthatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Utshintsho olufana nokubhaliswa ngokuzenzekelayo, ukubhaliswa kosuku olunye, nokubuyiselwa kwamalungelo abantu abanolwazi oluneenkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, luye lwandisa ukufikelela kwimimandla emininzi. Kwangaxeshanye, iimfuno ezintsha zokuchongwa, imiqathango yokubhalisa, kunye nemiqathango yokuvota kwangaphambili iye yadala imiqobo emitsha kwezinye iindawo. Ezi mpawumbi umahluko ubalaseko olukhuphiswayo lwamalungelo okuvotalwayo nokubaluleka kokuhlala uphaphile ekukhuseleni nasekuphathweni komsebenzi wedemokhrasi.
Iimbono zezizwe ngezizwe zinikela ulwamkelo olubalulekileyo lokuqonda iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuvota. Ukwahluka-hluka okuninzi kwezenzo eziphathelene nokungathobeli kwezaphuli-mthetho, ukuvota okunyanzelisayo, kunye namalungelo okuvota angengawo abonisa ukuba akukho ndlela inye echanekileyo yokuphendula le mibuzo. Kunoko, ibutho lamazwe ahlukeneyo lenza imigwebo eyahlukeneyo isekelwe kwimbali, amaxabiso, neemeko. Ukufunda kumava ehlabathi ngamazwe ngamazwe kungazisa iingxube-nge zezakhono zasekhaya kwaye kuncede ukuchaza imikhwa enika ingxubeko enika intlukwano eqhubekayo ngoxa kugcinwa ingqibelelo eluncedo.
Ukukhangela kwikamva, iinguqu zamanani, inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa, kunye nemilinganiselo eguqula intlalo iza kuqhubeka ibumba iingxoxo ngokungafezeki kokuvota. Ucelomngeni olukhoyo kumabutho olawulo-moya luza kuba kukutshintsha iinkqubo zokukhetha kwiimeko ezitshintshayo ngexesha ugcina imigaqo engundoqo yehlabathi lonke, ukuthatha inxaxheba elinganayo, nokuthembeka. Oku kuya kufuna incoko eqhubekayo, ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yobuchule, kunye nokuzimisela ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi abafanelekileyo banokusebenzisa ilungelo labo elisisiseko lokuvota.
Kubantu abafuna ukuba nenxaxheba kunyulo, ukuqonda iimfuno zokuvota kubalulekile. Oku kuquka ukwazi imigaqo esisiseko yokuvota kulawulo lwakho, ukwazi nayiphi na imiqathango enokusetyenziswa, imigaqo yokuqonda imigaqo yokubhalisa kunye nexesha elimisiweyo, nokwazi ukuba yintoni efunekayo ukuchaza okanye ukubhalisa. Kubo baye baphulukana namalungelo okuvota, ukuqonda iinkqubo zokubuyisela nokuthabatha amanyathelo okuphinda bafumaneke kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokubuyiselwa koluntu.
Kubaxhasi nabaququzeleli benkqubo, injongo kufuneka ibe zinkqubo zonyuselo ezandisa inxaxheba ngeli lixa kugcinwa ingqibelelo kunye nokuthenjwa kwabantu. Oku kufuna ukuqhubela phambili ngaphaya kweengxoxo ezisukqileyo ukuqwalasela indlela ukhetho olwahlukeneyo lwemigaqo echaphazela ngayo ukufikelela nokhuseleko. Kufuna ingqalelo kumava abantu abahlukeneyo kunye nozibopho zokususa imiqobo engeyomfuneko ukuze bathabathe inxaxheba. Yaye kufuneka uhlolo oluqhubekayo lwemigaqo-nkqubo yabanyulwayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba baphumeza iinjongo zabo ngaphandle kokwenza iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga.
Ekugqibeleni, iinkqubo zokuvota zibonisa ukhetho olusisiseko malunga nobumi bobumi bedemokhrasi kunye nemida yebutho leepolitiki. Olu khetho luneziphumo ezinzulu kulowo unelizwi ekulawuleni, onomdla omelelwe kwizigqibo zenkqubo, nendlela amaziko eedemokhrasi afanelekileyo nazimeleyo agqalwa ukuba afanele aqwalaselwe ngayo. Njengoko ibutho labantu liqhubeka lixhathisa le mibuzo, imigaqo yesebe eliphela, igalelo elilinganayo, kunye nokufikelela ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yokhokelo kunye nemigudu yokulungisa.
Ilungelo lokuvota limele enye yezona nkalo zisisiseko zobumi bedemokhrasi. Iqinisekisa ukuba eli lungelo likhuselwe, ukuba imigaqo elungeleleneyo ilungile kwaye isengqiqweni, nokuba bonke abemi abafanelekileyo bangasebenzisa imigaqo yabo elungeleleneyo babalulekile ekulondolozeni inkqubo yezoburhulumente ephilileyo, esemthethweni, nequka idemokhrasi. Ngoxa ukuvumelana okugqibeleleyo kule miba kusenokuba nzima, incoko eqhubekayo, ukwenziwa kwemigaqo yemigaqo yedemokhrasi, kunye nokuzibophelela kwimigaqo yedemokhrasi kunganceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zonyulo ziphumeza injongo yazo esisiseko: ukunika onke amalungu ebutho lezobupolitika ilizwi ekulungiseni ikamva lawo.
Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olungakumbi ngamalungelo ovotelo kunye nokukwazi ukuvota eUnited States, tyelela i U.S. Ukhetho Loncedo. Ukufunda ngemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe yonyulo lwedemokhrasi, bona ubuncwane obukhoyo kwi-[ Icandelo le-International Institute for Democratic kunye ne-Electoral Translation. Ulwazi olumalunga namalungelo okuvota kunye nemigudu yokuguqula iinguqu, i-American Liberies ezikhoyo ze-Opentrolies [[FLT:]] ibonelela izibonelelo ezibanzi kunye nohlaziselo kwimibandela yangoku.