Ukwazisa: Isivumelwano Esingekho Nto Sithethayo Esiphembelela Uluntu

Ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo isiseko sentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika ehlola izivumelwano ezithenjiweyo phakathi kwabantu ukuze bakhe amaqumrhu noorhulumente. Iphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo malunga nohlobo lwegunya, ukulawula, namalungelo abantu abakwiqela. Esazulwini sayo, isivumelwano sentlalo sibuza: [ Kutheni sithobela imithetho? Yintoni enika urhulumente igunya layo? kwaye kunini xa kufanelekile ukuxhathisa okanye ukubhukuqa urhulumente ongekho bulungisa? Le mibuzo ayiyomfundo nje; isekelwe kuyo yonke idemokhrasi yalekiso-mthetho-siseko, iphembelela urhulumente wangoku, ingumthetho-siseko, kunye nendlela abahlalisa ngayo abantu. Ukuhlawula irhafu, ukulandela imithetho yenkciso, isivumelwano sentlalo sisebenza njengolungelenelo olulungeleneyo lwenkululeko nokhuseleko lokhuseleko lokhuseleko lomntu ngamnye?

Igama elithi "isivumelwano sobuntu" ngokwalo licebisa isivumelwano sokuzithandela, kodwa alukho uxwebhu olubhaliweyo olubhala isivumelwano esinjalo. Endaweni yoko, lusebenza njengovavanyo lokucinga .Indlela yokucinga ukuba ubomi bebuya kuba njani ngaphandle korhulumente ("isimo sendalo") nokuqiqa ngohlobo lwendlela abantu abanolawulo abaya kulukhetha. Eli nqaku libonisa indaleko yengcamango yesivumelwano soluntu ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo yeNqalulo ukuya kwiinkqubo zalo zale mihla, ukuhlolisisa imigaqo engundoqo, ukuhlolisisa iingxoxo ezingundoqo zamaxesha angoku, kunye nokuphendula ii-critiques ezingundoqo. Ngokuqonda isivumelwano sobuntlalo, sifumana ukuqonda ukunxibelelana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwenkululeko yobuqu kunye nolungelelwano lwentlalo.

Imvelaphi Engokwembali: Izazi ZeBhayibhile Ezichaza Isivumelwano

Ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo isuka kwimisebenzi yezithandi zobulumko ezininzi ezinempembelelo, ingakumbi ngexesha lokukhanyiselwa. Amanani angundoqo aquka uThomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke, noJean-Jacques Rousseau, ngamnye enikela iimbono ezikhethekileyo ngendlela abantu abadalwe ngayo kunye nemfuneko yokulawula. Iingcamango zabo zabunjwa yisiphithiphithi sezobupolitika samaxesha abo eNgilani, ulawulo lobukho belizwe eFransi, kunye nokunyuka kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye.

UThomas Hobbes: Uloyiko NoMongami Opheleleyo

Hobbes, kumsebenzi wakhe wonyaka wekhulu elinamashumi amahlanu anesithathu. Wachaza umfanekiso ombi wemfazwe engapheliyo "yomntu ngamnye, eqhutywa ngukhuphiswano, ingxwabangxwaba, nozuko. Ukuphepha le ngxaki, abantu ngabanye baya kunikezela ngenkululeko ethile kwigunya lolawulo oluphezulu lokutshintshisa ukhuseleko nocwangco. Kuba uHobbe, isivumelwano sentlalo sasiyixesha elinye, ukufuduselwa kwegunya kumlawuli (okanye indibano). Wakholelwa ukuba nayiphi na ingxwabangxwaba, ingxwabangxwaba, ingxwabangxwaba, abantu bebophelele ekulawuleni ulawulo oluphezulu.

Key Hobbesian Idea: "Izivumelwano, ngaphandle kwekrele, ngamagama nje." – Hobses waphikisa ngokuthi igunya lomanyano liyimfuneko ukunyanzelisa isivumelwano sentlalo.

UJohn Locke: Amalungelo Emvelo Namalungelo Okuvukelwa

Locke wanikela imbono ekhuthaza ngakumbi yendalo yabantu. Kumsebenzi wakhe wowe-1689 Izivumelwano Ezibini zikaRhulumente, waqinisekisa ukuba abantu banamalungelo emvelo ebomini, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. Ngokutsho koLocke, imeko yendalo ayiyomfazwe yonke kodwa yimeko yenkululeko egqibeleleyo elawulwa ngumthetho wendalo. Isivumelwano sentlalo, ngoko, sisivumelwano sokwakha urhulumente okhusela la malungelo angaphambili akhoyo. Crucive, ukwazisa ingcamango yesivumelwano se esipheleleyo:[FLD:3] ukuba urhulumente uyalwa ukuthemba kwawo. [[FLT] [=-8:3] okanye ulawulo olungenayo, lungamele umgaqo okhuthaza ukuvukela nokuvukela umgaqo ofanelekileyo womgaqo-mthetho wamalungelo abantu. [Umthetho wangoku.]

Ukugxininisa kukaRhulumente olinganiselweyo namalungelo empahla kwamenza waba liqhawe lokwahlukana kwamandulo. Noko ke, abagxeki baphawula ukuba umbono wakhe wawungawafaki amehlo amabhinqa, amahlwempu, nabantu abangamakhoboka ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwisivumelwano, ingongoma eyahlolisiswa kwimibutho yamalungelo abesifazane kamva.

Impembelelo ye-Locke kulawulo lwale mihla

Iingcinga zomngxuma zifakwe kwi "imvume yemfundiso elawulwayo" efumaneka kumgaqo-siseko omninzi. U.S. ubhengezo lwenkululeko luvakalisa ulwimi lwakhe: "Iimithetho iqaliswe phakathi kwamadoda, ifumana amandla awo okusesikweni ngokuvumela kwabalawulwayo. Le mithetho iyaqhubeka ibumba ukubumba iingxoxo ngogunya likarhulumente, amalungelo obuqu, nemida yamandla karhulumente.

UJean-Jacques Rousseau: USomandla Jikelele Nenkululeko Eqokelelwayo

Rousseau, kwincwadi yakhe ye-1762 iContract yeNtlalo, yathatha ikhondo elahlukileyo. Wayekholelwa ukuba kwimeko yendalo, abantu babenempambano ephakamileyo, bonakeleyo yimpucuko nezinto zangasese. Inkululeko yenene, uRousseau, ayifunyanwanga ekwenzeni nantoni na umntu ayifunayo kodwa ekuthobeleni imithetho umntu anokuyidala. Isivumelwano sentlalo, ka Rousseauuss, sisivumelwano sokwakha umzimba osisidibi ("ingingitha"" ebonakalisa ingcinga yempucuko nento yanganye. ] ayiyifumani into ethanda ukuyenza kodwa iminqweno yomntu ngamnye, kodwa inomdla kwizinto ezintle. Abantu ngabanye bamele "ivume ukuxhathisa ukuzonwa kwalel' oko kuthelelana ukuphembelela ukutshintsha kwedemo-demokhrasitiki. kodwa kwakhona, ink

[[FLT: 0] I-Rousseau's Foosau Evolution edumileyo: "Umntu uzalwa ekhululekile, kwaye kuyo yonke indawo ukwimixokelelwane." – Isivumelwano sentlalo sinika indlela yokufumana amatyathanga asemthethweni ngokuzilawula ngokwawo.

Imigaqo Eyintloko Yesivumelwano Sentlalo

Nangona izithandi zobulumko zingafani, imigaqo emininzi esisiseko imanyanisa iingcamango zesivumelwano soluntu.

  • Isivumelwano soMsebenzi woMntu: Abantu ngabanye bayavuma (ngenyani okanye ngokuphandle) ukwakha ibutho labantu nokuthobela imithetho yalo. Ukuvuma kungaboniswa ngokuvota, ubumi, okanye ngokuhlala nje kummandla welizwe.
  • Imbopheleleko yokwalathisa: Amalungu ebutho labantu ayabelana ngeembopheleleko zokulondoloza ucwangco, ukubonelela ngeempahla zikawonke-wonke, nokukhusela amalungelo. Oku kuquka ukuhlawula irhafu, ukukhonza kwimiba yejaji, nokuba nenxaxheba kubomi boluntu.
  • Ubugunya kunye noLawulo: Iqumrhu elilawulayo (ukumkani, indlu yowiso-mthetho, okanye umgaqo-siseko) limiselwe ukunyanzelisa imithetho, ukusombulula iimpikiswano, nokukhusela okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo. Igunya lalo mzimba lisuka kwimvume yabalawulwa.
  • [[NTL:0] Ilungelo lokuvuselelwa okanye lotshintsho: Abami bahlala benelungelo lokucel ’ umngeni okanye lokutshintsha urhulumente ukuba akaphumeleli ukuxhasa isivumelwano sentlalo. Oku kunokuthatha uhlobo lonyulo, ukungathobeli kwabemi, okanye, kwiimeko ezimandundu, imvukelo.

Le migaqo ayimi ndawonye; iguqula ngemeko zentlalo ezitshintshayo. Umzekelo, ingcamango "yemvume" inyuke yaquka i-injini yendalo yonke, ngexa "imbopheleleko epheleleyo" ngoku idibanisa ukulondolozwa kwemekobume kunye nentlalo-ntle.

Isivumelwano Sentlalo Kuluntu Lwanamhlanje

Kwiingxubusho zale mihla, isivumelwano sentlalo siyaqhubeka siphembelela ingcamango kunye noqheliselo lwezobupolitika. Sisebenza njengesiseko sokuqonda ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu nesizwe, ingakumbi kwibutho ledemokhrasi apho igunya lorhulumente lithathwa ngokuvumelana nabalawuli. Izithandi-bulumko zale mihla ziye zachaza kwakhona isivumelwano sentlalo sokulungisa imicimbi yokusesikweni, ukungalingani, kunye nolawulo lwehlabathi lonke.

UJohn Brackls: Okusesikweni Njengobulungisa

Isivumelwano sezeNtlalo esinempembelelo kakhulu sezobuNtlalo sino uJohn Rawls, osebenza ngo-1971 Ingcamango yeJaji [ ivuselele isithethe sobuKholo. Ooklukileyo bacinga ukuba "kwindawo yokuqala" apho abantu bakhetha khona imigaqo yokusesikweni emva kwe "ukungazi", qhaba ubuchule babo, okanye ingqiqo yendlela yokulungisa. Phantsi kwezi meko, banokuphikisana, bakhetha imigaqo emibini: (1) ukulingana ngokungena mvume yokuzikhethela, kwaye (2) nokungalingani kwezenziwa kwezoqoqosho okucwangcisiweyo ukuze bancede umgangatho olungileyo (ukungaphicocekiseki"). Umendo olupheleleyo lwentlalo-jiko. [Flansford]

Abagxeki Bemingxuma

Robert Nozick, Akharchy, State, kunye no-Utopia [19974], wanika ulwahlulo lwethala leencwadi: urhulumente omncinane onyanzela izivumelwano nokukhusela amalungelo empahla kodwa ongawasasazi ubutyebi. Nozick waphikisa ukuba ukunyanzelisa ukuthatyathwa komthumeli kuphazamisana nesivumelwano soluntu sobuqu esisekelwe kwintetho yokuzithandela. Le ngxoxo phakathi komqambiso noNozick ihlala isembindini kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika yanamhlanje.

ISigwebo seNtlalo neNkxaso-ntle

Iinkcazelo zale mihla zesivumelwano sentlalo zidla ngokugxininisa imiba yokusesikweni kwentlalo nokulingana. Iingcali zentanda-bulumko njengoJohn Rawls ziye zanda kule ngcamango, ziphikisa ngelithi isivumelwano soluntu esisesikweni kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba amalungu aluncedo luncinci asekuhlaleni akashiywa emva. Lo mgaqo uboniswa kwimigaqo efana nerhafu eqhubekayo, ukunyamekela impilo-ntle yabantu jikelele, kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke.

Ingqikelelo-magama Yehlabathi: Ngaphezu kwemo yohlanga

Ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo ayiphelelanga kwintanda-bulumko yaseNtshona. Iinkcubeko nezithethe ezahlukahlukeneyo zineenkcazelo zazo, ezibonisa imilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni kunye nembali. Ukuqonda ezi mbono zihlukeneyo kucebisa intetho engolawulo noluntu.

  • Izithethe zeConfucian: EMpuma Asia, imvisiswano yentlalo kunye nokuzinikela kwabantwana kudla ngokuthatha indawo yokuqala kumalungelo omntu ngamnye. Isivumelwano apha sisenokuba singecaci kangako, sisekelwe kwimisebenzi ephinda-phindwayo phakathi komphathi nombandela.
  • Iingcinga zezobupolitika ezicacileyo: Iingcinga ze shura [ulungiso] kunye i-ijma [iiindlela zobunyani] zinika ezinye iimodeli zesigqibo seqela, maxa wambi zibekwe njengomnqophiso ocacileyo phakathi komphathi noluntu.
  • Ulawulo lobuhlanga: Amazwe amaninzi esizwe anesivumelwano sawo, amele izivumelwano zentlalo phakathi kwabantu abahlukeneyo. Kumazwe afana neKhanada ne New Zealand, uthethwano lwesivumelwano sangoku luzama ukudibanisa ukungalungisi okungokwembali.

Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye nokudityaniswa kwelizwe nentlalo-ntle. Ingxaki efana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukufuduka, kunye norhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ifuna iindlela zokulawula ezingaphaya kwemida. Intanda-bulumko zicebise "iingqungquthela yehlabathi lonke" enika ingcebiso yokwandisa amalungelo kunye neembopheleleko kubo bonke abantu, okanye kwanakwizilwanyana ezingengobantu nezizukulwana ezizayo. i-Stanford Encyclopedia yokungena kobulungisa behlabathi

Inkcubeko yeNkcubeko

Nangona ibalulekile, ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo ijongene neentsomi ze-engile ezininzi. Abanye bathi yindawo yentsomi engamelani ngokuchanekileyo nendlela ezibunjwa ngayo okanye ezisebenza ngayo ibutho labantu. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi isenokusetyenziswa ukuthethelela ukungalingani okanye ulawulo olucinezelayo. Ngeli ngezantsi zizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Izazi Ngesini: Ngubani Owashiywa Egameni?

Abaxhasi bamafama baqulunqa isivumelwano sentlalo sokususwa kwamabhinqa kunye namaqela aphantsi. Baphikisa ngelithi iingcamango zesivumelwano sentlalo zisoloko zithatha imbono yamadoda kwaye zingakwazi ukuphendula amava kunye namalungelo abo bonke abantu. Incwadi kaCalae Pateman ka 1988 ithenjiwe ngokunxulumene nezobudlelane ingumbhalo obalulekileyo: uphikisa ukuba isivumelwano sentlalo senziwa ku "isivumelwano sesondo sangaphambili" esingaphantsi kwamabhinqa. Amabhinqa ayesoloko ekhutshelwe ngaphandle kwesivumelwano santlalo, esikhutshelwe kwingqungquthela yangatha, ekhankani, kwaye ekhatywa ngokulinganayo kwimicimbi yezopolitiki. Ngokufanayo, njengoSusa uSusan Okin ubonise ukuba umthunzi wokungabikho kolwazi oluthambileyo kwinkcubeko ye-oklkl, ayaqhubeka nokuvumelana kwesivumelwano sobubhishophu, ngokokusebenza ngokwezizo ezisesikweni, ngokokuvumayo, ngokokusebenza ngokucacileyo, ngokokusebenza kwasekuhlaleni.

Kwimeko ebanzi, bona i-Encyclopedia yongeno kwi-atyference systrian syndrogen.

Imbono Yasemva KweeNtlanganiso: Isivumelwano njengeNkcubeko yaseNtshona

Abaphengululi belizwe lasemva kwesivumelwano sentlalo baphikisa ukuma koburhulumente boluntu jikelele, bethi isoloko ibonakalisa iinjongo zamazwe aseNtshona kwaye ingasetyenziswa kwibutho elingangeni Ntshona. Baxhasa indlela engakumbi edityanisiweyo eqwalasela imo yenkcubeko eyahlukileyo nembali. Umzekelo, isivumelwano soluntu sasetyenziswa ukuthethelela ubuthanga-siseko: (1997), impikiswano yokuba amagunya aseYurophu athi abantu abanjwe ngabantu babe "bangalawulwa" kwaye kufuneka benziwe phantsi korhulumente ofanelekileyo. Abagxeki abafana noCharles Mills, [[FLT: 0]] iContract [[FL:1]] yeNkulungela imbono yoluntu ngokubanziswa kwemilo lonke. Imbono yokuzimela i-ncisombululo ithetha ukuba inguqumfanzi epheleleyo yezoburhulumente ayizange ibe yisivumelwano soburhulumente boburhulumente obungasayinwe.[FOct:3]

IAstarch and Biberter Critiques

Abanye abavukeli bayasichasa ngokupheleleyo isivumelwano soluntu, bephikisa ngelithi nasiphi na iphondo lichasene nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Bathi inkululeko yokwenyaniso ifuna unxulumano lokuzithandela ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa, kwaye isivumelwano soluntu sithethelela ukulawulwa kwegunya likarhulumente. Aba balawuli bephondo, njengoNozick, bamkela isivumelwano esisikelwe umda kodwa bachase intelekelelo. Okwangoku, abaxhasi bephondo bacinga ukuba impahla yangasese kunye nezivumelwano zokuzithandela njengabameli borhulumente. Ezi ziquququzelela imida yesivumelwano sentlalo, ukubuza enoba na isiphi na isiko sombuso sinokuba sifanelekile ngokwenene.

Iingxaki Zokuphefumla: Ngaba Ukuvuma Kukho Ngokwenene?

Icebo elisebenzayo linento yokwenza nento eyenzekayo. Abantu abaninzi bazalelwa kwibutho labantu elingavumelaniyo nemithetho yalo. Imvume yeTacit (umz., ngokuhlala kwelo lizwe) idla ngokuba buthathaka; abemi abanalo ukhetho lokwenene lokuyishiya. Ngaphezu koko, ukuvota akusoloko kunentsingiselo, ingakumbi kuluntu olunemiqathango elinganiselweyo yokukhetha okanye ukurhoxa kwenkqubo. Ukuba imvume ikho, isakhiwo sonke sesivumelwano sentlalo sisenokuhlala kwilizwe eliqinileyo. Kodwa abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba le ngcamango ingumthetho oqhelekileyo, hayi ngqalelo lwembali: inikeza umjelo wokuvavanya izakhiwo ezinokuchaza imvelaphi yazo.

Isiphelo: Isimemo Esiqhubekayo Sokusibonakalisa

Ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo ibalulekile kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika. Isikhuthaza ukuba sicinge ngezivumelwano zethu njengamalungu ebutho labantu neembopheleleko ezihambisana nawo. Njengoko sihamba kwiimeko ezintsonkothileyo zentlalo nezopolitiko, eziphawulwe kukuthambana, ukungalingani, kunye neengxaki zehlabathi lonke . Ukuqonda isivumelwano sentlalo kunokusinceda sikhuthaze incoko emalunga nolawulo, amalungelo, nokusesikweni. Isikhumbuza ukuba igunya lezobupolitika alinikwanga kodwa lithemba, elimele lihlaziywe ngokuqhubekayo ngokuthabatha inxaxheba, ukuphendula, nokulungisa.

Ekugqibeleni, isivumelwano sentlalo sisenza sicinge ngendlela esinokuyila ngayo ibutho labantu eliphakamisa isidima namalungelo abo bonke abantu, siqinisekise ikamva elinobulungisa nelilinganayo. Le asiyosivumelwano sexesha elinye kodwa nguxwebhu oluqhubekayo olubhalwe sisizukulwana ngasinye. Enoba ngovota, ngokusebenza komsebenzi, okanye ngezenzo zomanyano lwemihla ngemihla, sonke singamalungu kwisivumelwano. Umbuzo ngulo: siya kuwahlonela na? kwaye ngaba siya kubahlaziya ukuze sibonise ukubonakala okungakumbi kombono opheleleyo woluntu?