Ukuqonda Ubunzima Bobungqina Kwinkqubela Engokwasemthethweni

Uxanduva lobungqina lusisiseko seenkqubo zomthetho ehlabathini lonke. Lubonisa ukuba liliphi iqela elinoxanduva lokungqina izibakala kwiimbambano kwaye lunegalelo kakhulu kwiziphumo zalo naliphi na ityala. Kwiingcali zomthetho, abasebenzi, kwanabo bazama nje ukuqonda iziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni, ukuqonda le ngcamango kubalulekile. Eli nqaku linikela uphando oluneenkcukacha lobunzima bobungqina, iindidi, imilinganiselo, kunye neentsingiselo ezisebenzisekayo, ukuzoba kokubini umthetho oqhelekileyo nezithethe zasekuhlaleni.

Uyintoni Umthwalo Obubungqina?

Eyona nto isisiseko, umthwalo wobungqina yimbopheleleko ebekwe kwiqela ukungqina inyaniso okanye imbambano ephikisanayo. Ngaphandle kolu lwabiko, inkundla ibingayi kuba nandlela icacileyo yokugqiba ukuba yeyiphi imbali emayamkele. Umthwalo uqinisekisa ukuba izinto azimkelwa ngaphandle kobungqina obaneleyo nokuba iqela limisela imbopheleleko yokuzimisela.

Ibinzana "umthwalo wobungqina" ngenene liquka iimbono ezimbini ezahlukileyo kodwa ezinxulumeneyo: umthwalo wemveliso (ngamanye amaxesha obizwa ngokuba ngumthwalo wokuqhubela phambili) nomthwalo wobuyiselo. Zombini zibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela izilingo ezityhileka ngayo.

Umthwalo Wokuvelisa

Umthwalo wemveliso ufuna iqela elizibanga linikela ubungqina obaneleyo bokwenza umba wokwenene. Ukuba iqela aliphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nalo mthwalo, inkundla ingalikhupha elo tyala ngaphandle kokuqwalasela impendulo yecala elichaseneyo. Umzekelo, xa kuphulwa ityala lesivumelwano, ummangalelwa makavelise isivumelwano kunye nobungqina bokwaphuka phambi kokuba ummangalelwa aphendule. Lo mthwalo ungasusela phakathi kwamaqela njengoko imeko iqhubeka.

Umthwalo Wokuyeyisela

Umthwalo wobunqikelelo, kwelinye icala, ngumsebenzi ukuqinisekisa ukufumana kwento (umgwebi okanye umgwebi) ukuba uhlobo lweqela leziganeko luyinyaniso. Lo mthwalo usoloko uhleli ngeqela liqinisekisa ukuba ityala liza kuqhubeka ixesha elide. Umgangatho wobungqina.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yobunzima Bobungqina

Ingcamango yomthwalo wobungqina isuka kudala. Umthetho wamandulo wamaRoma wafaka umgaqo ei ecut probit qui disit, engeyoqui nethit `````Ubungqina obubodwa kulowo ukhabayo, hayi kulowo ukhanyelayo. Lo mthetho uxhasa iinkqubo zale mihla zomthetho. Ngexesha lamaxesha aphakathi, umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi waphuhlisa imithetho engqalileyo yeqela ekufuneka liveze ngayo ubungqina, kwaye imilinganiselo yobu bungqina yayisulungezele ngaphaya kweenkulungwane. Umbango yesingesi uyakwazi ukubeka umthetho oqhelekileyo. Umlawuli wezomthetho woluntu [[FLTLT][FLT][FLT][3][35] wasungula i-"uldenting'um" womthetho wamaNgeli: i-mathetholophu e-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho oqhelekileyo.

Imigangatho yobungqina

Umgangatho wobungqina ubhekiselele kumlinganiselo wokuqiniseka ofunekayo ukuze inyani iqwalaselwe njengengqinisiweyo. Imigangatho emithathu engundoqo isetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho, nganye ilungele uhlobo lwenkqubela.

Ukubuqwalasela Ubungqina

Lo ngumgangatho osetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimeko zamakhaya. Kufuna ukuba ubungqina bomnye umntu bube boyisela ngakumbi kunangomnye, ukuba inyani ekufuneka injalo, inokuba iyinyaniso kakhulu kuneliqela elingaphezulu kwama-50% anokwenzeka. Umzekelo, kwityala lomntu ozizonakeleyo, ummangalelwa makabonise ukuba unyanzelo lommangalelwa lubangele umonakalo. Lo mlinganiselo ulinganayo ulungelelanisa iinjongo ezikhuphisanayo zamaqela yaye awufuni kuqiniseka ngokupheleleyo. Ikwasetyenziswa nakulwazi oluninzi lolawulo kunye nokuthethwa ngomthetho wekhaya.

Ubungqina Obucacileyo Nobuqinisekisayo

Umgangatho ophezulu kunoqwalaselo lobungqina, ubungqina obucacileyo nobeyisekileyo bufuna ukuba iqela lingqine izibakala ngomkhamo ophezulu, ochazwa ngokuba "ngokubalulekileyo" okanye "ngokucacileyo". Lo mlinganiselo usetyenziswa kwiseti yemiba elinganiselweyo yesizwe neyobugxwayiba apho izibonda ziphezulu kakhulu, njenge:

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Ukuzibophelela ngokuzenzekelayo kwicandelo lengqondo
  • Ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo abazali
  • Ukhuphiswano apho ukuchana kwengxelo kuthanda ukucel

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase United States iphawule ukuba lo mgangatho "ubonisa ukuba ubungqina bumele bucace, bungqale, kwaye bunzima ukuba umfumaneli wento angafikelela kwisiqinisekiso esicacileyo, ngaphandle kokuthandabuza.

Ngaphaya Kwamathandabuzo

Lo ngumgangatho ophakamileyo wobungqina obusetyenziswa kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Kufuna ukuba ingtshutshiso ingqine zonke izinto zolwaphulo-mthetho kangangokuba akukho mntu usengqiqweni onokuyithandabuza ityala lommangalelwa. Lo mlinganiselo awufuni kuqiniseki ngokupheleleyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ukuba ubungqina bushiya ingathandabuzi kakuhle. Njengoko iJaji Harlan ichaza ngokudumileyo, kuyingozi kakhulu ukumangalela umntu omsulwa kunokuba avumele umntu onetyala akhululeke. Lo mlinganiselo ukhusela inkululeko yommangalelwa kwaye ubonakalisa imbono yokuba umsulwa. Ngoko ke, kuthetha ukuba naxa ummangalelwa esenokuba unetyala, ukuba kukho enye ingcaciso ecacileyo, umgwebi kufuneka avume.

Ngubani Othwele Umthwalo Wokungqina?

Phantse kuyo yonke inkqubo yomthetho, iqela eliqalayo okanye elithetha into lithwele ubunzima bokuqala bobungqina. Olu lwabiwe ngokuba ngumthwalo wobunyani kwaye lihlala lizinzile kulo lonke elo tyala.

Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Ityala lithwele umthwalo wokungqina ukuba ummangalelwa unetyala ngokungenakuphikiswa. Lo mmiselo ungowamaGaqo-siseko kumazwe amaninzi, umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kwi- kwiWinship [ [1970]] (70) ikholelwa ukuba i-Umthetho we-ST Procession Clausle ufuna ubungqina obungaphaya kokungaqiniseki okusengqiqweni kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ummangalelwa ucingelwa ngokumsulwa kwaye akafuneki ukungqina nantoni na, nangona benokukhetha ukunikela okanye ukuphakamisa isiqinisekiso sokuzikhusela (ngokuzifumana ngokwakhe okanye ukuphelelwa kweminciliselwa), nto ebangela ukuba ummangalelwanelo.

Ityala Lelizwe

Ummangalelwa (ummangalelwa ozisa ityala) usoloko ethwele umthwalo wokungqina zonke izinto zeli tyala ngokuqwalasela ubungqina. Umzekelo, kwimeko yokungakhathali, ummangalelwa makangqine umsebenzi, ulwaphulo, ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nezono. Ummangalelwa angazimisela ngokuvuma (njengokungakhathaleli okanye ukupheliswa komthetho wesithintelo), aze emva koko ummangalelwa athwale umthwalo wokungqina oko kuzikhusela.

Ukushenxisa Umthwalo Wobungqina

Nangona owona mthwalo unzima wokunyanzela udla ngokuhlala neqela lizibanga, umthwalo wemveliso ungatshintsha phakathi kwamacala. Oku kutshintsha kwenzeka xa omnye umntu enikela ubungqina obaneleyo bokuhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe wokuqala, ngaloo ndlela enyanzela omnye umntu ukuba akhuphe iziphumo ezichasene nomthetho. Imizekelo emine eqhelekileyo ibonisa ukupheliswa komthwalo:

1. Imbono

Ezinye izindululo ezingokwasemthethweni ziwuguqula ngokuzenzekela umthwalo. Umzekelo, ileta ebhekiswe kakuhle kwaye ithunyelwe kucingelwa ukuba ifunyenwe. Iqela elichasayo ngoko malivelise ubungqina bokuphinda i-email.

2. Ukhuselo oluziqinisekiso

Xa ummangalelwa ephakamisa ukhuseleko lokuvuma (umz., uqikelelo lomngcipheko kwityala elityibilikayo nelingenazintambo), ummangalelwa uthwala umthwalo wokungqina ukhuseleko, nangona ummangalelwa egcina wonke umthwalo kwityala eliphantsi.

3. Ukhuselo lolwaphulo-mthetho Olufuna Ubungqina

Kwezinye iindawo, ukuba ummangalelwa uphakamisa ukuzithethelela ngengqondo, ummangalelwa makabonakalise ephambana ngobungqina obucacileyo nobucacileyo, kuxhomekeka kumthetho. Ngokufanayo, ukuzithethelela kungawususa umthwalo wemveliso.

4. Umthwalo olungiselelwe izibheno nendululo

Xa iqela lifuna umgwebo wesishwankathelo okanye ukucela isigqibo, banokuthwala umthwalo ukubonisa ukuba inkundla esezantsi yenze impazamo. Iqela elishukumayo kufuneka libonise ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo, kwaye inkundla egwebayo isoloko ihlola izinto ezifunyaniswe yinkundla evavanya iinkundla ezigwebayo ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukucelw ’ Umngeni Komthwalo Wobungqina

Ukuqonda umthwalo wobungqina kubalulekile ukwenzela ubuchule bomthetho kunye nokulungiselela amatyala. Iqela elithwele umthwalo kufuneka liqokelele bonke ubungqina obufanelekileyo, lilindele ukuphikisana, linikele ingxelo echukumisayo. Ngokuchaseneyo, iqela elingenamthwalo linokuhlasela nje ulwaneliseko lobungqina belinye icala. Iziphumo eziphambili ziquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhetha: I Attorney zihlola ukuba zingawufumana kusini na umthwalo phambi kokuba zifake ityala okanye zizise ityala. Ukuba ubungqina bubuthathaka, zingayekelela ukuqhubekeka.
  • [[UMTL:0] Idipoyithi kunye nobuBonekiso Intlanganiso: Iqela elinomthwalo malisebenzise izixhobo zokufumana ngokunempumelelo ukufumana amaxwebhu, izijungqu, kunye nobungqina obungoogqhinga.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo: Ngexesha lokuvavanya, iqela elilayishe umthwalo liveza imeko yalo kuqala kwaye kufuneka lilindele ukuphinda lifumaneke. Ukuhlola umnqamlezo kusoloko kujoliswe kuvavanyo lokuthoba ulwaneliseko lomthwalo.
  • Imiyalelo ebhaliweyo: [[FULT: 0] Abagwebi abayalela abachopheli betyala apho itheko lithwele umthwalo kwaye oko kusebenza kumgangatho. Ukungaqondi le miyalelo kungakhokelela kwimpazamo ehlengahlengisiweyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iqhinga lobungcali: Ekubhexezeni, ummangali uthwala umthwalo wokubonisa ukuba inkundla evavanyayo yenza impazamo esemthethweni, hayi ukuba isigqibo sasichasene nobunzima bobungqina.

Umthwalo Wobungqina Kwiinkqubo Ezahlukeneyo Zomthetho

Nangona imigaqo eqhelekileyo engasentla isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, iinkcukacha ziyahluka ngokwamandla.

Iinkqubo Zomthetho Oqhelekileyo (U.S., UK, waseKhanada, eOstreliya, eIndiya)

Isakhiwo esidweliswe ngezantsi ngemigangatho emithathu kunye notshintsho lomthwalo . kodwa, amaphondo namaphondo asenokuba nomahluko omncinane kwimigangatho. Umzekelo, amanye amazwe ase-U.S. asebenzisa "Ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni" kwiziganeko zokuzinikela kwabemi, ngelixesha amanye asebenzisa ubungqina obucacileyo nobeyiselayo.

Iinkqubo zoMthetho Wamakhaya (eFransi, eJamani, eJapan, eBrazil)

Kumazwe omthetho wasekuhlaleni, umthwalo wobungqina usoloko ucaciswa ngokucacileyo kwimithetho yabemi. Umzekelo, iKhowudi yabemi baseFrentshi ithi "lowo uthi wenza umsebenzi wenyanzelo kufuneka awungqinelani nale nto. Imigangatho yobungqina idla ngokungabi lukhuni kakhulu kunomthetho oqhelekileyo, ifuna "ukuqiniseka ngexesha elithile" (ukukholelwa ngesiqu senqanawa) kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, okufana nokungathandabuzeki. Umthwalo wemveliso noweyiselo alusoloko lwahlulwa njengeengcamango ezahlukeneyo.

Imizekelo Esebenzisekayo

Ukuze ubone indlela ubunzima obusebenza ngayo kwiimeko zokwenene, khawuqwalasele le mizekelo ilandelayo:

Umzekelo 1: Umzekelo wengozi yemoto

Adam sues Brenda ngenxa yokungakhathali emva kongquzulwano lwasemva. UAdam kufuneka angqine ngobungqina obuqwalaselweyo bokuba uBrenda wayengenankathalo (wayengakhathalelwanga) kwaye oku kwabangela umonakalo wakhe. UAdam unikela iifoto, ubungqina, kunye neengxelo zezamayeza. Ukuba abachopheli-tyala abangama-51% baqinisekile ukuba uBrenda wayenetyala, uAdam uyaphumelela. Ukuba ubungqina bungu-50, uAdam ulahlekelwa kuba akazange ahlangabezane nomthwalo wakhe.

Umzekelo 2: Ulwaphulo - mthetho Olunetyala

Iphondo lityhola uDave ngobusela obukhulu. Umtshutshisi kufuneka angqine yonke into (ukuthatha impahla, ngaphandle kwemvume, ngenjongo yokuyirhoxisa ngokusisigxina) ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Igqwetha likaDave linikela ubungqina bokuzichaza okuphosakeleyo kunye nokuzibeka i-alibi. Nokuba ngaba abachophela amatyala bacinga ukuba uDave unetyala, ukuba banobuthandabuzo obusengqiqweni, kufuneka bakhululwe. Ukunganyaniseki kuthetha ukuba uDave akamele abonise ukuba akanatyala.

Umzekelo 3: Ingxabano Ebangelwa Lilungelo Lokugcina Abantwana

Inkundla igqiba ukuba umntwana afumane ilungelo lokugcina umntwana ngokusekelwe kwintlalo entle. Iqela elifuna utshintsho kwimeko yemeko lisenokuthwala umthwalo ongaphezulu, njengobungqina obucacileyo nobubhenelayo bokuba ilungiselelo langoku liyingozi. Oku kukhusela ukuzinza komntwana.

Ukungaqondani Okuqhelekileyo Ngemithwalo Enzima Ebubungqina

Abantu abaninzi abawuqondi kakuhle umthwalo wobungqina kwimibandela yemihla ngemihla neyomthetho.

  • Ayimalunga "nenyaniso epheleleyo" imithwalo esemthethweni imalunga noko kungaqinisekiswa ngokwemithetho yobungqina, hayi ukuqiniseka kwentanda-bulumko.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Iburden ayisoloko ihleli kummangaleli: Xa ukhuseleko lunyusiwe, ummangalelwa angathwala umthwalo.
  • Izilawuli azitshintshi: Usebenzisa umlinganiselo ongalunganga (umz., ukusebenzisa uqwalaselo kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho) kungaphula inkqubo efunekayo.
  • Ibheni yobungqina kwi-eces. umthetho: uphando lwenzululwazi lusebenzisa "umthwalo" (ngokunjalo "Ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni" kuqikelelo lwenzululwazi lohlukile kwimigangatho esemthethweni).

Indima Yomgwebi Nomgwebi

Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala ukuba liliphi iqela elithwele umthwalo wobungqina kwaye kuphi umgangatho osebenzayo. Ngoko abachopheli bejaji basebenzisa loo mlinganiselo kwizibakala. Kwizigwebo zebhedi (ekumangalelwa yijaji kuphela), ijaji yenza zombini iindima. Kwakhona abagwebi bagqiba imibandela yokuqala engokwasemthethweni yokuba iqela liwuhlangabezile na umthwalo walo wokuvelisa (Ngokomzekelo, nokuba mhlawumbi liza kunika isigqibo esijongiweyo).

Isiphelo

Uxanduva lobungqina luyingcamango ebalulekileyo esemthethweni yokuba imigaqo ixazululwe njani inkundla. Ngokunika ityala lokungqina izibakala nokubeka imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo exhomekeke kwityala, umthetho ulinganisa imfuneko yenyaniso echanileyo-efumana ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abalulekileyo qha, ingakumbi ilungelo lokukhululwa kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuba uligqwetha, iqela lokucacisa, okanye umntu ofuna nje ukuqonda imigaqo esemthethweni, ukuqiniswa okuqinileyo komthwalo wobungqina kuya kukunceda ukuba uqhubele phambili kwiimeko zobulungisa.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, qwalasela uphando lwezibonelelo ezisuka ku Icandelo loLwazi lomthetho , U.S. iziNkundla ezifundisayo iphepha, okanye ingcaciso yeSebe loBulungiseleli yoxanduva lobuNikadesha .