Ukuqonda Indima Yezibheno Kwinkqubo Yezeejaji

Ubuchule bokucel ’ umngeni isigqibo senkundla ngokubhena lilungu elisisiseko lenkqubo yale mihla yomthetho. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba ityala lomthetho limele lihlolwe kwaye lilungiswe. Kubafundi bembali, urhulumente, kunye nomthetho, baqonde indlela izibheno ezisetyenziswa ngayo nendlela iinkundla eziphakamileyo ezinika ngayo ukuqonda okubalulekileyo ngokulungelelana kwamandla, indaleko yemigaqo esemthethweni, nokulandelwa kokusesikweni. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olucacileyo kwinkqubo yokubhenela, isakhiwo senkundla yezobugqeba, kunye nobuchule bokuqwalasela okufanelekileyo nokusebenza kwemithetho esetyenziswayo.

Yintoni Into Ebangela Umtsalane?

Isibheno sisicelo esisemthethweni esenziwa kwinkundla ephakamileyo icela ukuba sihlolwe kwaye sitshintshe isigqibo esinikezelwa yinkundla esezantsi. Iqela elisizisayo isibheno laziwa ngokuba ngummangali, ngelixa iqela eliphikisanayo liyidellee. Izibheno azilo ithuba lokuvavanywa okutsha; kunoko, zigxininisa ekubeni iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni okanye ezingokwesithethe zenzeke ngexesha leziphumo ezisenokuba zichaphazele iziphumo.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili zezibheno. Appeals njengeyasekunene iqinisekisa ukuva ngokupheleleyo phambi kwenkundla yetyala elichazayo kwimibandela ethile, ngokuqheleke ibandakanya ugwebo lokugqibela. Izibheno zentelekelelo [[[FLT: 3] zifuna umphulaphuli-mthetho ukuba afumane kuqala imvume kwinkundla yenkundla ephezulu, enokuyamkela okanye ilahle ityala. Iinkundla eziphezulu, njenge U.S. Inkundla ephakamileyo, ulawulo oluphezulu, ulawulo olusemthethweni olugqwesileyo, lukhetha kuphela iimeko ezikhoyo imibuzo ebalulekileyo okanye iinkundla eziphantsi.

Iimvelaphi zembali yenkqubo yokubhenela zibuyela kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi kunye nokuphuhliswa kweenkundla zasebukhosini. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, ilungelo lokubhena liye landa ukusuka kwilungelo elisikelwe umda ukuya kukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo oluvunyiweyo. Namhlanje, inkqubo yenkcazelo isebenza kwiinjongo ezininzi: ukulungisa iimpazamo, ukuqinisekisa ukufana ekutolikeni kwemithetho, nokuvumela ukuphuhliswa kwemfundiso yomthetho ngokuthe ngcembe ngeembono eziqikelelwayo.

Ukwakhiwa Kweenkundla Eziphakamileyo

Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zilungelelaniswe ngobuchule, kwaye ukuqonda esi sakhiwo kubalulekile ekuqhubeni inkqubo yezibheno. EUnited States, inkqubo yenkundla ezimbini ithetha ukuba kukho abaphathi abahlukeneyo kodwa abalinganayo beenkundla zelifa lesizwe neenkundla zikarhulumente.

Abaphathi beNkundla yoManyano

Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo inemigangatho emithathu engundoqo. Kumgangatho osezantsi kukho iBhunga leSithili le-United States , elisebenza njengeenkundla zokuvavanya amatyala karhulumente. Ngaphezu kwazo kukho amaBhunga eUnited States eZibheno [, ehlulwe ngokweziphakamo ezili-13: 11 iziphaluka zephondo, i-Sithilini se-Columbia, kunye neFederal Countric, ezisingatha izibheno ezikhethekileyo njengendawo ezigunyazeneyo kunye namatyala orhwebo azweni ngezizwe. Kwincopho ye- iNkundla yeUnited States[FLT][FLD:5], ezigqibekileyo zegunya elipheleleyo kwimithetho yesizwe kunye nemithetho yesizwe ebandakanya nemithetho yesizwe.

Amanqanaba EeNkundla zeLizwe

Urhulumente ngamnye ugcina isakhiwo sawo senkundla, ngokuqhelekileyo ebonakalisa imodeli karhulumente. Amazwana amaninzi aneenkundla zamatyala, inkundla ephakathi, kunye nenkundla yezonyuso zokugqibela, ngokufuthi ebizwa ngokuba yinkundla ephakamileyo yorhulumente. Amanye amaphondo amancinci, noko ke, aswele iinkundla eziphakathi, intsingiselo yezibheno ezisuka kwiinkundla zokuvavanya ziya ngqo kwinkundla ephakamileyo yephondo. Amagama akhethekileyo, ulawulo, nemithetho ye-procedmist eyahlukeneyo iyahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokokwahluka-tshintsha ngokwemeko, iyenza ibaluleke kubaququzeleli-mthetho basekuhlaleni.

Iinkundla ezizodwa

Ngaphandle kwenkundla ezilawulayo jikelele, le nkqubo iquka iinkundla ezizodwa ezisingatha iindidi ezithile zomthetho. Imizekelo iquka iBhunga leTshuwa-ntengo leUnited States iUnited States Courts for Veterans Intees, iUnited States Court of Applications yeZibheno , kunye neNkundla yeZibheno ye-United States ye-VELENT]. Ezi nkuntlu zisoloko zinika abagwebi abanobukhali abanobuchule obunzulu kwiindawo zazo. Izibheno ezivela kwezinye iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zingaya kwiinkundla zesiphalukazi okanye ngqo kwiNkundla yephondo okanye kwiNkundla ePhakakhulu.

Iinkcukacha ezibhekele phaya kwisakhiwo senkundla yequmrhu, i- i-Ofisi yoLawulo yeNkundla ye-U.S. inika ucalucalulo olunegunya.

Imisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo yenkqubo yezicelo

Inkqubo yeziphumo zekhompyutha yenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo ngaphandle kokulungisa nje iimpazamo zomntu ngamnye. Ukuqonda ezi njongo zibanzi kukhanyisa isizathu sokuba ibutho labantu liqole kakhulu ekuhloleni.

Impazamo Yokulungisa Nokulunga

Umsebenzi ocace gca kukulungisa iimpazamo ezenziwa ziinkundla zamatyala. Akukho nkqubo yamatyala engenakuphosa ityala. Abagwebi nabagwebi bangaphambuka ekusebenziseni umthetho, ekuvumeni ubungqina, okanye ekuyaleleni inkundla yabachopheli-tyala. Ukufumaneka kwengxubusho ye-appelte kunika intembelo yokuba inkqubo ilungiselela umnatha wokhuseleko nxamnye neempazamo ezinjalo, ngaloo ndlela iqinisekisa ukuthemba uluntu kwiziphumo ezithe ngqo zezomthetho.

Ukwenzeka okufanayo kunye nokuqalisa

Iinkundla zezicelo, ingakumbi kumgangatho wesiphaluka newonga eliphezulu leNkundla, zinikela iimbono ezibhaliweyo ezisisalathisi esisiqhinga kwiinkundla ezisezantsi eziphantsi kwegunya lazo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo kummandla omkhulu welizwe. Ngaphandle kwalo msebenzi, umbuzo ofanayo osemthethweni ungavelisa iimpendulo ezingqubanayo kwiinkundla ezahlukeneyo, udala ukudideka nokungagqibeleli.

Uphuhliso olungokwasemthethweni nolwandiso

Ngeembono zazo, iinkundla zeziphumo zekhompyutha zidlala indima engundoqo ekulungiseni umthetho. Xa ummiselo wobugcisa obutsha udide izicwangciso zomthetho ezikhoyo, izigqibo ezidibeneyo zinika iinkcazelo ezinegunya. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, isiqu sezimvo eziqokeleliweyo sifumana izithethe ezityebileyo nezijikelezayo zomthetho. Amatyala e-Landmark afana brown v. Board of Education kunye .Miranda v. Arizona] zaqala njengezibheno eziphinda zibekwe umthetho waseMelika.

Indlela Ezibhenela Ngayo

Ngoxa imithetho yemithetho yomgaqo yahluka phakathi kwemithetho, amanyathelo angundoqo kwinkqubo yokucela alandela indlela engaguquguqukiyo. Ukuqonda la manyathelo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda okanye obandakanyeka kwinkqubo yesicelo.

Ukubhala Isaziso Sesibheno

Inkqubo yezibheno iqala xa iifayile zemposiso ziqala uphawulo lwesibheno ngenkundla esezantsi. Olu xwebhu luchaza ngokusesikweni injongo yokufuna ukhangelo. Iilayini ezifileyo zingqongqo kwaye zinegunya; ukulahleka kwe window yemposiso kuphumeza ukulahlekelwa kwelungelo lokubhenela. Kwinkundla yequmrhu, umthetho 3 weFederal Regate Procedrecture ifuna ukuba isaziso sigcinwe iintsuku ezingama-30 zongeno lomgwebo. Ezinye ii-interlocustory, ezithi zifaka izibheno phambi komgwebo wokugqibela, zinokuvavanyazisa imiqathango emfutshane.

Ukulungiselela Ushicilelo Ngokutsalwa

Umqwalaseli kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba ikhutshelwe ekubheneleni idityanisiwe kwaye idluliselwe kwinkundla yetyala. Le ngxelo iquka zonke izibongozo, iintshukumo, iimbonakaliso, ubungqina obuvunyiweyo ekuthethweni, kunye nekhusi letyala. Inkundla ye-appellate ixhomekeke ngokungqalileyo kwingxelo ukuvavanya izigqibo zenkundla esezantsi. Ubungqina obutsha abuqwalaselwa, ngaphandle kokuba kwimeko ezishwayo ezikhoyo ezibandakanya izinto ezingenakufumaneka ngaphambili.

Ingenisa Izigqibo eziMfutshane

Amaqela anikezela ii-briefs ezibhaliweyo [[FLT: 0] ezicacisa iimpikiswano zawo zomthetho. Ukushwankathela kwe projekthi kucwangcisa iimpazamo ezithiwa zezenyani kwaye achaze isizathu sokuba isigqibo senkundla esezantsi kufuneka siguqulwe okanye silungiswe. Iinkundla ezininzi zivumela okanye zifune iimpendulo ezifutshane. Iimfutshane kufuneka zinamathele kulungiso olungqongqo, ubude, kunye nemithetho equluliweyo. Isigqibo esilula senkundla esezantsi sisixhobo esibaluleke kakhulu sokukhusela iqela elisezantsi lenkundla.

Iimpikiswano Ezingaqhelekanga

Kwizibheno ezininzi, inkundla iza kucwangcisa iimpikiswano eziqhelekileyo. Ii-attorney zecala ngalinye zivela phambi kweqela leejaji ukunikela iingongoma ezingundoqo kwaye ziphendule kwimibuzo. Kodwa ke, ezinye iimpikiswano eziqhelekileyo ezigqibelelwe kwimizuzu eli-15 ukuya kuma-30 kwicala ngalinye, nangona ezinye izibheno zifumana ixesha elininzi. Abagwebi basebenzisa eli thuba ukucotha amandla nobuthathaka besikhundla seqela ngalinye. Kwiqela ngalinye eliphezulu okanye imibango enzima, iingxoxo zomlomo zingaphembelela iziphumo eziphawulekayo. Kodwa, ezinye izibheno zigqitywe kwimishwa nje ngaphandle kwengxoxo edluliselwa ngomlomo, ingakumbi xa iimpikiswano zithe ngqo.

Ukulinda Isigqibo Senkundla

Emva kwempikiswano yomlomo, abagwebi badibana kwaye bavote kwisiphumo. Inkundla kamva ikhupha ityala elibhaliweyo [[FLT: 0]] ichaza indlela eliqiqa ngayo. Iimbono zisenokungavumelani okanye zahluleke, kunye neembono ezidityanisiweyo ezinika ezinye iimbono. Inkundla ingayifaka i- imothezeli [ isigqibo senkundla esisezantsi, [[[FLT:]] isenokuphikisana, okanye ityala lithumela ityala elitsha.[FLT] kunye [FLT:] [FLT]] [2] netyala eliqhubekekileyo loluvoluvolo., kwezinye iimeko zingaphinda zivumelane netyala [FTT] [FT] [FLT] [5]] [iT]

Izinto Eziqhelekileyo Zokubhenela

Izibheno azisekelwanga nje ekungavumelani ngeziphumo, kunoko, kufuneka zisekelwe kwiingxaki ezithile ezingokwasemthethweni okanye ezingokwemveli. Ezi zizinto ezilandelayo zezinye zezizathu ezisoloko zingqinwa.

Iimpazamo Ezisemthethweni

Imposiso esemthethweni iyenzeka xa inkundla egwebayo iphosa umthetho okanye iwuchaza kakubi umthetho. Oku kungaquka imiyalelo engachananga yabachopheli-mthetho, ukutolikwa kwemithetho okunempazamo, okanye umthetho ongqubana nemodeli ebotshwayo. Iimpazamo ezisemthethweni zezona zisisiseko esixhaphakileyo sokubhenela kuba iinkundla ze-applate zixhalabele ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.

Iimpazamo Ezingokwenkqubo

Iimpazamo zentsingiselo ziquka ukungaphumeleli ukulandela imithetho emiselweyo elawula ihambo yokuvavanya. Imizekelo iquka ukuvuma okungafanelekanga okanye ukucinywa kobungqina, ukusilela ukunika inkqubela phambili, okanye ukuziphatha okubi ngumgwebi okanye isiluleko. Asiyompazamo yeproceddy yempazamo ebhaliweyo evumela ukuguqulwa. Imposiso kufuneka ibe yeyeyona ingeyonto ebangela ukuba i-"FLT], ithetha ukuba inokuba ichaphazela iziphumo zetyala. Iinkundla zisebenzisa iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo, njengomgangatho ongalungisiyo okanye imposiso ecacileyo, kuxhomekeka nokuba ngaba i-applet ayichaniwe ekucinyweni.

Ubungqina Obunganelanga

Umntu ochaphazelekayo usenokuphikisa ngelithi ubungqina obunikelwa etyalani babunganele ngokusemthethweni ukuxhasa isigqibo. Eli tyala kunzima ukuseka kuba iinkundla zetyala zibujonga ubungqina ngokukhanya okulungileyo kwiqela elikholiweyo. Umbuzo awuthethi ukuba abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi ngezo zinto bebengafikelela kwisigqibo esahlukileyo kodwa enoba abachopheli-tyala abafanelekileyo babenokufumana kusini na njengoko bebufumeneyo ubungqina obunikelweyo.

Ubungqina Obutsha

Kunqabile ukuba, iqela lifumane ubungqina emva kwetyala obungenakuvunjululwa ngenzondelelo esengqiqweni ngaphambili. Ukuba obu bungqina butsha buyinto ephathekayo kwaye mhlawumbi bungavelisa iziphumo ezahlukileyo, bungayila isiseko sokubhena okanye ukushukuma kwetyala elitsha. Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo ziyathandabuza ukuphinda zivule amatyala asekelwe kubungqina obutsha ngenxa yokuba nomdla onamandla wokugqibela.

Imilinganiselo Yokuzihlola Nempembelelo Yayo

Enye yezona ngcinga zibalulekileyo kuqheliso lwentsebenziswano lu udidi lwempinda [. Oku kubhekiselele kwiqondo lokuzibamba inkundla yemvume enika izigqibo zenkundla esezantsi. Imigangatho eyahlukileyo isebenza kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemibandela.

Impinda

Imibuzo yomthetho iyahlolisiswa de novo, ithetha ukuba inkundla ethatha isigwebo iqwalasela umba ngokutsha ngaphandle kokubhekisa kwisigqibo senkundla esezantsi. Lo mgangatho usebenza kutoliko lwezomthetho, imibuzo ye-grafe, kunye nemithetho yesebe. Ngenxa yokuba inkundla ye-appelllate ikwazi ukuqwalasela imibuzo engokwasemthethweni, yenza umgwebo ozimeleyo.

Cacisa Imposiso

Ukufumana inyaniso ngujaji ogwebayo kuphinda kulungiswe phantsi kwemposiso ecacileyo umgangatho. Inkundla ephetheyo ayizukuphazamisa izinto ezifunyenweyo ngaphandle kokuba ishiywe ngolweyiseko oluqinisekileyo noluqinileyo lokuba impazamo yenziwe. Lo mlinganiselo ungqinela ukuba ijaji egwebayo iluncedo lokuqwalasela amangqina ngokobuqu nokufumana ukuthembeka.

Ukusebenzisa Kakubi Ubulumko

Izigwebo ezibandakanya ityala elichaphazelekayo, ezifana nezigqibo ezimalunga nokuvuma ubungqina, ukunika inkxaso phambili, okanye imiyalelo enzima, ziphinda zihlolwe [[FLT: 0] ukusetyenziswa kwengqiqo. Oku kumgangatho ophezulu kakhulu. Inkundla yekomiti iza kujika kuphela ukuba isigqibo senkundla egwetywayo sasingekho ngqiqweni, singekho ngqiqweni, okanye sisekelwe kwimo ephosakeleyo yomthetho.

Ukuqonda le milinganiselo kubalulekile kuba ichaphazela impumelelo ecacileyo ekubhenceni. Imposiso yomthetho ehlolisiswe ide novo inika ithuba elinamandla lokuguquka kunesigqibo sobuchule esiye sahlolisiswa phantsi komlinganiselo osetyenziswa kakubi.

Ukunyamekela Ukuqhubeka Ubhenela

Ukubhenela isibheno asisosigqibo somthetho nje; ikwasisigqibo esilungeleleneyo nesisebenzisekayo.

Iindleko Nexesha

Kukho iindleko ezibiza imali eninzi. Iindleko ziquka irhafu yefashoni, ukulungiselela itram, ukushicilela nokubophelela iingxelo zomnxeba. Le nkqubo ikwathatha iinyanga okanye kwaneenyanga. Kubantu abanobuncwane obulinganiselweyo, le mithwalo isenokungathinteli. Kwezinye iimeko, iinkundla zisenokuyihlawuli intlawulo yemali ehlawulwayo, kodwa ixesha lokuzibophelela lihlala lininzi.

Umgangatho Ofanayo Wempumelelo

Phambi kokubhala, amagqwetha anamava avavanya amandla ezizathu ezinokwenzeka zokubhenela, umgangatho osebenzayo wohlolo, kunye nerekhodi. Izibheno ngaphandle kokufumana iimpikiswano ezifanelekileyo zomthetho zinokuphumelela. Ukubhenela kwisicelo esingeyomfuneko kungaphumela ekuvunyweni komntu ochaphazelekayo okanye igqwetha lawo.

Izibheno zokugqibela

Izicelo ezininzi zivela kwimigwebo yokugqibela, kodwa ezinye iindawo zivumela ukubhenelana kwezicelo ezisuka kwimiyalelo ethile ephakathi, njengemithetho ekwimiyalelo okanye kwisiqinisekiso sodidi. Izibheno zomnxeba azivunyelwa kuba zilibazisa imicimbi. Iinkundla zivumela kuphela xa umba ubalulekile kwaye uhlolo lwento olukhawulezileyo lungaqhubela phambili uhlaziyo.

Indima Yecebiso Lokufuna Ukucetyiswa

Uqheliselo lokufaka izicelo lufuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo obahlukileyo kumatyala. Isiluleko esinempumelelo sokusebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka sibe ngoobuchule kuphando olusemthethweni, ukubhala okuyekelelayo, kunye nengxoxo edluliselwa ngomlomo. Iinkampani ezininzi zomthetho zinikezele imisebenzi yokufaka izicelo, kwaye amanye amagqwetha ajolise ingqalelo kuphela kwizibongozo. Kwabo bangakwazi ukuhlawula icebiso labucala, imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni okanye iinkqubo ze-probono zinganikela uncedo kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo.

Ukukhangela nzulu kubuchule obuluncedo, iMelika Bar Association's Appellate Practice short shorts [[[FLT: 1] inika ukhokelo olubalulekileyo.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yesibheno ime njengenye yezona ntsika zibalulekileyo zenkqubo yokugweba elungileyo nesebenzayo. Inika indlela elungelelanisiweyo yokulungisa iimpazamo, ukucombulula imigaqo engokwasemthethweni, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo kwiimeko ezingenakubalwa. Abafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo, baqonde isakhiwo se-injini yeenkundla eziphakamileyo, inkqubo yenyathelo elihamba phambili lokubhenela, kunye nokuqwalasela okucwangcisiweyo okulawula uqheliselo lwenkqubo yemigaqo-nkqubo yemigaqo-mthetho kubalulekile ekuqondeni ngokupheleleyo indlela okusebenza ngayo okusesikweni. Ukuba kujongwe ngelityele likarhulumente, okanye ngofundisiso lwezopolitiko, inkqubo ye-appellate ihlala ingumsebenzi onamandla nebalulekileyo womthetho.

Abo bafuna ulwazi oluthe xhaxhe kwinkqubo ye-applette yezwe ingajonga kwimithetho ye- ye-Appellete Procedia elondolozwe liZiko loLwazi lwasemthethweni lweCornell.