UMthetho we-14 WesiHlaliso kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States ngumthetho obalulekileyo othetha ngeenkalo eziliqela zobumi namalungelo abemi. Phakathi kweyona migaqo ibalulekileyo yi-Comecime Living Clause, isiseko esisemthethweni esiyalela lonke iphondo ukuba lilawule ngokungakhethi. Eli binzana belikwiziko lokulwa amalungelo asekuhlaleni aguqulayo, ukubumba imimandla esemthethweni kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwe-105. Kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, kunye neengcaphephe zezomthetho, ukuqonda i-Commemb Clasko Claus elungeleleneyo ibalulekile ekuqondeni ukugcinwa kobunyani phantsi komthetho waseMelika.

Imongo Yembali: Ukwakhiwa Kwendawo Yokuhlaziywa Nokuzalwa KoMthetho - melo We - 14

IsiHlanziso seshumi elinesine savunywa ngo1868, ngexesha lengxubakaxaka yeXesha loBuyiselo noNxube lwasemva kweMfazwe yamakhaya. Ukulungisa kwaba yimpendulo engqalileyo kwimithetho eBlack Codes/amaphepha adlulayo kumaphondo aseMazantsi okokuba kwathintela ngokuqatha inkululeko namalungelo abantu base-Merika ababesandul'ukukhululwa. Abaqulunqi beSiphendu, kuquka iBhingham kunye neSiphathi-Abenam uJacob Howard, babefuna ukuphethulela kuMgaqo-siseko, umgaqo onokuthi uthintele ukuchasana noluntu olungamele naluphi naluphi udidi lwabemi.

Isigqibo soKhuselo olulinganayo u-Claus, kunye ne-Act Procesme Claus kunye namaLungelo okanye ama-Immunion Claus, zenzelwe ukubhukuqa u-1857 ombi kakhulu .Dred Scott v. Sandford isigqibo, esiye sakhanyela ubumi bama-Afrika. Kwakhona yayijolise ekunikezeleni isiseko somgaqo-siseko somthetho we-Owona Mthetho wamaLungelo ka-1866. Eli binzana libhalwe ngo-1186.“ Akukho rhulumente... uya kumkhanyela nabani na okwigunya elilinganayo lokhuseleko lwemithetho.[FLT.] [FLT.] [FLT.1] oluyilwenziwe ngabomkhethe, olufuna ukufikelela kukuziphatha kwelizwe noorhulumente basekuhlaleni abawasekuhlaleni abaphatha ngokungafaniyo.

Noko ke, isithembiso seCompality Protection Claus sangenzeki kakhulu phantse inkulungwane. Ngeminyaka yee1870 kunye no1880, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yachaza ngokufutshane icandelo, ilinganisela ukufikelela kwalo ekumiseleni isenzo esicalulayo ebusweni bayo. Isigqibo seNkundla Preselve] v. Ferguson [18696] yaxhasa uhlanga phantsi “kokulingana” imfundiso, ikhupha ngokuphumelelayo ukuhambelana kwamalungelo esizwe phakathi-20. Izakuthatha ukuqhuba kwamalungelo abantu ngokutsha kwe-Clabel Claus njengesixhobo sokukhulula iziko.

Ukuqonda Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo LukaClaus: Imfundiso Nemilinganiselo Yokuzihlaziya

Umbhalo we-Compalimement Protection Clause ulula ngokukhohlisayo: “Akukho rhulumente... oza kumkhanyela nabani na onegunya lakhe ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho.” Kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iveze inkqubo entsonkothileyo yokusebenzisa igalelo. Umgaqo ongundoqo ngowokuba ngokufanayo abantu abakumayo kufuneka baphathwe ngokufanayo ngumthetho, ngaphandle kokuba kukho ulungiso olwaneleyo lokuziphatha ngokwahlukileyo. Kwiminyaka engamashumi amashumi engamashumi engomthetho, iNkundlalelo lumisele imigangatho emithathu yokuvavanyanisa imigaqo karhulumente.

Uphando Olungqongqo

Uhlalutyo olungqongqo lungumgangatho ongqongqo. Lusebenza xa umthetho ubeka abantu kwicandelo elisekelwe kudidi , olufana nohlanga, imvelaphi yesizwe, okanye utshintsho. Phantsi kohlolo olungqongqo, urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba ukuhlelwa kolunye usebenza kuxanduva lokudibanisa inzala karhulumente [[[FLT:]] kwaye luyi [[FLT:] i-[FLT] idityaniswe ngokutyibilikayo [[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] ingumthetho odityanisiweyo. Imithetho edityanisiweyo.

Uvavanyo oluphakathi

Uvavanyo lwe-intermediate lusebenza kulwahlulo olusekelwe ku gender kunye i-itilegicy[. Phantsi kwalo mgangatho, ukuhlelwa kufuneka kusebenze kwinjongo karhulumente [[[[FLT:]] eyi1] kwaye ibe inxulumene nokufezekisa loo njongo. Lo mlinganiselo wacaciswa [[FLT:]] Cragsc'''. v[FLT][FLT][9:][6], ebuye ibuye icengce umthetho ovumela ukuba amabhinqa athengwe ngeminyaka elishumi elineshumi elineshumi elinesixhenxe leminyaka ekufuneka athengiselwe i-BY.

Impinda Esisiseko

Uhlolo lwesiseko se-rantal luyintlawulo olumiselweyo, olunomlinganiselo obekelwe ixesha elide. Lusebenza kuwona mthetho wezoqoqosho nowentlalo. Ngaphantsi kwalo mgangatho, ulwahlulo luthatyathwa lubalwa njengomgaqo-siseko logama [ unxulumene [ kwinzala karhulumente [[FLT:]] ebambeneyo] [[[FLT]] i-1966]. Iinkundla azinakunqanda ukubetha imithetho phantsi kwesiseko esingqinelanayo, nangona kukho umahluko, njengesigqibo seNkuNkundla . Evans[FLT:] v [FLT]] [5] [1966], eyayenza ize i-coloralse okuviwe ngokusemthethweni ukukhusela okuchasene nocomputha abantu ngabanye.

Ityala elingundoqo leNkundla ePhakamileyo lokuTshabalalisa uKhuselo olulinganayo

ISikhuseli esilinganayo sikaClaus siye saba sisiseko sezigqibo ezininzi zeNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ityala ngalinye libonisa indlela eli binzana eliye lavela ngayo ukuthetha ngeendidi ezintsha zocalulo nokuzalisekisa isithembiso salo sokulingana.

Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Mhlawumbi eyona ndawo yokhuseleko eyaziwa kakhulu, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yabetha ihlahla kohlanga lwesizwe kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yavumelana ukuba “ukukhetha kodwa kuyalingana” izibonelelo zemfundo zingu [ ngokungalinganiyo [, ngenxa yokuba ihlaze abantwana abancinane kunye namathuba abo emfundo. Le sigqibo sarhoxa [[FLT:]] Pyv. Ferguson[[FLT:]]]

Loverv. Virginia (1967)

[[NTLT:0] i- Virginia, iNkundla ithe yachitha imithetho karhulumente ekwalela umtshato wezinhlanga. Virginia yaphikisa ngelithi umthetho wayo wawusebenza ngokulinganayo kuzo zombini izizwe, kwaye walela abamhlophe ukutshata abamhlophe nabangengobamhlophe. Ukuyenza ibe yeyona imo-mkhethe. INkundla yakwala oko, ukufumana ukuba injongo yomthetho yayikukulondoloza ubungangamsha nobunzima basekunene. yaphinda yaqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko olulinganayo luka Claus Claus lungavumelangamelanga mithetho eqhutywa yi-calvel, nokuba ivela kwiphepha elikwiphepha.

[[UMTL: 0] Roe v. Ukujongwa [[UMTL] [1] (1973)) kunye nelungelo lokuba wedwa

Ngeli xesha [[NTLT: 0] [Umthetho] uthe wathatyathwa kakhulu ngokunxulumene neMsebenzi kaClaus kunye nelungelo lokuzimela, uKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus wadlala indima exhasayo ekuqiqeni kweNkundla. UJaji Ruth Bader Ginsburg kamva wathetha ukuba ityala linokuxhomekeka kwizinto ezilinganayo zokukhusela, ngenxa yokuba imithetho ethintela ukuqhomfa imithwalo ebekwe ngokwahlukileyo kumabhinqa, yenza uhlobo localulo olusekelwe kwisondo. Nangona iNkuvo lweNkundla ingu ingu ingu ingu ` Ro] [[FLT] [3] ngokuyintloko] ixhomekeke kwimicimbi eyimfihlo, kamva njenge [FLT:] Plat] V [FFF].[5]

[[UMTL:0] United States v. Umoya (2013)

kwiUnited States v. Umoya opheleleyo, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yawisa iCandelo 3 loKhuselo loMtshato (DOMA), echaza umtshato njengophakathi kwendoda enye nebhinqa elinye ngokweenjongo zikarhulumente. INkundla yathi iDOMA yalwaphula ukhuseleko olulinganayo lweSigqibo sokuHlaziywa kweSihlanu (esebenza kurhulumente wesizwe ngeMixokelelwano ka Claus ekwane yemigaqo elinganayo). Isigqibo saqonda ukuba ucalucalulo olungenasihlahla nxamnye nezibini ezikwi-ethene ezizigwebo zaso kwaye ukuphathwa ngokungefaniyo. Yabeka isiseko somthetho olandelayo weNkuNkuNkulwano [[FLT:]

[[FLT: 0] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Inkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba ukukhanyela izibini ezingokwasemgangathweni kuchasene nenkululeko yazo esisiseko kwaye kudala “umonakalo oqhubekayo” kwisidima sazo. Isigqibo singumzekelo onamandla wendlela uKhuseli lukaClaus olukwimo yeCal Procesme ne-Living Living Claus. Inkundla yathi ukukhanyela izibi ezingokwakwasexesheni ezifanayo ilungelo lokutshata liyilwa kwenkululeko yazo esisiseko kwaye libangela ukuba “ingozi eqhubekayo” isidima sabo. Isigqibo singumzekelo onamandla wendlela uKhuselo luka-Classe lungaquke ngayo amaqela amatsha phakathi kokhuseleko lwalo, iqonda ukuba “ilungelo lokutshata liyilungelo elingundoqo kwinkululeko yomntu."

[[UMTL: 0] Izigqibo ze Fayile Imposiso v. Harvard kunye NC [2023]

Kwisigqibo sakutshanje esiphawula iziganeko zeziganeko zakutshanje, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaphelisa ngokunempumelelo ukuvuma uhlanga ngokuphandle kwizenzo zasekholeji. Inkundla yathi ukuvunywa kweenkqubo eHarvard naseYunivesithi yaseMntla Carolina kwakwaphula umthetho wokuKhuselwa kwe-Univiko olulinganayo ngenxa yokuba ayengenazo iinjongo ezithe ngqo nezinokuxhotyiswa, kwaye ngenxa yokuba asebenzisa uhlanga ngendlela engalunganga ngokuchasene nabacebi abathile. Ngoxa iNkundla ayizange iwubhukuqe lomgaqo wokuba ingxulumaniso yemfundo inokuba ngumdlalo onyanzelisayo, ibeka ungqongqo ekusetyenzisweni kwemiqathango yeentlanga. Isigqibo sibangele ukuba kubekho impikiswano ekrakra ngom ngekamva lokhuseleko olulinganayo kwimfundo ephezulu nangaphaya.

Izicelo zoKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClaus kuMthetho weNyaka

I-Acticom Protection Claus ayiphelelanga kumatyala esizwe, esini okanye esini.

Ukubonelela ngamalungelo nolawulo lokhetho

UKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClaus luye lwaba sisixhobo esingundoqo kwimithetho ye-Id enzima, i-gerryder, kunye nemiqathango ekufikeleleni kohlanga. Umzekelo, Shelby County v. Horer [202013], iNkundla yagawula icandelo 4 lamaLungelo, elifuna amaphondo athile embali ekhethe lobuhlanga ukuze afumane ulwamkelo lukarhulumente phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota. Isigqibo asizange sibandakanye ngqo nokhuselo olulinganayo, kodwa saphakamisa inkxalabo efanayo ngenxa yokuba indlela yokubophelela yayisekelwe kugcino-lwazi oluphelelwe lixesha. Ngokukhawuleza, iNkukhundla ithetha i-gconvegergerder, ibamba [[FLD] i-Roc.[3] Ityala eliqhelekileyo lokukhetha i-Calctovotion elithe ngokugqithisileyo phantsi kwengxelo yezo lwezopolitiko.[20]

Okusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho Nezigwebo

I-Unimeal Protection Claus ikwasebenza nakwinkqubo yogwebo lolwaphulo-mthetho. Iinkundla zihlole izityholo zocalulo lobuhlanga kukhetho lwabachopheli-tyala, ukuthatha izigqibo, nokugweba. Umzekelo, Batson v. Kentucky [1986], iNkundla yathi ukusebenzisa umtshutshisi imingeni yokuzithethelela ukunqanda ukunqanda ucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga oluchasene nomgangatho ka-Celt Clauslease. Phezu kwayo nje imimiselo enjalo, i-antluntlukwano yeentlanga iyaqhubeka inika imiqathango enzima yemithetho ecekisa abantu abambalwa ngokungenamsebenzi, nangona ingqina ukuba abagcipheli bengabalawuli be-mthetho.

Imali yemfundo nezesikolo

Ngeli xesha iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingaluqondi ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwesizwe ekuxhaseni imali yesikolo elinganayo (jonga San Antonio Independent School v. Rodriguez, 1973), iinkundla zeli lizwe zisebenzise iirejithi ezifanayo zokukhusela urhulumente ukugunyazisa iinkqubo zemali ezifanelekileyo. I-United States i-Compalimetion Protection Clause isasebenza kwiinkqubo ezicalula phakathi kwabafundi ngesiseko sohlanga okanye ezinye izigaba ezirhabaxa. Umzekelo, imithetho ethi i-Regiegegit-fiding slateessssss okanye ukuba abafundi be-okruptsolur-yolunts be-mentians banokucelwa phantsi koluvo.

Ulungiso lwezoqoqosho neNkcubeko

Imimiselo emininzi yezoqoqosho .(njengemithetho yokuhlala, imfuno yeshishini, okanye izahlulo zerhafu) ihlaziywe phantsi kwesiseko esifanelekileyo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba isoloko ixhaswa. Noko ke, ukuba umthetho ujonge udidi olurhanelwayo okanye umthwalo obalulekileyo, ukujonga okubalulekileyo, ukujonga okungqongqo kuyasebenza. Umzekelo, imithetho elinganisela iingenelo zentlalo-ntle kubemi abatsha, okanye edala ukuphathwa ngokungafaniyo kwabo bakwimeko yabo yondwendwe, ingajongana noqikelelo olungqongqo.

Ucelomngeni Neingxubusho Eziqhubekayo

Nangona kukho amandla kaClaus olinganayo, kusekho iingxaki ezinkulu. Ubuhlanga, ucalucalulo ngokwezini, nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kuyaqhubeka kuchaphazela ibutho labantu baseMerika. Iinkundla zidla ngokungavisisani ngendlela yokusebenzisa eli binzana kwimibandela yale mihla, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimiphumo engaqondakaliyo namadabi aqhubekayo angomthetho.

Isenzo Esizinzileyo Nezenzo Zobupolitika Bohlanga

Izigqibo ze Fair Adgississ zineempikiswano eziququzelelweyo zokuba uKhuselo olulinganayo uClaus uyakuvumela naluphi na ulwahlulo lohlanga kwinkqubo kawonke wonke. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi igalelo limele lingaze lisebenzise uhlanga njengefekta, kwanokulungisa ucalulo lwangaphambili. Abanye baphikisa ukuba igalelo lalicetyelwe ukukhusela iqela elincinane kwaye lalo lamanqanaba asebenzayo ayimfuneko ukufikelela ulingana nomlinganiselo ophezulu. Olu xinzelo luzakuba kumbindi wemiba yemiba elinganayo kwimibango yexesha elizayo, kuquka imingeni ephindaphindwayo kwimisebenzi, uknaye, kunye nolwazi.

Ukuzichaza Ngokwasemtshatweni Nokuchana Kwabantu Ngokwesini

Emva [[NTL:0] kwehla kunye ne [FOT]Bostock v. Clayton County [2020]].

Imithetho ye-Voter kunye nokufumaneka kokuTshabalalisa

Abaxhasi bemithetho ye-ID yomvoti baphikisa ngokuthi bathintele ukuqhatha nokuqinisekisa ingqibelelo yonyulo; abachasi bathi bangabathandi ngokungenakulinganiswa abavoti abambalwa, bephula iNkundla kaClaus elinganayo. Iinkundla zoMasipala zahlulele kule miba, ezinye zixhasa imithetho ye-ID engqongqo ngokusekelwe kwisiseko esifanelekileyo kwaye ezinye ziyibetha phantsi njenge-demokrasi yobuhlanga. Ingxoxo ayikalungiswa, ingakumbi njengoko amazwe eqhubeka ephumeza imithetho yonyulo entsha.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Namalungelo Asisiseko

Omnye wemibuzo ethandabuzekayo kukuba i-Acticom Protection Claus ifuna ukuba urhulumente anike umgangatho omncinci wokhuseleko lwezoqoqosho . njengokufumana indawo yokuhlala, ukunyamekela impilo, okanye imfundo. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ikholelwa ukuba umGaqo-siseko awuqinisekisi ukuba unelungelo elifanelekileyo, kodwa abanye abaphengululi nabaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukungalingani okungqongqo kwezoqoqosho ngokwako kuchasene nesithembiso sokhuseleko olulinganayo. Ezi mpikiswano zifumene ukhuselo lwemiqathango kwiinkundla zikarhulumente kodwa zihlala zingaphumelelanga kumgangatho worhulumente.

Isiphelo

I-Unimetic Protection Clause yeSinyusi se-14th Sumpriment isengundoqo kumthetho wamalungelo abantu baseMerika. Ukusuka ekulweni ukuphelisa ukwahlukana nokulingana komtshato, ibinzana liyinjini yokutshintsha kwentlalo. Kodwa umsebenzi walo awukagqibi. Njengoko kuvela iindlela ezintsha zocalulo kwaye ulwaluko olusemngciphekweni wokulingana, iinkundla ziya kuqhubeka zichaza oko kuthethwa ngurhulumente ukukhabalela “ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kwemithetho.” Kuba abafundisi nabafundi, ababandakanye nale mithetho, banika ithuba elinzulu lokuhlola iinjongo zobulungisa, imidabango yomthetho, nokulwa okuqhubekayo kwembali egqibeleleyo. Ukuqonda imbali, isiseko semfundo, kunye nezicelo zangoku kuyimfuneko kuye nabani nabani na onqwenela ukuba nenxaxheba kwincoko elungele ukulingana eMelika.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, cinga ngokukhangela ezi zinto zilandelayo: