Ukwazisa: Umgaqo Wesiseko Wengozi Ephindwe Kabini

Ingozi ephindwe kabini yimfundiso esemthethweni eqinileyo ekhusela abantu ekumangalelweni okanye ekohlwayweni kaninzi ngenxa yetyala elinye. Lo mgaqo usebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ulawulo lukarhulumente, ukuthintela urhulumente ekusebenziseni ubuncwane bakhe obuninzi ukuhlasela ummi ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngenxa yehambo efanayo. Isekelwe kumthetho wamandulo oqhelekileyo kwaye idityaniswe kwimithetho-siseko yale mihla, iingozi eziphindwe kabini ziqinisekisa ukuba ekugqibeleni, okusesikweni, kunye nozinzo olusemthethweni. EUnited States, ikhuselwe kwiSinyusi-5 seSinyuko, esithi akukho mntu uya "kulawulwa ngokuphindwe kabini ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo sobomi okanye ilungu lomzimba." ngokufanayo kukhuselwa ukukhuselwa komthetho jikelele ukukhusela abantu kwiimeko ezininzi ezingowona mhlaba wonke, ebonisa ukukhusela abantu kwiimeko ezingapheliyo.

Le ngcamango ichaphazela lonke icandelo lobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho: ukusuka kwixesha ityala liqala ngalo, ngokugwetywa okanye ngokugwetywa, kwanasemva kokugwetywa. Ukuqonda iingozi eziphindwe kabini kuyimfuneko kungekuphela nje kwiingcaphephe ezingokwasemthethweni kodwa kwanakumntu ofuna ukulungelelana phakathi kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye neenjongo zoluntu ekumohlwayeni. Eli nqaku liza kuhlola imvelaphi, isiseko sokhuseleko, iimbono ezibalaseleyo, kunye neengxoxo zanamhlanje ezijikeleze iingozi eziphindwe kabini.

Imvelaphi Nenkqubela Yembali

Imvelaphi yengozi ephindwe kabini ibuyela kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamandulo wase Grisi naseRome, apho ingcamango ye izikhonkwane kwi-imem ("kungekho kabini kwinto enye") yaqalisa ukumila. Noko ke, imfundiso yale mihla isuka ngqo kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibini, iinkundla zamaNgesi zaqonda ukuba umntu akamele amangalelwe kwakhona emva kokugwetywa. Umgaqo waqiniswa ngokubhekele phaya kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe ngabaphengululi abangoMnu Edward Coke, owabhala ngokungekho sikweni okuphindiweyo.

Ukhuseleko lwaziswa kumathanga aseMerika njengenxalenye yelifa lomthetho oqhelekileyo. Emva kweNguquko yaseMerika, iZibonelelo zaquka yona kuMphetho-mda wesihlanu njengendlela yokuhlola ubundlobongela obunokwenzeka bukarhulumente omtsha. INkundla ePhakamileyo kamva yaquka i-Divre Jeopardy Clause ekwilizwe kuMazwe ngokuquka uMphetho-Mthethweno-mda weshumi elinesine kwityala [[FLT: 0] Blanton v. Maryland [1969]. Namhlanje, imfundiso ingumbombo womgaqo wolwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States kwaye iye yaphembelela eminye imithetho eqhelekileyo, kuquka neKladayn, kunye noBukumkani base-United States.

Kumazwe omthetho wasekuhlaleni, umgaqo usoloko uboniswa njenge iibhuki ezikwimiqathango kwikhowudi yabo, nangona intengiso echanileyo ingahluka. INdibano yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu ikwaquka inguqulelo kwiGatya 4 loMthetho weSigqeba seSine. 7, ukunqanda ukubulawa kwakhona emva kokugwetywa okanye ukugwetywa kokuphela kwimo efanayo.

Ukhuseleko lwengozi ephindwe kabini

I-epardethiss kumgangatho ofanelekileyo

Phambi kokuba ukhuseleko lwengozi ephindwe kabini lusebenze, ingozi kufuneka kuqala iqukunjelwe. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, kuqutyulwa kwingozi xa ityala lifungqwe. Kwityala lejaji, lincanyathiselwa xa ingqina lokuqala lifungqwa. Xa ummangalelwa encamini, ubekwa kwiingozi ezisemthethweni zokugwetywa nokugwetywa. Ukuba ityala liphela ngokugwetywa ngaphambi kokuba abachopheli-tyala bafikelele kwisigqibo, okanye ukuba ityala lifunyenwe, ukumangalelwa ngokulandelayo ngenxa yetyala elifanayo kuyathintelwa.

Ukugwetywa Njengomgca Opheleleyo

Eyona migaqo inamandla yokukhusela ingozi ephindwe kabini kukuba ukugwetywa, nokuba sisigqibo esiphelisiweyo, okanye ukufunyanwa kwetyala kobungqina obunganele, kugqibelel. Ityala alinakubhena ngokugwetywa, kwaye ummangalelwa akanakuphinda afumaneke (nangokuba ubungqina obutsha betyala kamva). Lo mthetho ubonisa ixabiso eliphezulu lenkqubo esemthethweni kwindawo zokugqibela zejaji okanye isahlulelo sokufumana ummangalelwa engenatyala. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- Lugreen. United States[FLT:] (1957) yagxininisa ukuba "Urhulumente ulawulo oluneenjongo yokugqibela okanye amandla amele avunyelwe ukwenza amatyala aphinda-phindaphindiweyo."

Ukuqiniseka Kuyasithintela Esinye Isohlwayo Sabo

Kwakhona ukugwetywa kuthintelwa nayiphina ityala elilandelayo. Emva kokuba ummangalelwa efunyaniswe enetyala kwaye egwetyiwe, akanakuphinde agwetywe ngenxa yalo lwaphulo-mthetho ```````nakuba ukubhena kuphelisiwe kamva.' Noko ke, ukuba isiqinisekiso sitshintshiwe ngenxa yeempazamo zokuvavanywa (njengemiyalelo engafanelekanga okanye ihambo engalunganga yomtshutshisi), ummangalelwa angaphinde abekwe esichengeni sokugqibeka. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba "kukuqhubeka kwengozi" umgaqo.

I-Colletaral Estomal Kumatyala Olwaphulo-mthetho

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini buquka imfundiso yokumela i-estoperal estol, okanye ukukhupha igalelo. Oku kuthintela urhulumente ukuba angaphinde aqalise imbambano eyinyaniso eyathi ngokufanelekileyo yagqitywa kwinkoliseko yommangalelwa ngaphambili. Umzekelo, ukuba ummangalelwa ukhululwe ekuphangweni emhlabeni ukuba akangonozwilakhe, urhulumente akanakubamangalela kamva ngomnye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluxhomekeke ekungqineni ngombandela ofanayo. Inkundla Ephakamileyo yawuqonda lo mgaqo kuMgaqo-siseko. Aspentson[FL:1] (1970).

Izinto Ezikhethekileyo Nezisiphene Kulo Mthetho

Ngaphandle kwamandla ayo, ingozi ephindwe kabini ayiphelelanga. Izihlandlo eziliqela ezimiselwe kakuhle zivumela urhulumente ukuba abeke umntu ityala izihlandlo ezingaphezulu kanye ngenxa yehambo efanayo, okanye anyanzelise ingqeqesho eninzi.

Imfundiso Yabalawuli Abahlukeneyo

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo yimfundiso "yokwahlukana kwemithetho". Phantsi kwalo mthetho, umntu angabekwa ityala ngorhulumente wesizwe nangorhulumente welizwe ngenxa yesenzo esinye esingaphantsi. Umlawuli ngamnye unemithetho yakhe kunye nomdla wakhe ekubohlwayeni ububi. Umzekelo, imeko engaqhelekanga ye- TELTYNY[[FL:1] [i-FLT] ibandakanya zombini] ukubulala nokuqhushumbisa ityala lakhe kwibhombu yephondo. Ngokukwanjalo, umntu othe wazama ukuqhushumbisa iityala zakhe kwibhombu yesiXeko saseOklahothi. Inkundla Ephakamileyo yaphinda yayiqinisekisa le mfundiso .[FLT] v. [2017]], ebamba ukuba ayingqubani noMnyuli woMnyulo we-GeneyomGenethi.

Izahlulo Ezahlukileyo Ngaphantsi Kolawulo Olufanayo

Umahluko wesibini ubakho xa ityala lesibini libandakanya ityala elahlukileyo, nokuba livela kwisenzo esinye solwaphulo-mthetho. Uvavanyo lwasekwa kwi- shitburger v. United States [1932].: ukuba ityala ngalinye lifuna ubungqina bento engafunwayo omnye, zithathwa njengetyala elahlukileyo, kwaye iintshutshiso ezilandelelanayo zivumelekile. Umzekelo, umntu osebenzisa isixhobo ngexesha lokuphanga angabekwa ityala ngokuphanga kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olwahlukileyo lokusebenzisa imipu ngexesha lolwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo, nangona zombini zivela kwisiganeko esifanayo.

Ulwaphulo - mthetho Nowokulungisa Ityala

Ityala eliphosakeleyo lachazwa "ngemfuneko efunekayo" — njenge-application exhotyisiweyo, i-avaledge ebotshelelweyo, okanye impazamo enzulu engokwasemthethweni — aliyivaleli ityala kwakhona. Imvume yommangalelwa kwityala eliphosakeleyo ikwayiphelisa imposiso yengozi ephindwe kabini. Noko ke, ukuba [[FLT: 0] umtshutshisi nyulu onyusela ngemposiso ityala [[[FLT:]] [198], efuna ukufumana uncedo lweqhinga, i-Jeopardy Clausleaste ibars. INkundla Ephakamileyo ithetha oku u-Orgon. Kennedy [[FLD:]] [198], ifuna ubungqina bomtshutshisiwo-mtshutshisi.[198], ifuna ukuvuselela i-Creast'

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini busebenza kuphela kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Umntu angamangalelwa ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yomonakalo obangelwa sisenzo esinye, kwanasemva kwesaphuli-mthetho esigwebayo. Amatyala adumileyo O.J. Simpson[ (ukungavunyelwanga kokubulala kodwa kufunyaniswe ukuba ugwetyelwe kwinkundla yamakhaya ngenxa yokufa okuphosakeleyo) abonise oku. Ngokufanayo, umntu unokujamelana nesohlwayo solawulo, njengephepha lokukhulula okanye isohlwayo sobuchule, ukongezelela kwisohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. Ezi zithathwa njengoluntu kwindalo kwaye azixhokotyiselwa iingceba eziphindwe kabini.

Uvavanyo Emva kokuba Ubheno luphumelele nguMmeli

Xa ummangalelwa ebhenela ngempumelelo ekuvumeni kwaye efumana utshintsho, icandelo eliphindwe kabini lengozi livumela uvavanyo kwakhona. Ingqiniwa kukuba umngcipheko wantlandlolo awupheliswanga lumgwebo wokugqibela (iqhubekeka de isiqinisekiso esisebenzayo okanye ukuvunywa kufumaneke. Noko ke, ukuba ukuguqulwa kusekelwe kubungqina obunganelanga, urhulumente akanakuphinda alizame elityala kuba oko kuzakulingana nokugwetywa. Lo mthetho wamiselwa ku- Bursks v. United States[FLT][1] [127]] [7]]

Ingozi Ephindwe kabini Kwinkqubo Ezezomthetho Ezahlukeneyo

I-United States

Inkqubo ye-U.S. yenye yezona ndlela zovavanyo ezikhuselayo kumalungelo aphindwe kabini engozi, ingakumbi malunga nokungamkeli. Njengoko kuphawuliwe, ukugwetywa kugqibele kwaye akunakubhenwa. Noko ke, iinkosi ezahlukileyo kunye nemfundiso yonqakrazo yovavanyo ludala izithuba eziphawulekayo. Abanye abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba oku kululaza injongo yomgaqo, ingakumbi kwiimeko zenkohlakalo okanye ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu apho kunokwenzeka khona okubini urhulumente kunye nezilingo zikarhulumente.

I-United Kingdom

Umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi wawunomthetho onamandla oyingozi ophindwe kabini, kodwa wakhululeka ngo-2005 ngokudlula koMthetho weJaji yokwaphula umthetho. Kwityala elinzulu (umz., ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga ngezixhobo), umtshutshisi angasebenzisa kwiNkundla yesibheno ukufaka ityala lokukhulula ukuba "bubungqina obutsha nobunamandla" buvela. Olu tshintsho lwaqhutywa ngamatyala aphezulu e-profile apho kamva i-DNA ingqina ukuba inetyala. Nangona i-Scotland ingumntu osisingxingxina.

CanadaName

Umthetho waseKhanada uyayivuma ingozi ephindwe kabini phantsi kweCandelo 11(h) leSicatshulwa samaLungelo neNkululeko, esikhusela ukuvavanywa nokusohlwaywa kwakhona ngenxa yetyala eliye ekugqibeleni lakhululwa okanye lagwetywa. Iinkundla zaseKhanada ngokuqhelekileyo ziye zathatha indlela engqongqo, nangona ngaphandle kwenkqubo ye-U.S. ikho, njengemfundiso yolawulo olwahlukeneyo ngokuphathelele igunya lephondo nelorhulumente.

Amazwe Omthetho Wamakhaya

Kumagunya omthetho wamakhaya anjenge Fransi, iJamani, neJapan, ukhuseleko oluphindwe kabini lusoloko lugqibelele kakhulu, ngaphandle kokhetho oluncinci. Umgaqo we [[FLT: 0] bine kwi-imem usetyenziswa ngokuphandle, uthintela ukutshutshiswa nesohlwayo sokwenza isenzo esinye nokuba ngaba umlawuli unegunya. Noko ke, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye netyala elinqamlezeneyo lungadala imiba entsonkothile.

Iimbambano Nezigxeko Zexesha Elizayo

Ingxaki Yobungqina Obutsha

Enye yezingxinano ezizingisileyo zengozi ephindwe kabini yimiqathango yayo ehlaziywayo xa ubungqina obutsha bufumaneka emva kokugwetywa. Kulo Bukumkani baseUnited Kingdom, njengoko kuphawuliwe, umthetho watshintshwa ukuze uvumele ukulungiswa kwetyala elinzulu xa kuvela ubungqina obutsha. EUnited States, abaphengululi abaninzi abangokwasemthethweni kunye namaqela amaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho baye babiza utshintsho olufanayo, ingakumbi ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo olufana nokubulala nokudlwengula apho ubungqina be-DNA bungangqina ukuba unetyala. Abachasi bephikisa bathi ukutshintsha umthetho kungasingela phantsi isigwebo sokugqibela kwaye kunike urhulumente amandla amakhulu okuphinda avulwe.

Iinkolelo Eziphosakeleyo Nezigwebo

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini bukwadlala indima kwityala lokugwetywa ngokuphosakeleyo. Ngexa ummangalelwa enokuthi aphinde agwetywe emva kwesicelo esinempumelelo, ukuba ityala lomtshutshisi lalibuthathaka kwaye ukurhoxiswa kwetyala lokungabuphumeleli ubungqina, ukuvavanywa kwakhona kuvaliwe. Oku kungathintela urhulumente ekulungiseni iimpazamo ezakhokelela ekuxokisweni okuphosakeleyo, kodwa kwakhona kukhusela abagwetywa ngokuphosakeleyo kwiinkundla ezingapheliyo. Uxakeko phakathi kokuphela nokuchanaba lusahlala luyingxoxo engundoqo.

Izigwebo ezininzi: Isigwebo somnxeba.

Ukwalelwa kwesohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo solwaphulo-mthetho olunye kuphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokugwetywa. Xa ummangalelwa egwetywa ngetyala elibini elivela kwihambo enye, inkundla kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba isohlwayo esinyusiweyo asigqithiswanga. Amanye amatyala aneemfundiso ezifuna ezincinci eziquka amatyala ancinci afanele aqiniswe, ngoxa amanye evumela izigwebo ezilandelelanayo phantsi kweemeko ezithile. i-'' khurburger uvavanyo lusetyenziswa ukufumanisa ukuba ingqeqesho emininzi iyavunywa kusini na.

Iingxaki zolungelelwano lwezizwe ngezizwe nolokunqamlezo

Kwihlabathi elithe lajikela kakhulu, imigaqo ephindwayo yengozi ivavanywa lulwaphulo-mthetho olunqamlezileyo. Umzekelo, umntu okhululweyo kwelinye ilizwe angajamelene netyala kwelinye ukwenzela isenzo esinye. Iintlanganiso kunye neendibano zezizwe ngezizwe, njengeRome Sigmentte of the International Criminal Court, ifuna ukudibanisa le miba, kodwa ukungavumelani kusekho. I-European Union iye yasebenzisa ii-bies kwi-ibhem''' [[[[FLTLT:1] umgaqo kwiSChekthing 54 yeSchengen Convention, barrive-rection ephakathi kwe-EURC' i-prose i-ronacial ngenxa yetyala elifanayo emva kwesigqibo sokugqibela kwilungu.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zomdlali Oyintloko

Abakhuseli

Umngcipheko ophindwe kabini unika uxolo lwengqondo olubalulekileyo lokuba urhulumente akanakusoloko ebakhathaza emva kokugwetywa. Kwakhona ikhuthaza intsebenziswano nenkqubo, njengokuba abamangalelwa besazi ukuba isibongozo sibangela ugqibelo. Noko ke, abamangalelwa kufuneka bazi ukuba ityala likhulu elingaphandle. Ngokufana nokujongana netyala likarhulumente emva kokuba urhulumente ekhulula ` kwaye uceba ukuzikhusela kwabo ngokufanelekileyo. Igqwetha le-savvy liza kuqwalasela enoba ihambo efanayo inganyusa kusini na kwityala eliphindaphindiweyo okanye ukurhoxa okuninzi.

Abatshutshisi

Abatshutshisi kufuneka bagqibe ngocoselelo ukuba ziziphi izityholo ezizakubekwa kwifayile nangayiphi inkundla. Ukugwetywa okugqithisileyo kungakhokelela kukholoso oluncinane oluthintela ukutshutshiswa kamva kwityala elinzulu kakhulu. Ngokuchasene noko, ukugwetywa kusenokuphumela ekuxolelweni okuthi kubekho nasiphi na isenzo esithe gqolo. Le mfundiso ikwanyanzela abatshutshisi ukuba banikele bonke ubungqina obukhoyo ekuvavanyweni, njengokuba bengenakuphinda bavule ityala emva kokungafihliwa.

Amaxhoba

Kumaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho, ingozi ephindwe kabini ingaziva ingekho sesikweni kakhulu xa umenzi omsulwa ethintela umenzi ukuba angabi natyala kwakhona, ingakumbi ukuba ubungqina obutsha kamva buye babonakala. Amaqela amaxhoba asoloko enyanzela utshintsho ukuze avumele ukuphinda afumane ubungqina "bokuzingqina ngokucacileyo". Noko ke, lo mgaqo ukhusela amaxhoba ekubeni angayi ukuphinda axele umvandeza. Umlinganiselo ucekethe.

Isiphelo

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini buhlala bulukhuseleko olubalulekileyo kwiimeko zobugqwirha, beqinisekisa ukuba abantu abachatshazelwanga kwixhala, iindleko, kunye nehlazo lokumangalelwa ngetyala elifanayo. Imvelaphi yalo kumthetho oqhelekileyo kunye nokuchanabeka kwayo kuMphengululo wesihlanu kubonisa ukuzinikela okunzulu kokusesikweni nokugqibelela. Kodwa imfundiso ayiphelelanga ngokupheleleyo; ngaphandle kokuba zigwetywe ngokwahlukeneyo, iimpazamo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nezenzo zoluntu ezivumela ukuba kubekho ulungelelwano kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo.

Njengokuba iinkqubo zomthetho ziguquka kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olunqamlezileyo, umgaqo uza kuqhubeka ujongena nocelomngeni. Ingxoxo emalunga nokuvumela uvavanyo kwakhona olusekelwe kubungqina obutsha, umlinganiselo wesohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwemithetho yezizwe ngezizwe izakubumba ikamva lobungozi obuphindwe kabini. Okwangoku, ihlala ilukhuselo olubalulekileyo, ilungelelanisa amandla emeko kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya, bona [[FLT: 0] uluvo lweNkundla yoLwazi oluPhakamileyo lweNkqutyana yoLuntu yeNkcubeko yezeMpatho-mthetho , i- U.S. Isebe lemigaqo yeJaji, kunye noluvo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo ku [[FLT:]][FLT]] [[FLT:]] [5]] Guguarging v. United States (20:9]). . Unyango olubanzi lwemfundo lunokufunyanwa olu phawu lomthetho olu nqaku [FLT]