Isifungo Esingcwele: Uhambo LweOath Loodesil Olwenziwe Ngezopolitiko NamaMedia

Isifungo somongameli somsebenzi singaphezulu kokwenza umgaqo-siseko. Sisifungo sikawonke-wonke sokuzinikela kumthetho, isithethe esiphawula ukufuduswa kolawulo ngoxolo, kunye nexesha elidibanisa inkokeli entsha kwiinjongo eziphakamileyo zohlanga. Kangangeenkulungwane, le ngcaciso incinane ibonise ubunzima obungokomfuziselo. Kulo Merika yanamhlanje, isifungo sobomi besibini, njengoko sikho kwisixhobo esikwindawo ephakamileyo yolawulo lwe-Donallywoopenland, i-luninpin kwimidlalo ye-televi, kunye nesixhobo esinentsingiselo ephambili kwingxoxo yezobupolitika. Hayi indlela esibonisa nokuthetha kwezothengiso nokuthetha ngezomthetho-siseko solawulo lwe-demokhrasi, ukuhlolisisa indima ebanzi ye-demokhrasi, i-graccodentiat, i-dmist, i-migropotial, i-mist drapt, i-mist, intetho yayo yezopolities, nentetho yayo yezo yezopolitimenti, indlela ethetha ngayo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko seNkxaso enguMongameli

Umbhalo noMququzeleli

Esi sifungo simiselwe kwiGatya II, iCandelo 1, u-Claus 8 loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S.: “Ndifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekisa) ukuba ngokuthembeka ndiya kuphumeza iOfisi kaMongameli waseUnited States, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa ngcono kakhulu ubuchule bam, ndigcine, ndikhusele kwaye ndikhusele uMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States.” Ukufinyeza okubhaliweyo kuphikisana nenjongo yako enzulu. Abaseki, besandul ’ ukulwa utshintsho ngokuchasene nokumkani, bafuna umgaqo wokubopha isigqeba kumthetho kunokuba bafune ibhongo lobuqu. Ngokufuna umongameli ukuba afunge phambi kokugamela igunya, benza isithembiso esinyanzelwa kweso sibhambathiswayo nomgwebo esinguwonke.

Ababhali-mbali baphawula ukuba olu lwimi lwakhethwa ngobuchule. Igama elithi “ngokuthembeka” liphinda umsebenzi womthetho oqhelekileyo we-fduciary, lo gama“ ukhusela, ukhusela kwaye ukhusela” ingumsebenzi olungileyo wokukhusela umgaqo-siseko. Njengomphengululi wesiseko uMichael Gerhardt uchaze , isifungo asingomthetho nje oqhelekileyo, kodwa sisenza umgaqo wokuba akukho mntu, nokuba unamandla kangakanani, umi ngaphezu komthetho.

I-Evolution Yegama Elingunxantathu

Ngeli xesha umbhalo ungekaguquki, umsitho onxulumene nesifungo uvele ngokuphawulekayo. UGeorge Washington wongezelela ibinzana elithi “ndincede uThixo” emva kokuphindaphinda isifungo, isiko elalandelwa kamva oomongameli kodwa alifunwanga ngokomzi - siseko. Indawo ishenxiswa kwinkonzo yangaphambili eFederal Hall yeNtshona yeCapitol, kwaye kutshanje, ukuquka izinto ezidibeneyo okanye eziphakathi kwabantu. Umahluko ngamnye ubonisa amaxabiso neengxaki zexesha. Umzekelo, uMongameli Barrack Obama's 2009 waphinda wamiswa ngenxa yento encinane ekwi-frieb ebhalwe kwi-scalyn, i-screactives. Le mikhosi idla ngokuphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda oku kwemimiselo, ukuqinisekisa izithethe.

Imfihlelo Kulwazi Oluthandwayo: Umfuziselo Nokuxelelwa

Ifilimu ePortrayals: Ukusuka ku “Mongameli waseMerika” ukuya ku“Msindisi Omiselweyo"

I Hollywood ithe yakuqonda okona kunokwenzeka kokufungisa umongameli. Kunyaka-waka we-1995 wesifungo sothando sombutho we-Rob Reiner uMongameli waseMerika , umxhasi we-prognon uphinda isifungo esikude, kodwa ifilimu yakha incoko yayo ekwimeko eshukumayo phakathi kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yobuqu kunye nomsebenzi kawonke-wonke, isandi esithe ngqo sesithembiso sokubhamba i-"uphumezelo lokulungisa i-''. I-ofisi. Ngokucacileyo, uthothotho lukamabonwakude [FLT]] lufaka uphawu oluthe kratya olupheleleyo lwemeko lokusindisa urhulumente yakha izifungo ezijikeleze isifungo: emva kokuhlasela ulawulo lolawulo, ilungu lomgangatho osezantsi kufuneka luphinde luphinde luphinde luqhubeke.

Eminye imizekelo ephawulekayo iquka ifilimu ka-2013 [[FLT: 0] ye-Captain Phillips, apho isifungo singaveli khona kodwa ingcamango yegunya lomongameli isetyenziswa ngonomathotholo kunye negosa lomphathi, kunye ne 2018 filimu iPost, ephambili phakathi kwelungelo lolawulo oluphezulu kunye nenkonzo yomgaqo-siseko. Kwimeko nganye, isifungo sisebenza njengesixhobo esifutshane sento zokhokelo. Imbonakalo yesandla kweBhayibhile (okanye incwadi yomthetho) kunye namazwi athethwayo enza ixesha lomsebenzi wobugcisa obonisa ubuchule bomsebenzi wesicandelelo okanye ubuqhophotho.

Umabonwakude Nemifanekiso Engaqhelekanga

Umabonwakude owenziwe ngohlobo olude mhlawumbi unolwalamano olutyebileyo nesifungo. Iphiko leNtshona , isifungo sibizwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo `kuMongameli uJosia Bartlet' ukucaphula kokuqala kumzuzu xa umongameli Glenallen Walkeren ethatha isifungo phantsi kweemeko ezingaqhelekanga. Umboniso apho u-Bartle aphinda isifungo sakhe emva kokutyhila i-Scletission kwindlu emhlophe uyilungu lodidi oluphambili ekusebenziseni ulwimi lomthetho ukulungiselela ukubeka isimilo sobuqu kwimo yokuphendula.

Kutshanje, Indlu yamakhadi yabuchitha ubungcwele besifungo. UFrank Underwood, umfuziselo weMachiavellian, ucengceleza isifungo ngokupheleleyo ngoxa ezimisele ukusingcatsha. Isifungo sokubonisa siphembelela ababukeli ukuba ukuzinikela kukamongameli kulawulo lwehlabathi lonke kungawunyanzela na umqalisi ozimiseleyo we-autocratat. Ngokufanayo, ungcelele u-Netflix uDiplomat[ uhlolisisa isifungo kumongo wolawulo lwehlabathi lonke, ebonisa indlela abawuchazi ngayo ummiselo wolawulo, ukukhusela, nokukhusela” ungquzukisano lwezomthetho.

Uncwadi Neesuti

Iincwadi zobuntsomi nezingezoziyo zinxulumene nesifungo. Njengo Philip Roth's Icebo lokulwa noMelika khawucinge isifungo apho isifungo somongameli sijijekileyo ukulungiselela iziphelo zolawulo oluphezulu. Roth usebenzisa imbali yeLindbergh depansion ukubonisa indlela umphathi angayibeka ngayo ileta yofungo ngexa ephazamisa umoya wakhe, ngokutshona intetho yeqela lengingqi. Kummandla othe gqiza i-mpuku, u-Harry Turtleve's'''s yembali yembali, [[FLT.[FLT]] [FLT]] uquka imifanekiso apho umongameli athelekisa umoya wakhe woburhulumente, unyusa indlela athelekisa ngayo imo-siseko sobupolitiko.

Uncwadi ludla ngokuxilonga umzuzu wabucala phambi kwesifungo sikawonke-wonke. Izifundo ezifana ne [[FLT: 0] Jeffrey Shapiro's i-Oath ihlola ubunzima bengqondo kumongameli njengoko belungiselela ukuthetha amagama. Imisebenzi enjalo igxininisa ukuba isifungo asiyonto nje elula kodwa singukuzinikela kobuqu okude okuye kwadala isigqibo somongameli kwimbali yonke.

IOath Njengesixhobo Sokugxotha Kwintetho Yezobupolitika

Umthetho Nokunyaniseka

Kwintetho yezobupolitika, isifungo somongameli sicatshulwa rhoqo ukuseka okanye ukucel ’ umngeni ukufaneleka kwenkokeli. Ngokomzekelo, ebudeni bomva wonyulo wama-2020, amalungu eKhomishini acela isifungo xa ephikisana ukuba aqinisekise iivoti zonyulo. UMmeli Liz Cheney wachaza phantsi ukuba ivoti yakhe yokungamthobeli uMongameli uTrump yathathwa “ukuxhasa isifungo endafunga kuso kumGaqo-siseko.” Isifungo saba yi-ankile eluncedo: ngokusimisela, abezobupolitika bamisela izenzo zabo hayi njengokhetho lwe-Rhoverselse kodwa njengezibopho zomGaqo-siseko.

Ngokufanayo, abo bamiselwa njengomongameli bathembisa “ukubuyisela isifungo” okanye“ ukuphila ngesifungo,” becebisa ukuba abachasi babo baphambukile. Oku kufaka isifungo kukulindela uwonke wonke ukuba isifungo sisivumelwano sokuziphatha esisisibophelelo. Xa umongameli ethathwa njengophula isifungo , umzekelo, ngokuyalela inkqubo yokuhlola okungekho mthethweni okanye ngokungavumi ukunyanzela imithetho. /akanye ukunya abachasi bamachaphaza-mastian basebenzisa isifungo njengezizathu zokungagunyaziswa. IKomiti ye House Judiciary ithetha ngokuchasene noMongameli uTrump ngowama-201 ngokucacileyo ukubhekisela ekulaleni kwakhe “ukuphumeza iofisi ngokuthembeka, ukuzobalula izifungo.

Ingxolo Kwimilo Neengxoxo

Ngexesha leengxoxo zephulo, abatshateli basenokucel ’ umngeni ukuthembeka kwesenzo. Iingxoxo zowe-1960 kaKennedy-Nixon zabonisa izifungo ezicacileyo kwisifungo xa uKennedy waphikisa ukuba umongameli umele abe “sisicaka esithembekileyo somgaqo-siseko.” Kutshanje, iingxoxo ezingama-2020 zisoloko zithetha ngesifungo esichaseneyo nezenzo zikaTrump. Isifungo sisebenza njengesixhobo esingaphaya kwemigca yeqela; akukho siphakamisi sobupolitika esisichasayo. Eli cebo lisenza isifungo sikhuseleke kodwa sinamandla sokuhlasela umqondiso wotshaba ngaphandle kokugxuzula kwinqaku elithetha nge-Gqitha.

Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba ikwacacisa indima yesifungo. Iinkqubo zendaba zidla ngokudlala ividiyo yoomongameli bamandulo abasenza isifungo ebudeni bamabali angemtsha oza kubhaptizwa, iqinisa unxulumano phakathi kwesifungo nobugqeba bomongameli. Lo mthumeli weliso unokwenza abavoti abangakhange bavume, ingakumbi abo basijonga njengesifungo njengesithembiso esinzulu.

Imicimbi enxulumeneyo kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho

Isifungo siba sibalasele ngokukodwa ngexesha lobunzima bomgaqo-siseko. Ihlazo leWatergate yee1970 ladala impikiswano enzulu yokuba uMongameli Nixon wayesiphule na isifungo sakhe ngokufihla eso sigqibo. Abaphengululi abasemthethweni baphikisa ngelithi esi sifungo sasifuna asebenzisane nophando. Ingxaki yafikelela kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo (United States v. Nixon) esathi ngandle koko saqinisa ubukhulu besifungo ngokugatya iingcamango zelungelo elipheleleyo lokulawula.

Kutshanje, ukuhlasela kweCapitol kwakhokelela ekuququzelweni kwesifungo. Abenzi bomthetho ababebalekile kwigumbi babuyela ekuqinisekiseni unyulo, bechaza ngokucacileyo ukuba babekwenza oko “ngenxa yokunyaniseka kwisifungo.” USithethi uNancy Pelosi wathetha isifungo kumgangatho ophantsi wathetha izihlandlo ezininzi, kwaye ikomiti eyalandelayo yabonisa ubungqina obukhoyo beziganeko zosuku njengohlaselo kwingqibelelo yesifungo. uLegal kwiming efana noKhuselo olufana noLung Just Security yaphikisa [ ukuba isifungo sasinokusetyenziswa njengesiseko sokungaqukwa kweso phantsi komkelo we-14, nangona ukutolikwa oku kusekho ukuguqulelwa.

Ezinye iimpikiswano, ezifana nenkqubo yokwahlukana kwentsapho yomphathi weTrump kumda, nazo zabangela iingxoxo zolwimi lwesifungo. Abahlalutyi bathi inkqubo yalwaphula isifungo somongameli sokuba “inyameko yokuba imithetho iphumezelwe ngokuthembeka,” ikhomba kwimimiselo efuna ukuphathwa kwabantu abafudukayo. Ulawulo lwaphikisa ukuba isifungo sasifuna ukuba banyanzelise imithetho yokufuduka njengaleyo ibhalwe phantsi. Oku kubonisa indlela esifungo esinokubhetyeniswa ngayo ngamacala omabini ukuxhasa izikhundla ezichaseneyo, ukubhexeka kwaso njengesixhobo sokuphendula.

Umgaqo-nkqubo woluntu nemfundo

Isifungo Nesaziso Sesizwe

KumaMerika amaninzi, isifungo somongameli asiyosithethe sezobupolitika kodwa sifuzisela ukuba singomntu wesizwe. Uphando lwasePeru lufumanise ukuba ama-89% abaphendulayo akujonga ukuthunyelwa koxolo kwegunya , qha isenzo esixhotyiswe sisifungo esinyanzelisa inkqubo yedemokhrasi. Imithendeleko kawonke-wonke, njengokucatshulwa kwesifungo ngexesha lokunikezelwa kwenkonzo, ukutsala izigidi zababukeli. Amazwi esi sifungo adla ngokukhutshwa kwiincwadi, kwiimyuziyamfa, kwimi, nakuxhobisa izibonelelo zemfundo yoluntu.

Noko ke, ukuqonda umahluko wasemthethweni womthetho wolufungo akuphelelanga. Abemi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba isifungo siquka “ukundinceda uThixo” njengemfuneko yomgaqo-siseko, kwaye bambalwa abanokuwukhumbula umbhalo ochanekileyo. Lo msantsa phakathi kwentlonelo yokomfuziselo nolwazi lwenyaniso ungasetyenziswa kakubi ngabefundisi bezobupolitika abacela isifungo ngaphandle kokuchaza intsingiselo yaso esemthethweni. Iinkqubo zemfundo zeCUB zigxininisa ngakumbi intsingiselo yokwenene yesifungo. Iintlangano ezifana noMgaqo-siseko weMelikanean [ .[FLT] zibonelela izinto zokunceda abafundisi kunye nabafundi bahlolisise isifungo njengesifungo esisinyanzelisayo esisemthethweni.

Impembelelo Yamajelo eendaba Ekuqondeni

Amajelo eendaba athandwayo achaza ngendlela uwonke-wonke osiqonda ngayo isifungo. Xa ifilimu echukumisayo ibonisa umongameli ephinda isifungo ngesandla seBhayibhile, iqinisa intsingiselo yonqulo, nangona umGaqo-siseko uvumela ukuvuma ngaphandle kweBhayibhile. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umboniso kamabonwakude obonisa umongameli ophula isifungo ungenza ababukeli baqonde indlela yokuphendula njengengachazi. Ungcelelelo lwe-Netflix [[FLT: 0]] uqukwa i-pillary[ i-allary [irmagessssssss syms nencoko ezixubusha ngempembelelo yayo kwi-Clinnn's Cennice, idibanisa umxholo kunye nengxelo yokufundisa abantu.

Izixhobo zezentlalo zonxibelelwano zifeza indima ekhulayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwezifungo zombutho wasekuhlaleni kuyahlangatyezwa ngokubanzi ngexesha leengxaki, ngokufuthi ngengcaciso ethi ukuncoma okanye ukugxeka ukunamathela komongameli kumagama. Intambo ezingqukuva zihlolisisa ukuba inkqubo ingukwaphula umthetho wokufunga ingangena kwintsholongwane, nto leyo ekhokelela izigidi zabasebenzisi kwiingxoxo ezingokwesiseko. Oku kusetyenziswa komgaqo-siseko wokutolika kunezingenelo zombini (ukuzinziswa kwesizwe) kunye nomngcipheko (ukungaqiniseki ngemiqathango yesifungo).

Isiphelo

Isifungo somongameli sisengundoqo wempucuko yezobupolitika yaseMerika, amazwi ayo alula athwele iinkulungwane zesithethe esingokomthetho, ubunzima bemvakalelo, kunye nokuxelelwa kwengxelo. Kumaziko eendaba adumileyo, isifungo sisebenza njengesikhonkwane esiphawulekayo sokubonakalisa iimpawu zobuntu, intlekele, okanye ukuqhubeka. Kwintetho yezopolitiko, sisebenza njengesixhobo esibonisa ukuba semthethweni, ukuphelisa, okanye ukukhuthaza. Njengoko ilizwe lihamba ixesha elinamandla lokubeka imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi kunye neengxaki zedemokhrasi, indima yesifungo njengesithembiso sikawonke-wonke, `intloko-mfomfono, iphikisana ngeendaba zentsimbi, kwaye ihlalutya namagama athengwa nangakumbi. Ukuqonda indlela esifuno esiboniswa ngayo kwaye esisetyenziswa ngayo kunceda abemi basekuhlaleni xa behlonela intetho yabo, kodwa ixhomekeke nje kwingxelo yempilo, kodwa ixhomekeke kwintelelo yezo inkokeli zikawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke.