Ukwazisa: Asingomntu Oqhelekileyo

Isifungo somongameli wesikhundla simi njengenye yezona zihlandlo zichazayo kubomi bezobupolitika baseMerika. Siqhutywa rhoqo kwiminyaka emine ngoJanuwari 20, umsitho wokunikezelwa ubonisa ukufuduswa koxolo kwegunya(imbombo yedemokhrasi) yokulawula. Kodwa isifungo ngokwaso singaphezulu kakhulu kunomthetho owesithethe. Sisivumelwano sikawonke-wonke phakathi komongameli ozayo nabantu baseMerika, ixesha elidlulayo ukucalucalula nokuvuselela ingqiqo eyahlukeneyo yesizwe. Kwixesha lokubekwa kwemithetho yezopolitiko, isenzo esilula sokuphakamisa isandla nokuphindaphindezela amagama angama-35 siba sisikhumbuzo esinamandla soko kumanyanisa uhlanga: ukuzinikela kumthetho, ulawulo lomthetho, nokuhlala kwenkululeko, imicimbi yenkululeko, kunye nedemokhrasi.

Ukunikezelwa komongameli ngamnye kutsalela izigidi zababukeli emhlabeni wonke, ukusuka kwabo bahlanganisene kwiMall yesiZwe ukuya kwabo babebukele besuka ekhaya. Esi siganeko sisekelwe kwisithethe: umboniso, idilesi yokuvula, imithandazo, kunye nomculo konke konke kuqinisa ubunzulu besihlandlo. Kodwa kwinkangeleko yaso sonke sisifungo. Ulwimi lwaso luye lwahlala lungatshintshanga ukususela ngonyaka wewaka linamakhulu asibhozo. Oku kuqhubeka kuluhlobo lomanyano, --a umsonto odibanisa ixesha elidlulileyo, elikhoyo nelizayo. Ukuqonda intsingiselo enzulu yesifungo kusinceda siqonde isizathu sokuba kusesona sifungo esibalulekile kulawulo-demokhrasi lwaseMelika.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko weSibonda

Isifungo somongameli sisekelwe kwiGatya II, iCandelo 1, u-Claussice 8 woMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Isifungo esingqalileyo sisithi: " ndifunga ngokunzulu ukuba ngokuthembekileyo ndiza kuphumeza i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa ngcono kakhulu kumandla am, ndigcine, ndikhusele kwaye ndikhusele uMgaqo-siseko wase-United States. Lo mbhalo kuphela isifungo sesikhundla esichazwe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, ugxininise ukubaluleka kwaso kwesiseko. I-Citalifier "okanye uqinisekisa" ivumela abo baneempikiswano zonqulo ukuba bafunge isifungo esinzulu sokwenza isifungo endaweni yokuqinisekisa umgaqo wonqulo.[FLT]

Abafaki-Zibonelelo bafaka isifungo ngabom ngaphakathi kweQumrhu II, elichaza isebe eliphetheyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba isenzo sokuqala somongameli singummiselo kawonke wonke wokuphakamisa umthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Njengoko ugcino-lwazi lweSizwe luchaza [, le mfuneko iqinisekisa ulwahlulo kwaye iqinisekisa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Isifungo asithathiswa kwiqela lezobupolitika, umgaqo wezopolitiko, okanye kwana kubantu ngokuthe ngqo. Lo mahluko uthathwa ngqo kwiMigaqo-siseko ngokwayo. Lo mahluko uchuku kodwa obalulekileyo nguwo owenza isifungo sibe namandla amanyanisayo: ithumela ukunyaniseka kumaqela azimeleyo kurhulumente waseMelika.

Amazwi Abuhlungu: Ukuwaphula Amanzi

Ibinzana ngalinye lesifungo linentsingiselo enzulu. ngokuthembeka ukuphumeza i-ofisi kaMongameli" ubeka umsebenzi wengqibelelo nokukhuthala, efanekisela indima yomongameli njengentloko yegunya. " kwigunya eliphambili lobuchule bam"[[FLT: 3] uvuma ukungaphumeleli komntu ngelixa ufuna umgudu wokunyaniseka. [[FLT:]]] ukhusela nokukhusela uMgaqo-siseko" ngumthetho ongundoqo, ofuna umongameli asebenze njengomgcini wemithetho engundoqo wesizwe. Ngokungafani namanye amazwe amaninzi apho intloko yesizwe ingurhulumente enyaniseko kulawulo lwe-modeli okanye udidi lwe-modelistmea, uxwebhu olubhaliweyo ngabantu abalawulayo.

Kwiinkulungwane, kuphela ulwandiso oluncinane oluye lwenziwa. Okubalulekileyo, uGeorge Washington wongeza amagama ngoko ke ndincede uThixo" emva kokucengceleza isifungo, umkhwa oye waba sisithethe (nangona ungekho siseko) phantse wonke umongameli ukususela ngoko. Olu hlomelo lucebisile impikiswano ngolwahlulo lwecawa norhulumente, kodwa lukwabonisa iinkolelo zobuqu zoomongameli abaninzi abazise eofisini. Ukutshintsha okanye ukuwayeka la mazwi kugxininisa ukuguquka kwesifungo `a'.

Amaxesha Embali: Ioli Njengendawo Ephambili Yomanyano

Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, isifungo somongameli siye sasebenza njengophawu olunamandla lomanyano, ingakumbi ngamaxesha amanqam okanye amacandelo. La maxesha asikhumbuza ukuba lo mbhiyozo asiyosithethe nje kodwa kukuphinda uqinisekiswe injongo yesizwe.

UGeorge Washington: Ukucwangcisa iLinga

NgoAprili 30, 1789, uGeorge Washington wathatha isifungo sokuqala somongameli kwiveranda yeHolo yeFederal kwisiXeko saseNew York. Olu hlanga lutsha lwalubuthathaka, amaziko alo aluzange avavanywe. Isidima esizolileyo seWashington kunye nolwandiso lwakhe oluzenzekelayo lwe-" ngoko ke ndincede ukuba ndifumane umqondiso wokuba umongameli uyakuba yiofisi yeRiphabliki, hayi ulawulo lwakhe lokwamkela isithsaba okanye ummiselo wobomi bakhe wokulungisa isifungo soxolo esiza kuqhubeka sifuzisela.

UAbraham Lincoln: Ukumanyana

Mhlawumbi akukho kunikezelwa okuninzi okunengxaki njengeyamntwana uAbraham Lincoln yokuqala ngo1861. Amazwe asemazantsi ayesele ehlukene, kwaye imfazwe yamakhaya yayisele isondele. ULincoln waya eWashington emfihlekweni phakathi kwezisongelo zokubulala. Kumanyathelo eCapitol, wathabatha isifungo waza wanikela intetho eyabhenela "iizithunywa zezulu ezingcono zendalo yethu. Ukuzimisela Kwakhe ukugcina i-Umanyano kwabanjwa kwisifungo sakhe. [FFF:] [5] [FFF] [5]

I-Franklin D. Roosevelt: Ukuqina Kwingxaki

Franklin D. Roosevelt wathabatha isifungo izihlandlo ezine, kuquka ngowe-1933 njengoko ukuhlahlela kolawulo olukhulu nokudodobala kobuzwilakhe kwalubamba uhlanga. Umgca wakhe odumileyo kwidilesi yokuqala `" okukuphela kwento esimele sisoyike yiyo ukoyika ngokwayo"[] . [ukudityaniswa kwesivumelwano somthetho-mthetho kunye nesiqinisekiso sokuphendula imibuzo kwanceda ukubuyisela intembelo kawonke-wonke. Ukusetyenziswa kukanomathotholo kunye nomfanekiso wefilimu kamva kwazisa isifungo sombhino-oksithetho kumakhaya aseMelika, kwenze amava ahlukeneyo ngenxa yezigidi. Uhlanga olubethwaxwe kukuphelelwa lithemba, isenzo esilula sokubona umongameli efunga ukuxhasa umGwaljikelo lwaso sanceda ukubukhalisasa.

URonald Reagan: Ukubuyela Kwithemba

Unikezelo lokuqala lukaRonald Reagan ngo-192 lwenzeka kwicala elingaphambili lengxaki yabathinjwa kunye nokukhutshwa kwezoqoqosho. Ngokukhetha ukuqhuba umbhiyozo kwiNtshona yoMkhosi weCapitol/a ukusuka kwimpuma-mpuma .Reagan ngokufuziselayo waguqula ujongo lohlanga oluya ngasentshona, ngakwixesha elizayo lokukhula nokuvuselelwa. Isifungo sakhe, esasilawulwa nguMongameli uWarren Burger, salandelwa yidilesi eyayithetha " ngemini eMerika. Umbhiyo wawungo wexesha eliqhelekileyo kwimbali, njengoko amaMerika elambile, enxanela ukusetyenziswa kwethemba elivulelweyo. Ukugxininisa kobuzwe nokuzimela kwabantu ngabanye, ukuqinisekisa ingcamango engokwakubantu.

Ibharack Obama: Imbali Ecacileyo Nethemba

Ubama wafaka isifungo sokuqala sikaBarack Obama ngo-2009 esithelekelelwa kwiNational Mall/8 lena qela likhulu lokunikezelwa kwembali. Kuninzi, umongameli wakhe wamela inyathelo eliyimbali elibhekiselele kumanyano lohlanga. Noko ke, ikomkhulu lejaji yawahlula ngokudumekileyo amagama, kwaye uObama kwafuneka aphinde enze isifungo ngasese ngosuku olulandelayo ukuqinisekisa ukufezeka komgaqo-siseko. Lo mhlawumbi, ngelixesha elinzima, lagxininisa ukubaluleka okuthe ngqo okuthe ngqo kwamazwi aqinisekiswe ngaso kanye isifungo. Umthetho wesibini waquka ukugxininisa amalungelo ee, imoyezobufana nemozulu, ebonisa indlela esinokuthi isifungo sibonise ngayo ukutshintsha izinto eziphambili zesizwe. I-FLD [FLD] u-FPPP]

UJoe Biden: Ukubuyisela Izithethe Emva Kwesiphithiphithi

Ukwenziwa komsebenzi wolawulo-mpumlo ka-2021 kaJoe Biden kwenzeke phantsi kokhuseleko olungaqhelekanga emva kohlaselo lwe-6 Capitol. Ukufuduswa koxolo lwamandla, ngokufuthi okuthatyathwa lula, kwakubonakala kubuthathaka. Isifungo sikaBiden, esasiphethwe yiNkulumbuso John Roberts, sasikukuvuselelwa ngesiquphe kwemithetho yedemokhrasi. Ababukeli behlabathi lonke babejongene njengoko umongameli omtsha wayebeka isandla sakhe kwiBhayibhile eyayisentsatsheni yakhe kangangenkulungwane. Inkonzo yeSifungo se-(85) ngaphandle kwezihlwele eziqhelekileyo, kodwa sinobukho bomkhosi obunzima, kodwa sinobungqina obucacileyo obusaqhubeka bukho. Intetho yeBhiden igxininise kakhulu kumanyano, ephinda isikhankamelo sikaLincoln senjongo yayo.[FLD:][FF1]

Izithethe Ezingqonge Ingxowa: Ziqinisa Umanyano

Isifungo somongameli asikho sodwa. Sifakwe kwimibhiyozo eninzi ekhulisa isiphumo saso somanyano. Imini yokwenziwa komanyano ikhutshwa ngenyameko ukugxininisa ucwangco, ukuqhubeka, nokuqhayisa kwesizwe.

Isicwangciso: Amanyathelo Ecapitol

Ukususela ngo-1 1981, isifungo besisenziwa kwiNtshona-Mmandla ye-Capitol yase-U.S. sinika imbonakalo ebanzi yeSizwe samaMall, iMenualm, kunye neSikhumbuzo seLincoln kumgama. Oku kubonakala kufuzisela ngabom: umongameli omtsha ujonge izikhumbuzo zeenkokeli zakudala kunye nendawo evulekileyo apho abantu bahlanganisana khona. Ukukhethwa kwendawo kuqinisa ingcamango yokuba umongameli usebenzela abantu kwaye asebenze kwisithunzi sembali. Isakhiwo iCapitol ngokwaso, njengesihlalo seBhunga, simele lonke isebe leRograviment, likhumbuza bonke oko kudibana kwesiphatho sabantu esiphetheyo nomnye urhulumente.

IBhayibhile Nezinto Ezifuziselayo

Uninzi loomongameli bakhetha ukubeka isandla sabo kwiBhayibhile, kwaye bakhetha ukubeka inxalenye yeBhayibhile. UGeorge Washington wasebenzisa iBhayibhile ebolekwe kwiSikolo sikaJohn No. 1. UAbraham Lincoln wasebenzisa iBhayibhile yeNkundla Ephakamileyo. UBarack Obama wasebenzisa iBhayibhile yeLincoln. UDonald Trump wasebenzisa iiBhayibhile ezimbini: enye enikwe ngunina wakhe neyeBhayibhile yaseLincoln. UJoe Biden wasebenzisa iBhayibhile ebikho entsatsheni yakhe ukususela ngowe-1893. Nangona ukusetyenziswa kweBhayibhile yeNkundla Ephakamileyo kungafunwanga, kuqinisa ukufaneleka kweso sihlandlo. Kuba umongameli uDonald Trump unqwenela ukuqinisekisa ngaphandle kweBhayibhile (njengeRodosedvelt neSyn Adams), ukhetho lufumaneka ngokuqhubekayo. Oku kugxininisalo olusemthethweni, ukusetyenziswa kokungasetyenziswa kwemithetho esemthethweni.

Idilesi Eqhelekileyo: Umbono Womanyano

Ngokukhawuleza emva kokufunga, umongameli unika intetho yokuqalisa. Ezi ntetho zisoloko zisebenza njengesicelo somanyano lwesizwe, ingakumbi emva konyulo olunengxabano. Imizekelo entle iquka iLincoln’s [[FLT: 0]" izithunywa zezulu ezingcono" intetho, i-FDR' "" ukoyika" [[[[FLT:]"" idilesi ye-JFLT] [[FLT], iquka i-JFLT'''' "]" ayiyiboni into elinokukwenzela wena" njengenjongo eqhelekileyo, ingeyonke injongo, kwaye i-FLT' i-ftting''.[FLLT] kunye nomanyano lwe-Geneargs .[FLL]

Ingxaki, Isidlo Esimnandi Nemithandazo

Emva kwesifungo, lo mongameli mtsha uthatha inxaxheba kwilungu lesidlo sasemini eliququzelelwa yiKomiti yeQela eliManyeneyo ye-Inaugtural Ceremonies, elandelwa lumboniso wezomkhosi wePennsylvania Avenue. Amaqela omkhosi, amaqela oluntu, kunye nokudada kwemida kubhiyozela ukuguquka. Olu mboniso luyimbonakaliso ebonakalayo yekratshi lesizwe. Ngaphezu koko, ukunikezelwa komsebenzi womthandazo womanyano, ngokufuthi ubanjelwa ngentsasa lombhiyo eSt. ICawa kaJohn inqumla ukusuka kwiNdlukwano yesiBhithi. La maqela onqulo, nangona engeyonxalenye yesifungo ngokwayo, inegalelo kwingqiqo kunye nomanyano. Bakhumbuza abathathi benxaxheba ukuba ukudluliswa kwegunya kungumsebenzi wonqulo olusemthethweni kunye nesemgangathweni, lowo ubiza iintsikelelo kwintlalo mkhosi lolawulo olutsha.

Isigidimi: Abantu BaseMerika

Isifungo sisenzeka kuwonke wonke, sidla ngokungqinelana namakhulu amawaka, ukuba asingobemi abangamawaka. Kwangonyaka wama-2021, xa uwonke wonke wayengekho ngenxa yemiqathango yobhubhani nenkxalabo yokhuseleko, isifungo sasasazwa kuwo onke amanethwekhi amakhulu kwaye saqukuqela emhlabeni wonke. Abaphulaphuli abasebenzi; ubukho babo (okanye umboniso) buguqula umbhiyozo ube kukuphinda uphindekezekezelo. Abantu abavotela ukulahlekelwa ngumbutho basoloko bemxelel-mza, bebonakalisa ulwamkelo lwabo lweziphumo zedemokhrasi. Izixhobo zokunxibelelana kwabemi bavakalisa lo mphumo, ngokuhambisana, ukucaphula, nokusabela. Ngaloo ke isifungo siba singumbandela owahlukeneyo, uqinisekisa ingcamango yokuba u-Pescesterineuss ungo wamazwe onke aseMerika, kungakhathalisekilandlands, kungakhathaliseki iqela leqela.

Isiqu nomqondiso wesizwe: Ukubonakaliswa Kwezigqibo zeMerika

Isifungo somongameli sisisipili sokuzichaza kwamaMelika. Sichaza imigaqo esisiseko sesizwe: ulawulo lomthetho, idemokhrasi, inkululeko, kunye nesigqibo soxolo sengxubevange yezopolitiko. Isifungo asikhankanyi ingcamango ethile, unqulo, okanye ubuzwe. Sisifungo esithe ngqo kuxwebhu olunenkcazelo ````umGaqo-siseko''''). Le ngcamango ngokwayo iyisiseko sengxoxo kunye nokutshintsha kwelizwe. Lo mbono isenza isifungo esisusela phezulu kwisikhundla esiphezulu. Nabani na ofikelela kwiimfaneleko zomgaqo-siseko unokuba ngumongameli, nokuba uvela kuJohn F. Kennedy, umongameli wokuqala ongumKatolika, kuBackbama, umongameli wokuqala wase-Arank, umongameli we-Aratian, isifungo ebengumgangatho ophezulu wesikhundla sahlukeneyo kwinkokeli abahlukahlukeneyo.

Ngaphezu koko, isifungo sisikhumbuzo sokuzinziswa kwelizwe. Siye sacatshulwa ngexesha lemfazwe noxolo, udandatheko nempumelelo, ihlazo kunye noloyiso. Ukuqhubekeka komsitho kunika imvakalelo yozinzo ngamaxesha otshintsho. Iingxelo zeNdlu emhlophe zembali [ phawula ukuba umongameli ngamnye uye wasithatha nzulu isifungo, ngokufuthi eqhelisa amagama kunye nexesha. Oku kuqhubeka kunika ingqiqo yozinzo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kudibanisela bonke oomongameli, kwaye kwandisa, bonke abantu baseMerika, ngokulinganayo.

Isifungo Segunya Lolawulo - melo

Kumazwe amaninzi, ukudluliswa kwamandla kuphawulwa lugonyamelo, ukruthakruthwano, okanye ukulawulwa ngolawulo olungqongqo. I-United States ayifezekanga, kodwa ukufuduselwa ngoxolo kwegunya ngesifungo sesikhundla kuphawulo solawulo-melo lwayo. Unyulo lwama-2020 kunye nemingeni eyalandelayo ivavanyiwe ukuba umgaqo oqhelekileyo, kodwa isifungo somongameli Biden sibonakalisa ukuba inkqubo ebambekayo. Isifungo sisikhumbuzo sosuku ngalunye kumongameli sokuba igunya labo lifumaneka kumGaqo-siseko, hayi kwigunya eliqhelekileyo okanye amandla. Kwakhona sisebenza njengovavanyo: nawuphi na umongameli osocaphula isifungo unokuba ngummangalisi. Lo mGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa imbono yokuba akukho mntu umgangatho womthetho.

Umanyano Kwiintlobo Ezingafaniyo: Ulwalamano Lwesithombo Olunwenwayo

Njengokuba ilizwe liye lahluka kakhulu, likwanjalo nemibhiyozo. Kutshanje ukunikezelwa, iimbongi, iimvumi, kunye nezithethi ezisuka kwiimvelaphi ezahlukeneyo ziye zabelana ngeqonga. Imisebenzi yomculo iquka i-genres ukusuka kwiklasi ukuya kwivangeli yengingqi ukuya kwi-styheap. Oku kuqukwa kweelwimi ezininzi (njengokuba kwiSipanishi kwimithandazo ethile) kunye neenkolo (umYuda, umSilamsi, umHindu, umBhuda, njalo njalo njalo) zibonakalisa ubuninzi bebutho laseMelika. Umbhishobhiso ngokwawo, noko ke, uhlala uhleli phantsi kombhalo walo wesingeso sobuGqhinga obunye. Oku kudityaniswe nokutshintsha kubandakanya intsingiselo yeMelika [FLT: 0] u-parum, u-FLDish, nj.[FLD1]

Iintsomi Nezigxeko: Igqubuthelo Eliphantsi Kobuchule

Ngoxa isifungo sihlonelwa kakhulu, asikhange siphazanyiswe yimpikiswano. Enye impikiswano ephindaphindwayo ibhekisele kwibinzana " ngoko ndincede kuThixo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi siphazamisa umahluko phakathi kwecawa nezwe, ingakumbi xa oomongameli besisebenzisa esithe ngqo. Noko ke, abaxhasi bachaza ukuba asiyomfuneko kwaye ithethwa ngumongameli omninzi, ibonakalisa isithethe eside. Inkundla ephakamileyo ayizange ilawule kwimiqathango yayo, kwaye iinkundla ezisezantsi zisoloko ziphakamisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengomthendeleko. Enye impikiswano ekhoyo xa oomongameli bekhetha ukusebenzisa iBhayibhile ethetha iziganeko zembali okanye ezopolitiki, njengokuba uDonald Srumslin isebenzisa iBhayibhile ku-2017. Ezinye iingxoxo ezithiyo ngokufanayo, zibona le mithetho ephambili yemithetho esetyenziswa ngomthetho ka-Oma.

Ngokubhekele phaya, isifungo sigxekwe njengesinganyanzeliswanga ngokwaneleyo. Bambi baphikisa ngelithi akukho sicwangciso samazwi esinokuqinisekisa ukubulawa ngokuthembeka, ingakumbi xa oomongameli kamva beye baphazamisana neembopheleleko zabo (umz., Nixon, Clinton). Kodwa ubukho benkqubo yokungathomalali bubonisa ukuba isifungo sicetyelwe ukunyanzelwa. Isibakala sokuba ukuvukela kukhokelela kwiziphumo zezobupolitika sibonakalisa ubunzulu besifungo. Ngale ndlela, isifungo asingomfuziselo nje; singummiselo osemthethweni nokuziphatha okunento ebaluleke ngokwenene.

Isiphelo: Amandla Ahlala Ehleli Omphathi

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla sisesona sibonelelo sibalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika. Ngaphezu kokuba linyathelo eliphambili, lixesha lomanyano eliqinisekisa imilinganiselo engundoqo yesizwe. Libhulorho engokwembali, lidibanisa abemi ukutyhubela imigca yezobupolitika, lize linike i-ankile eqinileyo kumaxesha anzima. Amagama ngokwawo ```akhusela, akhusela, akhusela umGaqo-siseko(*) ukhuselwe ukuba asebenze njengegosa-gosa-demokhrasi. Njengoko eli lizwe liqhubeka liziqhelanisa, ngokungathandabuzekiyo esi sifungo siya kuhlala sinjalo: isifungo sokuxhasa umthetho nokukhonza abantu.