Ukuqalisa Iindlela Zokuvavanya Izaphuli - mthetho

Iimvavanyo zezaphuli-mthetho zingundoqo kwinkqubo yokulawula ityala eUnited States. Zilungiselela ukungqinwa kwetyala ukuze kungqinwe ukuba linetyala kwaye kukhuselwe ukuvavanya ityala likarhulumente, konke phantsi kolawulo lomgwebi ongakhethiyo. Iinkqubo ezilawula ezi ziko zicetyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba zisesikweni, ukukhusela amalungelo abamangalelwa, nokugcina intembelo yasesidlangalaleni kwijaji.

Imigaqo engqongqo ekhokelwayo equka ukubonakala kobumsulwa, umthwalo womtshutshisi wokungqina ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandatyuzwa, kunye nelungelo lommangalelwa lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni nangokubanziswa kwabantu bonke. Le migaqo ifakwe kwiSindululo soMphetho-mvakaliso kunye namanye amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. Nangona ityala ngalinye lihlukile, isiseko esisisiseko setyala sihlala siqinile, sinika inkqubo ethe ngqo elungelelanisa izilangazelelo zelizwe kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ukujongana

Ngaphambi kokuba ityala liqalise, amanyathelo aliqela abalulekileyo ayenzekayo alo nto ingulo. Emva kokuba ummangalelwa emangalelwe, ityala libekwa kwindawo apho kufundwa khona izityholo kwaye kungene isibongozo. Ukuba ummangalelwa ucela ukungabi natyala, ityala liqhubekeka. Iintshukumo zetyala . Ngokungathi kunyanzeleka ukucinezela ubungqina, ukuhamba ngeminxeba kwi-limine, okanye ukuthatha inyathelo lokutshintsha indawo/ukubekwa kwenye indawo, kuxatyiswa kwaye kugqitywe ngumgwebi. I-scroscove ivumela omabini amacala ukuba atshintshise ubungqina kunye noluhlu. La macandelo angaphambili ayimfuneko ekuvavaneni kwetyala kwaye aqinisekise ukuba ukuvavanywa ngokwawo ngokwako kujoliswe kumacandelo nezibakalaniso. Nangona kungenjalo kukwinxalenye yokuvavanywa okufanelekileyo, achaphazela ngoko aza kukubona nokuva.

Iziganeko Zetyala Lezaphuli - mthetho

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho liqhubeka ngothotho lwemigangatho echazwe kakuhle. Iqonga ngalinye linenjongo eyahlukileyo kwaye lilawulwa yimithetho ethile. Amacandelo alandelayo achaza la macandelo ngokweenkcukacha.

Ukhetho

Ityala liqala ngokukhethwa kwabachopheli-tyala, okwaziwayo njenge-voir brain. Ngexesha lodanyazo, ijaji kunye namagqwetha babuza abanokuba ngabagwebi ukuba bagqibe ngokungakhethi macala kunye namandla abo okugqiba ngetyala elikhoyo kuphela. Injongo kukufumana i-mpaneral couver elungileyo nengagwetywanga. Ii-autney zinokuvavanya iijaji (umz., ikhethe, phambi kolwazi lomba) kwaye ziyakwazi ukusebenzisa inani elilinganiselweyo lemingeniselo yokuzingela, nto leyo evumela ukuba bagxothe ijaji ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu. Noko ke, iingxaki zokucingela alunakusetyenziswa kwisixhobo sokulungisa, njengoko kusungulwe [FLD:] Bsonn.[FLT] kunye neemeko ezilandelayo.[Foctvo]

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Emva kokuba abachopheli-tyala befunqulwe, umtshutshisi kunye nenkundla yokuzithethelela banikela iingxelo zokuvula. Ingtshutshiso ihamba kuqala, inikela ushwankathelo lobungqina efuna ukubungenisa kunye nengcamango yetyala. Ukhuseleko lungathetha ingcaciso yokuvula ngokukhawuleza emva kwetyala okanye luyigcine de kube emva kwetyala lomtshutshisi. Iingxelo zokuvula aziyo iimpikiswano; zikukujongisisa oko kwicala ngalinye lilindele ukukubonisa. Ii-Attorney azivunyelwanga ukuphikisa imfanelo okanye ukubhena ngeemvakalelo ngexesha lokuvula. Iingxelo ezisebenzayo zinceda abachobi baqonde umongo wobungqina kwaye bagxininise kwimibandela engundoqo.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Umba ophambili wetyala kukunikelwa kobungqina. Ityala lithwele ubunzima bobungqina kwaye linikela ubungqina kuqala. Ubungqina busenokuba bubungqina (amangqina), ikhompyutha (amangqina, iirekhodi), okanye ubungqina bokwenene (izixhobo, iminwe). Ingxilongo ibiza amangqina kunye neenkalo ezingqalileyo, emva koko inokuba nethuba lokunqumla i-presentuxamine. Emva kokuba ingxengxengxezo ikho, ingqiniseko inganikela ubungqina bayo, iquka ukubiza amangqina nokuchaza imiqondiso. Ingqwalaselo isenokukhetha ukuphelisa ngaphandle kokukholelwa ukuba ukutshutshiswa kuhlulekile ukuhlangabezana noxanduva. Ngokufunyanisekileyo, amagqwetha anokuveza imibuzo okanye abonise, kwaye agweba imithetho echasayo. Imithetho engakumbi ye-Federal Arvestices (ends) ilawula ingumthetho elungeleneyo.

Uhlalutyo oluthe ngqo kunye nolwahlulo

Uvavanyo olungqalileyo luvumela iqela ukuba lithandabuze amangqina alo ukukhupha ubungqina obulungileyo. Ukugada imibuzo kudla ngokuvalwa ekuhlolweni okungqalileyo ukuze kuphetshwe ukukhuthaza. Ukunqamleza okukwelinye icala, kuvumela iqela elichasayo ukuba livavanye ukuthembeka kwengqina, libhence ukungangqini kunye nokubhenca. Ii- Cross presexaminers zingasebenzisa imibuzo ekhokelayo. Uvavanyo lokulungisa i-Alatectal lungalandela ukucacisa okanye ukuguqula ubungqina emva kokunqamleza umnqamlezo. Ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, liqinisekiswe yiSix6th Amend, liqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lunethuba elinentsingiselo lokunqamleza i-Prexamine.

Ubungqina

Ubungqina buchazwa njengobungqina obungqalileyo okanye obubodwa. Obufana nobungqina obuthe ngqo bobungqina bokommangalelwa obenzile ulwaphulo-mthetho, bungqina ngqo inyani. Ubungqina obuyiko bufuna intsingiselo yokudibanisa inyani. Umzekelo, ukufumana iminwe yommangalelwa ekwindawo eboniswa kuyo. Zombini ezi ndlela zingaba zanele ukuxhasa ukuqiniseka. Ngaphezu koko, amangqina olwazi lwawo olukhethekileyo luza kunceda ijaji. Ukungaqiniseki kobungqina obungoochwepheshe kulawulwa ngemilinganiselo enjenge

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba bunikeziwe bonke ubungqina, amagqwetha anikela iimpikiswano zokuvala. Iimpikiswano zokuvala zithuba lokugqibela lokuqinisekisa icala ngalinye. Ingxengxezo iphikisa isizathu sokuba ubungqina bungqine ityala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo, ngoxa ukhuseleko lubalaselisa ubuthathaka, ukungangqinelani, okanye ukungaqiniseki. Amagqwetha asenokugqabaza ngobungqina aze enze iingcaciso ezisengqiqweni, kodwa angakwazi ukuwuchaza ngokuphosakeleyo umthetho okanye abandakanyeke kwizibongozo ezingafanelekanga. Ingxengxengxezo inikela impikiswano yokuqala yokuqukumbela, ilandelwa yi-jajingi, ize ke ingxengxenge inikele ingxelo yokuphinda ingqinela. Impumelelo i-Attlesstings ingey incoko engqinelayo engqinelanayo exhasa ingcamango yeqela le mbambano.

Imiyalelo ye Jury

Phambi kokuba ijaji iqalise ukuququzelela, ijaji ifunda imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala (ekwabizwa ngokuba sisohlwayo). Le miyalelo icacisa umthetho onxulumeneyo, iziqalelo zetyala, umthwalo wobungqina, neemfuno zokufumana isigqibo. Ijaji isenokunika imiyalelo kwimithetho encinane equka amatyala ukuba ixhaswa bubungqina. Zombini iigqwetha zidla ngokumisela imiyalelo, kwaye ijaji igwebe elimele ukunikela. Abachopheli-mthetho kufuneka basebenzise njengoko bayalelwe, kwaye abamele baqwalasele isohlwayo. Imiyalelo isalathisi socwangciso sabachotho yaye siyasi sigxeka isigqibo esisemthethweni.

Isigqibo

Ijaji ithatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi lokuququzelela ityala ngokufihlakeleyo. Xa kuqwalaselwa, abagwebi bahlola ubungqina, baxubusha ukuthembeka kwamangqina, baze basebenzise imiyalelo yejaji. Injongo kukufikelela isigqibo esimanyeneyo kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (kwinkundla yenkundla yesizwe nakwiinkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente). Ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abanakufikelela kwisigqibo esingqinelanayo emva kwexesha elifanelekileyo, ijaji isenokuthetha ngetyala eliphosakeleyo ngenxa yejaji elixhotyiweyo. Kweso siganeko, ityala lisenokuliphinda liphindise elo tyala. Ityala lisenokuhlala ixesha elide iiyure ngeemini kuxhomekeke ekuntsonkothelweni kobungqina nemibandela. Inkundla egwebayo inokubuza imibuzo ngethuba elifanelekileyo, kwaye ijaji iphendula kwinkundla evulekileyo emva kokubuzana kwabagqeqeshi.

Isichazi-magama seseva

Ityala liqukunjelwa ngesigqibo sabachopheli-tyala. Umgwebi ophambili uvakalisa isigqibo kwinkundla evulekileyo, kwaye ijaji ingahlanganisa abagwebi ngabanye ukuze baqinisekise isivumelwano ngasinye sejaji nganye. Isigqibo “asinatyala” sikhulula ummangalelwa kunye netyala phantsi kwemithetho yeBhodi Elibini Le- Jeopardy Clause. Isigqibo se-“gastil” sikhokelela kwisigaba esahlukileyo sesigwebo, esinokwenzeka ngoko nangoko okanye emva kokupheliswa kwetyala. Kwityala elikhulu, ityala lisoloko libekwa esichengeni letyala kwaye liba nesigwebo setyala. Ukuba ijaji ityala libotshwe ecaleni, ijaji ithetha ukuba ityala liphosakele, kwaye ityala liphinde liphinde liqulwe. Emva kwesigwebo, isalathi seposi, njengendlela yokugweba i-post - stest - steast, njengendlela yokuhamba kwetyala okanye ukugwetywa kwetyala.

Iindima Zabathathi - nxaxheba Kwityala Lezaphuli - mthetho

Ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kubandakanya abantu abaninzi ababandakanyekileyo, ngamnye eneembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo.

Julay

Ijaji iyawongamela ityala, iqinisekisa ukuba ityala liqhutywa kakuhle kwaye ngokuvumelana nomthetho. Ijaji imisela imithetho ngokuchasa okucacileyo, igqiba imibuzo engokwasemthethweni, ilawula ucwangciso lokuchophela ityala, inika imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala. Ijaji ikwavelela ubunyulu benkundla kwaye inegunya lokuvumela ukuziphatha kakubi. Okubalulekileyo, ijaji ihlala ingathathi cala-cala kwaye ayithathi cala. Kwizigwebo zebhedi (ngaphandle kwejaji), kwakhona ijaji igweba limisela isigwebo.

Umtshutshisi

Umtshutshisi umela urhulumente ``enorhulumente, okanye rhulumente''' wasekuhlaleni' kwaye unoxanduva lokungqina ityala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Umtshutshisi kufuneka anikele ubungqina obuthembekileyo, ahlole amangqina, aze enze iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni. Abatshutshisi banemisebenzi esesikweni yokufuna okusesikweni, hayi ukuphumelela nje. Oku kuquka ukukhupha i-disclosing khowudi exhasayo ( Brady umthetho). Indima yomtshutshisi ibalulekile ngenxa yokuba ityala limele libekwe licinezelwe kwaye liphunyezwe ngokuphawulekayo.

Ukhuselo lwe Attorney

Igqwetha elingummeli wetyala lingummeli nommeli wamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Igqwetha elithethelelayo liyiphikisa isiqinisekiso somtshutshisi, amangqina anqamlezayo e-preugnateamines, linikela ubungqina bokuzithethelela, lize lithethele ukuba limgwebi okanye liyityala elincinane. Igqwetha kufuneka ligcine imfihlelo yabaxhasi lize linikele uncedo olusebenzayo lwecebiso. Ukuba ummangalelwa akanamali yegqwetha, inkundla ityumba enye (ngokufuthi umkhuseli). Igqwetha lengili likwacebisa ummangalelwa xa kucetyo, isigqibo sokungqina, nezinye izigqibo ezifanelekileyo.

Ikhuselwe

Ummangalelwa ngumntu otyholwa ngetyala. Ummangalelwa ufumana imbono yokuba akanatyala ngalo lonke ixesha lokuchola ityala kwaye unelungelo lokuhlala ekho kuwo onke amaqondo anzima. Ummangalelwa usenokukhetha ukungqinela ekuzithetheleleni, kodwa loo nto iyingozi, kuquka ukuxilonga okunqamlezayo. Ummangalelwa akanakunyanzeleka ukuba anikele ubungqina, yaye abachopheli-tyala bayalelwa ukuba bangathathi tyala elibi kwizolo lommangaleli. Ummangalelwa usenokudelela ilungelo kwityala lejaji aze akhethe ukuvavanywa ngebhethri, avume inkundla.

Jury

Ijaji ingoyena ufumana ityala kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Abachopheli-mthetho bakhethwa kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Abagwebi kufuneka bangakhethi buso. Baphulaphula ubungqina, balandela imiyalelo yomgwebi, kwaye ngabom baphumeze isigqibo. Abachopheli-mthetho abafanele baqhubele phambili uphando oluzimeleyo okanye baxubushe ityala nabantu bangaphandle. Isigqibo sabo kufuneka sisekelwe kuphela kubungqina obuvunyiweyo enkundleni. Indima yejaji yetyala ibaluleke ekuthethweni kwetyala lijaji elingakhethi, elikhuselwe yiSithandathu IsiHlamvo sokuHlulela.

amaNgqina

AmaNgqina anikela ubungqina obuphathelele iinyaniso ezinxulumene nelo tyala. Amangqina enyaniso anikela iimbono ezikhethekileyo. Kufuneka ukuba amaNgqina aphendule imibuzo eyinyaniso phantsi kwesifungo. Inkundla isenokunyanzela oopona ukuba banyanzele ukuba babekho benikela ubungqina. Kwezinye iimeko, amangqina asenokucelwa ukuba (akhutshelwe ngaphandle kwenkundla) ngoko ke akabuphulaphuli ubungqina bomnye. Ukuthembeka kwamangqina kungumbandela oyintloko ofanele uvavanywe ngabachopheli-tyala.

Abanye abasebenzi begumbi lenkundla

Abasebenzi abangakumbi baxhasa umsebenzi wetyala. Intatheli yenkundla yenza ingxelo ecacileyo ngetyala. Umabhalane wenkundla ugcina imiboniso nezifungo kumangqina. Ibheyilefi igcina ucwangco nokhuseleko. Le misebenzi, ngoxa isemva kwemiboniso, ibalulekile ukuze ityala lihambe kakuhle.

Amalungelo Abamangalelwayo

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States kunye nomgaqo-siseko karhulumente unika abantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho uludwe oluqinileyo lwamalungelo afanelekileyo. La malungelo anyanzelekile ukugcinwa kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuvavanywa kwaye enzelwe ukuthintela iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba kulungile.

Ukufanelekela Icebiso

ISithandathu IsiHlanziso siqinisekisa ilungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni kuzo zonke iinkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho. Gideon v. Wainwright, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi, inkundla ePhakamileyo imele inikezele icebiso kubamangalelwa abangenatyala kwiimeko eziyingozi. Eli lungelo likwalele kumacandelo abalulekileyo etyala, kuquka ukunxuluma, ukuququzelelana, kunye nesigwebo. Ilungelo lokucebisa libandakanya ilungelo lokunceda ngempumelelo; ukuba ukunikela isiluleko kungaphantsi komgangatho ofanelekileyo wobuchule nowekhethelo, ukuthembeka, ukukhuselwa kusenokupheliswa. Abameli bangakurhoxanduswa kwesiluleko, kodwa ukuba bayasazi kwaye bayazinikela ngokuzithandela.

Ukujamelana Netyala Elifanelekileyo

Ityala elisesikweni liquka amatyala aliqela angaphantsi: ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza (ukuphepha ukuvalelwa okungagqibekanga neenkumbulo ezingagqitywanga), ilungelo lokuvavanywa kukawonke-wonke (ukuqinisekisa ukubonakala nokuthintela ukuma komthetho), nelungelo lokuvavanywa phambi komgwebi ongakhethiyo kunye nabachopheli-mthetho. I-Piegy Trial Act imisela imida ekhethekileyo yexesha elimiselweyo lokumangalelwa korhulumente. Ityala likawonke wonke livulelwe uwonke wonke kwaye licinezelwe, nangona ukuvalwa okulinganiselwe kuvumelekile ngenxa yezizathu ezinyanzelisayo. Inkundla ikwanokuyitshintsha indawo xa usasazo lwe-preagement isongela ukungabi namkhethelo.

Umele Uhlale Uthe Tyaba

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sikhusela abamangalelwa ekunyanzelweni ukuba banikele ubungqina nxamnye nabo. Eli lungelo elinxamnye nokuziphikisa liyasebenza ngexesha lokuncinwa kwamapolisa nasekuchongeni. Ummangalelwa unelungelo elipheleleyo lokungameli ubungqina, yaye umtshutshisi akanakuthetha ngokuzola okunjalo. Ukuba ummangalelwa uyalingqina, noko ke, alilichasi ilungelo elikuthetha ngemibandela enxulumene nobungqina babo. Ilungelo lokuhlala bungathethi nto liqinisa umthwalo wetyala wobungqina kwaye lithintele iinkolelo ezisekelwe ekuvumeleni ngokunyanzelela okanye ekunikeleni ngenkani kwabo.

Ilungelo Lokujamelana NamaNgqina

IBhali lika-Claus leSithandathu Lo Amendment liqinisekisa ilungelo lommangalelwa “lokujamelana namangqina achasene naye.” Eli lungelo liquka ithuba lokunqumla amangqina e-glaglamaine nokuwabona ngexesha lobungqina. INkundla Ephakamileyo itolike ibinzana lokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwelishwa ngaphandle kokuba ideclarant ayifumaneki kwaye ummangalelwa unethuba langaphambili lokunqumla i-gracon. Lo mthetho uqinisekisa ukuba abachopheli-mbhileyo banokuqwalasela ukuphatha kwamaNgqina nokuwancina kwawo. Ilungelo likwavumela ummangalelwa ukuba ajonge ummangaleli, okuyinkalo engundoqo kwityala elilungileyo.

Ukubukelwa Ngomnye Umfundisi Ongakhethi Buso

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala likwafunyanwa kwiSithandathu soMphetho-mvanga. Abachopheli-tyala kufuneka bakhethwe kwicandelo elifanelekileyo elinqamleza uluntu, yaye amalungu abo kufuneka angakhethi buso. Isenzo sokuchonga nokususa abagwebi abanomkhethe. Ukuba ummangalelwa ubonise ukuba ijaji ingcoliswe likhethe, inkundla ingaligxotha ijaji ize ikhethe entsha, okanye ide inike ityala eliphosakeleyo. Ilungelo lomgwebi ongakhethi cala liyimfuneko ekulondolozeni ityala likawonke-wonke.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zokuvavanya kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho zibonisa ukuba kungcono ukuba abantu abalishumi abanetyala baphume kunokuba omnye angabi natyala abandezeleke. Inyathelo ngalinye kwinkqubo `kusukela kwinkqubo enzima yejaji ukuya ekunikezeleni imiyalelo(iindlela yokuvavanya ingcebiso) kwaye ikhusele amalungelo ommangalelwa. Abagwebi, amagqwetha, abagwebi, abagwebi, abachobi, nabasebenzi basenkundleni ngamnye uphumeza indima ebalulekileyo kule nkqubo. Nangona kungekho nkqubo igqibeleleyo, le nkqubo ilungelelanisa ukuqiniswa kwemithetho nokusetyenziswa kwenkululeko. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqhelaniswa kweenkqubo zokuvavanywa akuyo nje imfundo; kuseko lolwazi olunolwazi kunye neyo lobulungisa.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga iZiko loLawulo lweMelika kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho okanye uhlole U.S. ingcaciso yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lwequmrhu lezwe [. Ngaphezu koko, iZiko lolwazi lwe-Legal (ISikolo soMthetho se-Cornell) linika oovimba ababanzi benkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.