Ingcaciso yenkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo esisiseko ingumgaqo osisiseko okhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Iqinisekisa ukuba ummi ngamnye uphathwa ngokufanelekileyo phantsi komthetho kwaye ukhusela kwizigqibo ezizizo ezendeleyo ezenziwa ngurhulumente. Emoyeni wakhe, inyathelo elifanelekileyo lifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezimiselwe ngokomthetho ezimiselweyo aze ahlonele onke amalungelo abekelwe umntu ngaphambi kokuba ahlulwe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Lo mgaqo umiselwe ukuba akhuselwe kwiinkqubo ezisisiseko zoMgaqo-siseko weUnited States. UMthetho wesiHlanu usebenza kurhulumente wesiZwe, ngoxa uLawulo lweSihlanu ludlulisela imfuneko somthetho nesongezelelwe kwilizwe lorhulumente yasekuhlaleni ngemfundiso yokuquququzelela. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu ongayi kuhluthwa ukukhuselwa ukhuseleko olusisiseko.

Iintlobo Ezimbini Zenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Abaphengululi nababhali beenkundla bayawaqonda amasebe amabini ahlukeneyo enkqubo: aphantsi nangokwesithethe. Ngamnye usebenza umsebenzi owahlukileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

  • [[NTLT: 0] Inkqubela ye-Substantive Act [[FLT: 1] ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, kwanokuba iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zilandelwa. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzise inkqubo efunekayo ukubetha imithetho ephazamisa ubumfihlo bomntu ngamnye, ukuzilawula komzimba, namalungelo abazali. Iimeko zeqela leqela [[FLT:] Grislold v.[FLT][125] [195], eyathintela ukuvalwa kokusetyenziswa kokuthintela ukukhawula, kunye [[FLT] ne[FL:] v[4].[FLT] v[FLT] [5] [7] [ect:]) [e-eyesvomzenzipho yomtshato othe k'ukileyo.[7]
  • Iprojekthi eProficial Project igxininisa kubulungisa benkqubo zikarhulumente xa ifuna ukuhlutha umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Ifuna isaziso kunye nethuba lokuviwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo nangendlela enentsingiselo. Umzekelo, phambi kokuphelisa iingenelo zentlalo-ntle, ukususa umxhasi kwindlu kawonke-wonke, okanye ukurhoxisa ilayisensi yobuchule, urhulumente kufuneka anikezele ukuva. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo seNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo Goldberg v. [1970]) yaqinisekisa ukuba abaphulayo abanikezeli benelungelo lokuva ngenxa yokulahlekelwa yinzuzo.

Isiseko Sembali Senkqubo Efanele Iqhutywe

Imvelaphi yenkqubo efunekayo ibuyela emva kwiNgilani yamaxesha aphakathi. IMagna Carta ka1215, eyayinyanzeliswe kuKumkani uJohn ngemibhobho enemvukelo, yayinebinzana elibalulekileyo: "Akukho mntu okhululekileyo oya kuthi abanjwe okanye afakwe entolongweni, okanye ahlulwe amalungelo akhe okanye impahla, okanye abhangiswe, okanye ahluthwe ukuma kwakhe nayiphi na enye indlela, okanye angabikho sinyanzeleka, ngaphandle kokuba kugwetywe ngokusemthethweni ngabantu abalingana naye okanye umthetho welizwe." Ibinzana elithi "umthetho welizwe" laya kungena ngokuthe ngcembe kwingcamango yale mihla "ukuqalisa umthetho." IMagna Carta yaqinisekisa ukuba ukumkani ngokwakhe wayephantsi komthetho, ingcamango eguqulayo eyayibekwe kwisiseko solawulo lomgaqo.

IBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo ka-1689 engakumbi yokhuseleko oluqinisekisiweyo kwisenzo sikarhulumente esizikhethelo, ekwalela ukubekwa kwebheyile eninzi nesohlwayo senkohlakalo nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga. Xa amarhamncwa aseMerika ayewaqinisa amalungelo awo ngokuchasene nolawulo lwamaBritane, aye atsalela kakhulu kule mizekelo yamaNgesi. IsiHlamlo sesihlanu kuMgaqo-siseko we-U., esagunyaziswa ngo-1991 njengenxalenye yeBhili-Rhobe yaMalungeni, ekwalela ngokucacileyo ukuba urhulumente ahluthe nawuphi na umntu we-"ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho," Emva kwemfazwe ye-Kivininth Demetrigateds yandisa ummiselo ofanayo kumazwe, iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo elindelekileyo yaba ngumgangatho ozweni loluntu lonke lonke.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwalo Mhla Nexesha Lanamhlanje

UMthetho we-14th Amendment's Access Claus ungowombindi wokwenziwa kweBhili yamaLungelo nxamnye namaphondo. Ngothotho lwezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, uninzi lweenkqubo zokuqala ezisibhozo zokulungisa ziye zasetyenziswa kurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngokudlula kwi-Sective Procession Claus. Umzekelo, Gideon v. Wainright [1963] [1963]) ukuquka umgaqo weSinyusombululo seSithandathu ekululekeni, kufuna ukuba kunikwe amagqwethawe e-omatilo angenawo anokukwazi ukuhlawula omnye. Ngokufanayo, .[OT] v [FLT] [196] [196]

Ityala elingundoqo leNkundla ePhakamileyo lichaza iNkqubo eQinisekileyo

Ngaphezu kwamatyala akhankanywe ngasentla, ezinye izigqibo eziliqela zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zayila indlela elungeleleneyo yenkqubo efunekayo:

  • Miranda v. Arizona [1966] Inkundla yabamba ukuba amapolisa amele azise ukuba anelungelo lawo lokuhlala ethulile kwaye ilungelo lawo kwigqwetha phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya. Esi sigqibo sadala isilumkiso esikhoyo se-fmous Miranda, esisisikhuseli sokuzikhusela nxamnye nolwamvo lwawo.
  • . [FTP] Mathews v. [1997]: INkundla imisele uvavanyo lokulinganisela kathathu lokufumana iinkqubo ezifunekayo phantsi kwenkqubo efanelekileyo. Iinkundla ziqwalasela inzala yomntu echaphazelekayo phantsi kwemigaqo ekhoyo, nenzala karhulumente, kuquka ifiscal kunye nemithwalo yolawulo. Olu vavanyo lusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukupheliswa kweziphumo zokhuseleko lokhuseleko loluntu kunye nezinye iimfuno zikarhulumente.
  • United States v. Umoya ohambayo [2013]] (2013): INkundla yagatya ukhuselo loMgaqo womtshato, ibambe ukuba urhulumente wezwe akanakukhanyela ukuqwalaselwa komtshato omnye osemthethweni. Isigqibo sisekelwe kwinxenye yenkqubo efanelekileyo, igxininisa ukuba umthetho ubeka i "stima" kwizibini ezifanayo-x.
  • Timbs v. Indiana (20:9): INkundla yasebenzisa iSend Reconsions Reconfrectives Claus kumazwe adlula kwiNkqubo ka Claus, ephethe loo nto ifak ifunekayo yesizwe mayingabi yetyala. Le meko ibalaselisa ukunqamleza kwenkqubo efanelekileyo, amalungelo empahla, nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwemithetho elahlekileyo.

Ukubaluleka Kwenkqubo Elindelekileyo Kuluntu Olulawulwa Yidemokhrasi

Inkqubo efunekayo ibalulekile ekulondolozeni okusesikweni, ukulingana, nokuthembana kwabantu kwinkqubo yomthetho. Imisebenzi yayo iquka oku:

  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo ngamanye:[ inkqubo elindelekileyo isebenza njengekhaka lokukhusela urhulumente ophazanyisiweyo. Iqinisekisa ukuba naxa kukho ingozi okanye xa iimvakalelo zikawonke-wonke ziphezulu, urhulumente kufuneka alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo kwaye ahlonele inkululeko esisiseko.
  • Ukunikwa koxanduva kwamagosa kaRhulumente: ngokufuna ukuba kubekho ukubonakala, isaziso, kunye nethuba lokuviwa, inkqubo efanelekileyo yenza abadlali bakarhulumente baphendule. Kuthintela izenzo ezingekho ngqiqweni kwaye kunika inkqubo yokuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isiqinisekiso sobuLunga nomgangatho: inkqubo elindelekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ubutyebi, uhlanga, okanye isikhundla, bafumana ukhuseleko olunye olusemthethweni. Lisiseko somthetho, ukuthintela urhulumente ekujoliseni abantu okanye amaqela ngaphandle kobulungisa.
  • Intembelo kawonke-wonke equlethwe nguwonke: Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba inkqubo yomthetho isebenza ngokufanelekileyo nangokuthelekelelwayo, basengozini yokuthobela umthetho, basebenzisane nomthetho, kwaye babe nenxaxheba kubomi boluntu. Inkqubo eqhubekayo iqinisa ukufaneleka kwezigqibo zomthetho kunye nolawulo.

Izinto Ezicel ’ Umngeni Kubemi: Indlela Ebuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bamihla Le

Ukuqonda oko kuthethwa kuko kunika abantu amandla okuzimela ngamalungelo abo baze bafune okusesikweni xa loo malungelo esongelwa.

Okusesikweni Kolwaphulo - mthetho

Kwinkqubo yobulungisa yomthetho, inkqubo efunekayo iqinisekisa ukuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, ilungelo lokucebisa, ilungelo lokujamelana namangqina, kunye nokhuseleko ekuzichaseni. Ezi khuselelo zinceda ekuthinteleni iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo. Noko ke, ubunyani bokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi nokuxhakamfulwa kwezicelo ezithenjiweyo kuphakamisa amaxhala malunga nokuba inkqubo efanelekileyo iyafezekiswa ngokupheleleyo. Abamangalelwa abaninzi bawachasa amalungelo abo okuvavanyaza phantsi kwengcinezelo, ngamanye amaxesha ngaphandle kokuqonda ngokupheleleyo iziphumo. Ilungelo lokufumana uncedo olusebenzayo lwesiluleko, olumiselwe sytland v. Washington[[FLT:]] [1998]] [1998], bahlala beyikhuselwe ngokuqathakileyo, kodwa bengenamfanelekela iinkqubo zikawonke.

Izenzo zolawulo

Amasebe karhulumente enza izigqibo ezichaphazela indlela abantu abaphila ngayo yonke imihla. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba phambi kokuba aba bameli bakhanye, baphelise, okanye barhoxe, okanye barhoxe, kufuneka banike isaziso kunye nokuva okunentsingiselo. Oku kusebenza kwizigqibo zoKhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle, imbuyiselo yokungaqeshwa, inkcitho yobugcisa (umz., ugqirha, osemthethweni), kunye nengxoxo yokungena ekhaya. Uvavanyo oluphakathi olusuka [ku- Maws v. Elditridge lusoloko lumisela iinkqubo ezifunekayo. Umzekelo, ukuva okucacileyo kusenokufuneka ngenxa yesiphene, ukuva okucacileyo, ngoxa ukuva okungacwangcinwayo kungane nento esemthethweni.

Ubulungisa Bentlalo Nokhuseleko Olulinganayo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo iye yaba sisixhobo esinamandla ekuqhubeni phambili kobulungisa bentlalo. Kwale ngxelo inye ekhusela amalungelo empahla iye yasetyenziswa ukuphelisa imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. Lovaval v. Virginia (1967), iNkundla yasebenzisa i-STCLER Process Clause ecaleni kwe-Umlinganiselo woKhuselo lwempahla u-Claus ekupheliseni izithintelo kuqhawulo lomtshato we-Rhulumente. Kutshanje, inkqubela efunekayo iye yaba yeyona nto iphambili ekuxazululeni amalungelo onyuselwa phambili, ukuvota, kunye nenkululeko yokuqhamisa. Inkqubo efanelekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente awuna kuwasusa ngokungena tyala ngaphandle kwesizathu nesizathu esivakalayo.

Intsapho Nemfundo

Kumthetho wentsapho, inkqubo efanelekileyo ikhusela amalungelo abazali. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yamkela ilungelo elisisiseko labazali lokwenza izigqibo ngokuphathelele inkathalo, ubundlobongela, nokulawulwa kwabantwana babo. Ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente aphelise amalungelo obuzali okanye asuse umntwana ekhaya, kufuneka inikeze ubungqina obucacileyo nobeyiseleyo bokuxhatshazwa okanye ukutyeshelwa, umgangatho ophezulu kunamanye amatyala aqhelekileyo. Kwimfundo, abafundi abajongene nokugxothwa okanye ukugxothwa kwexesha elide banelungelo lokuphawula kunye nohlobo oluthile lokuva, njengoko kumiselwe ku [[FLT: 0].Gos v. Lopez[FLD:1] [12]

Iingxaki Zexesha Elizayo

Nangona isiseko sisebenza, inkqubo efunekayo ijongene nocelomngeni olungapheliyo nolucombululekileyo kule nkulungwane yama - 21.

Ukruthakruthwano Oluninzi Neyantlukwano Yobuhlanga

I-United States inenye yezona ziphezulu isantya sokuvalelwa ehlabathini. Abantu abamnyama nababhinqileyo bamelwe ngokungenakulinganiswa kwinkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ngaba ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lusetyenziswa ngokulinganayo na. Izigwebo ezincinane eziqatha, izigwebo ezingqwabalala zamatyala eziyobisi angenazidlobo, kunye nokuvalelwa kwangaphambili okucinezelelwa abangxina ityala lokugwebi ukuba bavume ukuba banyanzele yonke into elungileyo. Inkqubo yebheyile isoloko isohlwaya ubuhlwempu, igcina abantu bengenamali ephantsi phambi kokuvavanywa ngenxa yokuba bengenakukwazi ukuhlawula ukukhulula kwabo.

Ingeniso Nento Engathethekiyo Karhulumente

Inkqubela-phambili kwezobugcisa nolwandiso lolawulo lukarhulumente egameni lokhuseleko lwesizwe luye lwadala imiba emitsha efunekayo. UMthetho wobuNgqila bamazwe angaphandle uSurveildance (FISA) kunye neenkqubo ezifana nengqokelela yogcino-lwazi oluninzi lwe-NSA zigxekwe ngokungabi nako ukukhanyisa kunye nokugweba okwaneleyo. IMpawulo-Mpanziswano wesine ithe yaphelelwa kumbandela othile, kwaye ukuqokelelwa kwemida ye-metadata kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga noko kubumba i"search" kunye nenkqubo emele ikwenzeke ngaphambi kwayo. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba abantu baxelelwe ukuba bacelw'ukuvavanywa, kodwa ukufihla oku kusoloko kuthintela oku.

Inkcitho

Ukungathobelwa kwempahla yabemi kuvumela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuba kuphathwe impahla erhanelwayo ngokubandakanyeka kumsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho, kwanokuba ngaphandle kokumangalela umnini-mthetho ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngenxa yokuba isenzo somthetho sichasene nepropati ngokwayo, abanini-mpahla basoloko bethwele umthwalo wokubonakalisa impahla yabo ukuba ayibandakanyekanga kumsebenzi ongekho mthethweni. Oku kugqwetha ukuthelekelelwa kokunganyani kobumsulwa kwaye kungayiphula imigaqo efunekayo. Abagxeki abaninzi baphikisa ngelithi isigqibo seNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo sibangela izihluphazo ezigwenxa kumthetho kunye nokufumana abantu abaphantsi.

Ukungakwazi Ukusebenza

Imfundiso efanelekileyo yokukhusela ukukhusela imigaqo-siseko yemithetho ikhusela amagosa karhulumente, ngokukodwa amapolisa, ekumangalelweni ngenxa yokuphulwa komgaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokuba baphule "umthetho ocacileyo". Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi le mfundiso iye yawaphelisa amatyala kwaye yenza kwaba nzima kumaxhoba okuziphethe kakubi ukufumana okusesikweni kwiinkundla. Le mfundiso ifaka ngokunempumelelo iimbambano ezininzi ezibandakanya ukunyanzelisa okanye ukuphengulula okungekho mthethweni, okushiya amaxhoba ngaphandle konyango olunentsingiselo. Ukubizelwa kotshintsho kuye kwaqina, kodwa isenzo somthetho kumgangatho wolawulo lwesizwe siye saphelelwa. Ukuze kuqwalaselwe ngokucotha, bona ukuma kwesikhundla [[FLT:]

Ukufikelela kumelo olusemthethweni

Ilungelo lokucebisa kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho limiselwe kakuhle, kodwa ukuzalisekisa kwalo kusoloko kungenamdla. Ii-ofisi zokhuselo lukawonke-wonke zihlala ziphantsi kwemiqathango enzima, zikhokelela ekuthwaleni kakhulu kwetyala, akwanelanga ixesha lokunxibelelana nabaxhasi, kunye noxinzelelo lokucombulula amatyala ngokukhawuleza. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, akukho mGaqo-siseko onelungelo lokucebisa, naxa izilangazelelo zobomi zisengozini, njengokugxothwa, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, okanye ukugxothwa. Lo msantsa uthetha ukuba abantu abaninzi abahamba ngemibagocagocagocayo ngaphandle kwegqwetha, banciphisa isimilo esithenjiswe yinkqubo efanelekileyo. Imibutho enjenge iBalt Comments Servity i-Unity] ixhasa iinkonzo zomthetho ezisemthethweni zokwandisa uncedo lwemibutho ukuya kulo mdabi.

Isiphelo

Imodemokhrasi ihlala ingumsebenzi osisiseko wenkundla, iqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi bahlala bephathwa ngokusesikweni nangokusesikweni phantsi komthetho. Kuzo zombini ezi ziganeko zimiselwe ngokwendlela yokulawula, kusisiqinisekiso esincinci samalungelo asisiseko. Ukusuka kwiMagna Carta ukuya kwimithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ekhoyo, umgaqo uguqukele ukuhlangabezana neengxaki ezintsha, ukanti injongo yawo engundoqo ihlala ihleli: ukukhusela abantu ekulawuleni igunya likarhulumente elizimeleyo. Kwixesha eliphawulwa kukutshintsha kwezobugcisa, ukuhlaziywa kwezobupolitika, kwaye iyakubiza inkululeko efunekayo ekuzilungiseni, impumelelo ephambili kunanini nanini nanini na ngaphambili. Inika abemi amandla okuba babe netyala, ukufuna ukubonakala, nokufuna okusesikweni xa besongelwa. Ukuxhasa inkqubo efunekayo, ukulinda, ukulawulwa nokuzinikela kumthetho. Njengoko abemi boluntu bemele bayazi inkululeko, kufuneka baxhomekeke kwinkululeko yethu; ukuxhomekeka kumgaqo esisekuqhubekeka kumthetho olwazi oluphambili loMthetho weSikolo, uMthetho weSikolo, kunye nolu.[F.[10][1