Inkqubo esemthethweni isebenza kwisiseko semithetho ebhaliweyo kunye nemithetho ekhuselekileyo yomGaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda ukulandelelana kwemithetho kunye neendima ezikhethekileyo ezingaphakathi enkundlani kunika uncedo olubalulekileyo kubahlali kunye noogqirha ngokufanayo. Ngoxa imithetho ecacileyo isenokuhluka phakathi kweenkundla zikarhulumente nezezizwe, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezisisiseko zoluntu kunye nezigebenga kuhlala kungaguquguquki. Le ngxoxo ihlola inkqubo ehambayo yokuqalisa kwesenzo ukutyhubela kwisigqibo sayo sokugqibela, ichaza amanyathelo afanelekileyo nawaphantsi kwenkundla echaza uhambo ngenkqubo yenkundla.

Isiseko Sokumiselwa Kwelifa

Phambi kokuba kwenziwe nayiphina impikiswano engokwasemthethweni encinci, inkundla kufuneka ibe negunya lokuva ityala. Eli gunya liqhekezwe libe ziingcamango ezimbini ezahlukileyo: ulawulo nendawo. Inkundla kufuneka ibe negunya lobuqu kumaqela kunye negunya lomxholo phezu kwempikiswano ngokwayo. Ulawulo lobuqu lubhekisela kumandla enkundla phezu kommangalelwa, ekufuneka ibe imiselwe [ phantsi kwemimiselo ende yemikhosi yesizwe se-Forum kunye noMbutho wenkqubo kaClaus Claus yeSigqi soHwe-145. Ummangaleli kufuneka abe nonxulumano oluncinane nomthetho onjalo owenziwe ngomthetho owesithethe ongakhubekisi ngokomthetho wokudlala kakuhle nobulungisa.

Ulawulo lwetyala lolawulo lwetyala, ngokwahlukileyo, lubhekisele kwigunya lenkundla lokuva uhlobo oluthile lwetyala. Umzekelo, iinkundla zomanyano, zinolawulo olulinganiselweyo kwaye zingava nje kuphela amatyala abandakanya umbuzo kazwelonke okanye amatyala apho kukho ukwahlukahlukana kobumi kunye nemali ephikisanayo ingaphaya kwee-$75,000. Iinkundla zelizwe zinegunya jikelele kwaye zinokuva apho iziganeko ezininzi zinyuka khona. Ukulawula okuthe kwamiselwa, umchasi kufuneka akhethe [ ityala , okanye indawo, kumacala olwaphulo-mthetho, nto leyo eqheleke isithi isithi apho umShulumelwayo ahlala khona okanye apho iziganeko ezinyukelayo kwintengo zenzekile khona. Ukuqondwa ngokupheleleyo kwezi siseko kuyimfuneko, njengokunganikwa kolawulo olufanelekileyo. Ulawulo lwenkundla lobuqu lumele lunikezele naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi na. [FT.[FFOGenest

Inyathelo: Inyathelo Lesikhokelo

Isikhalazo Nezidibi

Isiqalo esisesikweni sokumangalelwa siqala [ ukuvuleka kwetyala ngesikhalazo esicacileyo. Isikhalazo sisiqalo esiphambili esibeka impendulo yommangalelwa. Kufuneka iqulathe isivakalisi esifutshane nesicacileyo solawulo lwenkundla, isikhalazo esifutshane nesicacileyo sokubonisa ukuba ummangaleli unelungelo lokukhulula, kwaye imfuneko yomgwebo. Umgangatho wokucela wale mihla, ocaciswe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo [iKP]. v. VFL: 3] kunye [FL:] kunye [FL:]

Xa igqiba, inkundla ikhupha izicelo, eziluxwebhu oluchaza ummangalelwa ukuba bayamangalelwa yaye kufuneka baphendule phakathi kwesakhelo sexesha elichaziweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezingama-21 zamatyala karhulumente. Ukubizwa nokukhalazelwa kufuneka kusebenze ngokufanelekileyo kummangalelwa ngokuhambelana noMthetho 4 weMithetho yePhondo yaMasipala. Umsebenzi ongafanelekanga ungaphumela ekugxothweni kwesenzo.

Impendulo Nokhuselo Oluzinzileyo

Xa enikezelwe, ummangalelwa kufuneka afake ifayile yempendulo kwimpendulo nganye etyholwayo. Impendulo kufuneka ivume, ikhanyele, okanye isithi ummangalelwa akanalwazi olwaneleyo ukuvuma okanye ukukhaba ityala ngalinye. Ukungaphumeleli ukukhanyela ityala kungathathwa njengemvume yokuvuma. Ngaphezu koko, impendulo mayithi naluphi na ukhuselo oluqinileyo , njengomthetho wemiqathango, i-water, okanye umnikezi. Ezi ziphetho zilahleko zinokungaphakanyiswa ukuba aziphakanyiswanga kwisicelo sokuqala.

Okanye, endaweni yokuphendula, ummangalelwa angayila intshukumo yangaphambili ukuze aphendule. Umthetho 12(b) weFRCP udwelisa izizathu ezikhethekileyo zokugxothwa, kuquka ukunqongophala kolawulo lwesihloko, ukunqongophala kolawulo lobuqu, ukungabikho kolawulo lobuqu, ulawulo olungafanelekanga, inkqubo engonelanga, okanye ukungaphumeleli ukuchaza ukuba kukho isikhalazo esinokunikwa. Intshukumo yokuyekelela ukuphelisa ityala, elibizwa ngokuba [12] (b) (6) ukushukuma ,vavanya ulwano olusemthethweni lwesikhalazo.

Ukufunyanwa Kwezinto

Imfihlelo isoloko inguwona myinge wokwenza ixesha kunye nexabiso elininzi lokufumana. Yinkqubo esesikweni apho amaqumrhu enikezelana ngobungqina nolwazi olunxulumene nentelekelelo kunye nokuzikhusela. Injongo ekhoyo yokufumana kukuphelisa ukumangaliswa nokuqinisekisa ukuba omabini amaqela afikelela kwiziphumo eziyimfuneko ukulungiselela iimeko zawo. Umlinganiselo wokufumana uchazwa ngokubanzi njengalo naliphi na ityala elingamkelekanga elinxulumeneyo nento yeqela okanye ingqinisekiso kunye iproportigation kwimfuno zemeko yetyala . Inkundla iqwalasela izinto ezininzi xa ulungelelaniso, kuquka nokubaluleka kwemibango yetyala, iindleko, iindleko zemali, kunye neendleko zemali ezicelweyo, okanye iindleko, kunye neendleko zokufumana.

Izixhobo Zokufumanisa Ezibhaliweyo

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo ebhekiswe kwiqela eliphikisanayo elimele liphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo. Imithetho yomanyano ilinganisela iinkupho kwi 25 zemibuzo, kuquka namaqela asezantsi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu (RFPD): Izicelo ezifuna ukuveliswa kwamaxwebhu, ulwazi olugcinwe nge-electly (ESI), okanye izinto ezibonakalayo kwimpahla yeqela eliphendulayo, i-lotolo okanye ulawulo.
  • Izicelo ze-Adjuse (RFAS): Iingxelo ezisebenzayo kumaqela aphikisanayo acela ukuba bavume okanye bakhanye inyaniso yezibakala ezithile okanye ubunyani bamaxwebhu.

Ukwakhiwa:

Ukwenziwa koxwebhu kubandakanya ukuxilongwa komlomo kobungqina obuphantsi kwesifungo, obuqhutyelwa ngaphandle kwenkundla. Ubungqina buchazwa ngumcholacholi-ndaba wenkundla kwaye bungasetyenziswa ekuchongeni ityala lokungagunyaziswa okanye njengobungqina obuncinci ukuba ubungqina abufumaneki. Izivumelwano zivumela amagqwetha ukuba avavanye ukuthembeka kwamangqina kunye nokutshixa ekunikeleni ubungqina kwasekuqaleni kwinkqubo yokudityaniswa kwetyala. Ii-Corporateziation, ezilawulwa yi- Rule 30(b)(6)[FLT [12:1], zifuna intlangano ukuba ichaze omnye okanye abaphathi-mikhosi okanye abasebenzi abangakumbi ukuze ingqine ngokomthetho wayo mayela kwimibandela ethile. Ii-exalitiotiotiotio ezichanayo ziyagxekwa, njengoko zivumela ukuvavanywa kwesiseko seengcaciso zolwazi.

Ubungqina bokufihla kunye nobokusebenzisa amanani

Kumthetho welizwe wangoku, ubuninzi obuninzi bobungqina bungamanani. iziphumo ezifanelekileyo zibandakanya ukufunyanwa, ukugcinwa, ukuqokelelwa, nokuveliswa kolwazi olugcinwe ngombane, ii-imeyili, imiyalezo yezentlalo, ii-pali kawonke-wonke, kunye ne-metadata. Ii-paritiki kufuneka zithathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo okugcina i-ESI xa kulindelwe kakuhle. Ukwenziwa kobungqina kungenza iziphumo ezinzima, kuquka imiyalelo engalunganga okanye umgwebo ongagqibekanga. Ukufunyanwa kwe-ESI kufaka imithwalo ebalulekileyo kumaqela, kufuna ukuba asebenze kwaye angene kwingqokelela ye-data. Umlinganiselo wokufunyanwa kolwazi lubanzi kwaye kufuneka uchazwe ngokuchaziwe [[FTP]

Uqheliselo lweNtshukumo yangaphambili

Phambi kokufikelela kwiqonga lokuvavanya, amaqela asoloko ebandakanyeka kuqheliselo lokucombulula imiba engokwasemthethweni okanye ukulahla ngokupheleleyo. ucaciso lwentshukumo yemposiso yenye ekwakheni, esombulula imeko ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokuvavanywa.

Intshukumo yemposiso ebalulekileyo yenzeko yento ekhoyo yeyokuba imowumbiso womgwebo wesishwankathelo[. Phantsi koMthetho 56 kwi FRCP, umgwebo woshwankathelo ufanelekile xa iqela elihambayo libonisa ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene kwizibakala zento kwaye imovant inelungelo lokugweba njengombandela womthetho. Icebo elishukumisayo limele lixhase ukushukuma kwalo ngokucaphula izinto ezibhaliweyo, ezinje ngoongeko, amaxwebhu, okanye iqela elingahambiyo. Iqela elingakwenziyo kufuneka lize phambili ngezibakala ezithile ezibonisa ukuba kukho umba wokwenene. Isishwankathelo sisixhobo esinamandla sokuxhasa iingxelo zethu phambi kokuvavanywa. Inkundla izakuphinda irekhodi ye-[FLD [2]

Ezinye iintshukumo ezibalulekileyo zangaphambi kovavanyo ziquka iintshukumo ze-Daubert, ezivavanya ukungabonakali kobungqina obungochwepheshe, kunye iingcebiso kwi-limine, ezifuna ukungabufaki ubungqina obuthile ekuvezweni ekucinyweni. Inkundla igcina ingqungquthela yokugqibela yangaphambi kwentlanganiso ukuqukuqela ukuvavanya nokulawula nayiphi na imiba ekhoyo.

Inkqubo Yokuvavanywa

Ukuba ityala liyasinda ekugwetyweni ngokufutshane kwaye aliconjululwanga ngokuhlaziywa okanye ngokuphikiswa ngolunye uhlobo lwezigqibo, liqhubekela phambili kwityala. Ityala livavanywa ngokuvavanya ubungqina obungagqibekanga phambi komfumani wenyaniso, mhlawumbi umgwebi (ukuvavanywa ngetyala) okanye umgwebi. Inkqubo yokuvavanya ilandela ulandelelwano olungqongqo lweziganeko ezilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa okusesikweni nenkqubo efanelekileyo.

Ukhetho

Le nkqubo iqala nge enzima, ngexesha apho inkundla namagqwetha abuza abaza kufumana igqibi ukuba bamisele amandla abo okungakhethi buso. Abalawuli bangacelw'elwa ukuba babonise ikhethe okanye ikhethe. Kwakhona iqela ngalinye linamanani alinganiselweyo engxaki, evumela ukuba libethe abalawuli ngaphandle kokunika isizathu. Noko ke, ukukhutshwa kwemingeni akunakusetyenziswa ukugxeka kwisiseko sohlanga okanye ubufana, njengoko kumiselwe yiNkundla Ephakamileyo .[FLT] v.Keynbon

Ingxelo yokuvula kunye nomzekelo- kwiChieef

Xa abachopheli-tyala bebekwa kwindawo yokuhlala, amatheko anikela amatyala awo. Umtshutshisi (okanye umtshutshisi kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho) uqala ahambe, anikele umba wokuvula [ ochaza izibakala abazilindeleyo ukuzingqina. Iingxelo zokuvula azibobungqina, kodwa kunoko imaphu yejaji yabagwebi. Ummangalelwa anganikela ingxelo yokuvula ngokukhawuleza emva kwe-partff's, okanye angazibekela isiqinisekiso sawo sokuqalisa kokhuseleko lwabo.

I-acttiff ngoko inikela isicangca-ntloko sayo , ibiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa iziboniso. Ingqina ngalinye lifanele ukuvavanywa ngokungqalileyo liqela elazibizayo, lilandelwa kukunqamleza ngeqela eliphikisanayo. Ukuhlola kulinganiselwe kumda wovavanyo oluthe ngqo. Attoney angenza uphikiswa okusekelwe kwimithetho yobungqina, njengobununtunu, okanye ukunqongophala kwesiseko. Inkundla ilawula ezi mpikiswano ngexesha lokwenene. Ekugqibeleni kwemeko ye-partff, ummangalelwa angahamba ehamba ehamba ephuma kumthetho ([FLL: ML]) [FFFT] [FT] [FT]], ityala elithethseleleneyo, ityala elingenanto ecacileyo yokuvelisa ityala.

Idigingx Zavalwa Nesigwebo

Emva kokuba amacala omabini ephumle, amaqela anika iimpikiswano ezicacileyo. Iingxoxo zokuvala zivumela amagqwetha ukuba ashwankathe ubungqina aze aphikisane ngesizathu sokuba abachopheli-mthetho bafumane uncedo lwabo. Umphehlisi uhamba kuqala, ummangalelwa, kwaye ummangalelwa anganika impikiswano equkuqela.

Inkundla iyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho osebenzayo (imiyalelo yetyala) ize ibanike ifomu yesigwebo. Abachopheli betyala bathatha umhlala-phantsi ukuba babe ngasese. Ukuba abachopheli-tyala bafikelela kwisigqibo, kufundwa kwinkundla evulekileyo. Naliphi na iqela lingacela ukuba abachopheli-chopheli-mvo bavavanywe ukuba baqinisekise isigqibo singangqinelani. Emva kwesigqibo, inkundla ingena kumgwebo wecala [[FLT: 0] owesicalalphelo, obangela ukuba kukhawulwe ixesha lokusebenza nokubhenela kwi-post qumrhu.

Intshukumo nezibheno zasemva

Isiphelo setyala asiphawuli isiphelo somtyaba. Iqela eliphulukana nento lisenokuyibeka ifayile yentshukumo zasemva kwetyala ihlasela isigwebo. Intshukumo eziqhelekileyo zasemva kovavanyo yi itshayelela ugwebo njengomcimbi womthetho [[[FLT:] (Umthetho]] [Uvavanyo]] [umthetho]]] (RLT) [umthetho)] (Umthetho (u-RUMGAWU)], othi ugwebo lungcoliswe yimpazamo esemthethweni okanye ukuziphatha okubi. Inkundla ithetha ukuba inyanisile kwimiba elawulayo.

Ukuba intshukumo zasemva kovavanyo aziphumelelanga, iqela eliphulukana nalo linelungelo lokubhenela umgwebo wokugqibela kwinkundla ephezulu (inkundla epapashwayo). Iqela elifaka isibheno liyi i-appleant[, kwaye inkqubo echasanayo yeyahlukileyo kwityala. Kungekuko i- ikhuphela ityala [. I-appellate izakuyila isaziso sesibheno ngeentsuku ezingama-30 zokungenisa ugwebo (kwinkundla yelizwe). Inkqubo ye-applette yahluke kakhulu kwityala. Kunokuphinda ichaze izibakala izibakala, amaqela abhaliweyo kwinkundla ethetha kafutshane isizathu sokumangalelwa kwenkundla. [Fellte]

Umgangatho wokuzihlola yilens apho inkundla ejonge izigwebo ezincinci. Imibuzo yomthetho ibuye incitshiswe de novo, ithetha inkundla yenkcazelo engayinikeli kunyukelo lwenkundla evavanyiweyo. Ukufumana inkcukacha kuphinda kulungiswe [[[FLT:] 2] imposiso ecacileyo [, ewumgangatho obalulekileyo. Imithetho yenkcazelo yenkcazelo ecacileyo ayinikezinziwa ukucazululwa kwetyala [ ukusetyenziswa kweqhinga lenkundla. Indawo yolawulo iya kuba nengxoxo edluliselwe intetho, emva koko iza kukhutshwa imbono enokuthi iphinde ingqikelelw, okanye i-man yetyala elithe kratyalwe lixatyelwe ngokunqabileyo. Kwityala elithe krumbini leNkuphelo yeNkuhlela iNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla ye-5 ye-5].

Abathabathi-nxaxheba Abaphambili kunye neMisebenzi Yabo Ecwangcisiweyo

Umgwebi Okhokelayo

Ijaji ngumgwebi ongathathi-nxaxheba kumthetho. Umgwebi ulawula kwiintshukumo zangaphambi kwetyala, ucombulula iimpikiswano ezicacileyo ngexesha lokuchophela ityala, kwaye uyalela abachopheli-tyala kumthetho. Kwityala lebhentshi, ijaji isebenza njengomfumani wenyaniso, evavanya ubungqina kwaye ekhupha izinto ezifunyenweyo zenyaniso neziphelo zomthetho. Indima yomgwebi kukuqinisekisa ukuba ukulingwa kuqhubeka kubulungisa, kulungelelaniswe, kwaye kusebenza ngendlela esebenzayo.

IJury

Abachopheli bejaji bangumthath-thsuphe kwityala labachopheli-tyala. Abachopheli-tyala bajoliswe ekuvavanyeni ukuthembeka kwamangqina, bavavanya ubungqina, baze basebenzise umthetho njengoko umyalelwe ngumgwebi ukuba afikelele kwisigqibo. Iingcinga zabachopheli-tyala zizimele, kwaye isigwebo sabo kufuneka singqinelane kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho nakwimiba emininzi yasekuhlaleni.

Icebiso Lengxelo

Ama-athorney asebenza njengabameli abanenzondelelo kubaxhasi bawo phakathi kwemida yomthetho. Banembopheleleko yokunikela ubungqina, amangqina, kunye nokwenza iimpikiswano zomthetho enkundleni. Icebiso libotshelelwe ngokulula kuwe ngokomthetho kwaye kufuneka banamathele kwimithetho engqongqo engqongqo enxulumene nenkcaso yenzala, imfihlelo, kunye nomelo lwenzondelelo. ISivumelwano seMelika Bar Scending sinikela ukhokelo olubanzi kwezi mbopheleleko zobuchule ngoncedo olungaphaya kweNtetho ye-Professial [[FLT:]]

Iintsuku Zokubhiyozela

  • [[UMTL:0] Umthetho ocacileyo: Iqela eliqala ukumangalela ngokufaka isikhalazo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Defantinti: Iqela eliziswayo nxamnye nalo umangalelwa.
  • Abakhuseli- Abathathi-nxaxheba: Imikhosi yasiwa ekwamangalelweni ngummangalelwa ngecandelo lesithathu (umthetheli-ntloko).

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda inkqubo esemthethweni kubalulekile kuye nabani na othabatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yenkundla. Ukusukela kukuzimisela kolawulo lokuqala ukuya kubume bokugqibela bobheno, isiseko senkqubo yengcaciso sinika isakhiwo, ukuxelwa kwangaphambili, kunye nokusesikweni kwinkqubo yolawulo. Ngoxa ukuntsonkotha kwelitha kusenokoyikisa, ukuyiqonda ngokuqinileyo imigangatho esisiseko, imilinganiselo esebenzayo yobubungqina, kunye neendima ezicacileyo zabathathi-nxaxheba ezigunyazisa abasebenzi kunye neengcungela zokuqhuba inkundla ngentembelo. Ubungqina obulawula imigaqo, imigaqo, kunye nehambo yobugcisa yenzelwe ukungayilawuli, kodwa ukukhusela ingqibelelo yenkqubo yezogwebo nokuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kusekelwe kwiimfaneleko zetyala.