Inkqubo kaRhulumente kunye noKhetho oluBanzi: Ukhokelo oluneMpahla

Ukuqonda inkqubo karhulumente kunye nonyulo oluphambili kubalulekile kuye nawuphi na ummi ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Ezi ntsika ezimbini zolawulo-demokhrasi zisebenza kunye ukubumba indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho, indlela iinkokeli ezikhethwa ngayo, nendlela intetho kawonke wonke eguqulelwa ngayo kwisenzo sezobupolitika. Esi sikhokelo sinika ukujonga ngokunzulu kuzo zombini imibandela, ukuchaza abakhenkethi bazo, unxibelelwano lwabo, nokubaluleke kwazo ekulawuleni kwale mihla.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente: Isiseko Solawulo - melo

Uninzi lwamazwe olawulo-demokhrasi abumba urhulumente wawo kumasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: umlawuli olawulayo, umwisi-mthetho, kunye nekomiti egwebayo. Oku kwahlula-hlula amagunya kuyilelwe ukuthintela nayiphi na into enye ekhoyo ekufumaneni ulawulo oluninzi nokuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo luqhutywa ngokuziphendulela ngoxanduva nangokubonakala. Le nkqubo yenzelwe kumgaqo wokuba amandla amele asabiwe kwaye alungelelaniswe.

Isebe Elilawulayo

Isebe eliphetheyo linembopheleleko yokuzalisekisa nokumisa imithetho. Likhokelwa yintloko yorhulumente, njengeenkqubo zomongameli okanye umfundisi-mzimeli] [[, kwaye liquka iququzelela le-advisors kunye namaqumrhu ahlukeneyo olawulo. Kwinkqubo yomongameli enjenge-United States, umongameli usebenza njengentloko yombutho nentloko yorhulumente, ephethe igunya elizimeleyo. Kwimithetho yepalamente, umphathi-nkulu ngumphathi-mikhosi, umlawuli onyulukileyo uyintloko wesebe kwaye unyulwe kwisebe lomthetho, uquke uditya olusondeleyo lwegunya. Ulawulo lwesebe loburhulumente luquka iimbopheleleko zobugcisa-ofisi [FTB] [FF]

Isebe Elisemthethweni

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linguqumrhu lokwenza umthetho, elidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiNgqungquthela, iPalamente, okanye iNdibano yesiZwe. Linembopheleleko yokuququzelela, ukuphikisana, nokudlulisa umthetho. Kwinkqubo ye-bimeral, indlu yowiso-mthetho yahlulwe yahlulwe yangamagumbi amabini: indlu esezantsi (ngokufuthi ibizwa ngokuba yiNdlu yoomeli okanye iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdluna), nendlu ephezulu (enjengeBhunga leNtlanga). Indlu esezantsi imela umlinganiselo wabemi, ngelixa yoluntu, ngelixa lendlu ephezulu ilungiselela imimandla okanye amazwe. Isebe lemithetho likwalawula urhulumente, ithetha ukuba lilawule ukusetyenziswa kwemali nerhafuthelo, kuquka nobuchule bokuhlola, kwezinye iinkqubo zokususa abaphathi-ofisi okanye ukususa imicimbi kwiofisi.

Isebe Eligwebayo

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba iyavumelana nomgaqo-siseko. Ibunjwe yinkqubo yeenkundla, enenkundla ephakamileyo okanye yezomgaqo-siseko kumgangatho ophezulu. Abagwebi kweli sebe bamiselwa ngokusesikweni kunokuba banyulwe, iplani ejoliswe ukukhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye ivumela ukuba yenze izigqibo ezisekelwe kwimigaqo esemthethweni. Isebe lezomthetho linamandla [[FLT: 0] okuhlola [[FLT: 1], okukuvumela ukuba liphumeze lihlasele imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lenza ukuba amasebe ajongelwe ngokungakhethi bucala ajongeke amanye amasebe amabini, agcine amalungelo omthetho ngamnye kwaye axhase umthetho ngamnye.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Ubuchule besixokelelwano sesithathu se-blanc busekujikelezweni nokulinganiselwa [ isebe ngalinye elisebenzisayo phezu kwabanye. Umzekelo, umongameli (onqamlayo) angawugqithisa umthetho odluliswe yiCongress (i-legislative), kodwa iKhomishini iyakwazi ukuwulawula lonto ngekota ezimbini zovotelo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo (yokugqibelela) iyakwazi ukuvakalisa umthetho odluliswe yiKhonkqu kwaye utyikitywe ngumongameli ukuba ungaqululeki. Abagwebi abalawuli abaphetheyo, kodwa amasebe alawulayo kufuneka aqinisekise loo masebe. Le nkqubo intsonkothayo iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe lingasebenza ngaphandle kokuqwalaselana kwendlela. Inqanawa iyakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-ophakalth-mthetho, ingaquququzeli, okanye ingaququququzeli, inyaniswa, inyathelo, okanye ityala.

Indlela Iinkqubo zikarhulumente Ezahluke Ngayo Kwimimandla Engekhoyo

Ngoxa imodeli yesithathu yebranch ixhaphakile, ukuphunyezwa kwayo kuyahluka-hluka ehlabathini lonke. United States, inkqubo yidemokhrasi yomongameli enokwahlulwa okunamandla kwamagunya. Umongameli unyulwa ngokuzimeleyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye usebenza ngexesha elimisiweyo. [[FLT:]] ubukumkani obuhlangeneyo[FLT:] , inkqubo yidemokhrasi yepalamente apho isikhululo-mbuso-mpalamente (umphathi omkhulu nomphathi-mikhosi) ukhuthuthwalwa khona kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, kwaye uyakwazi ukususwa ngendlela evotelwa ngayo. [ngendlela ebanzi ye-ElFFoctive, kunye ne-unices yooctive org:]

Unyulo Oluphambili: Inyathelo Lokuqala Kukhetho Lwecandident

Unyulo oluphambili lukhuphiswano lwangaphakathi olusetyenziswa ngamaqela ezobupolitika ukukhetha abo baza kukhetha unyulo jikelele. Lulukhetho olubalulekileyo olubalulekileyo olubalulekileyo olufuna ukukhethwa, nangona ludla ngokungaqondwa, inxalenye yenkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ngoxa lusenza isigqibo sokuba ngubani ohlala kwisikhundla, unyulo oluphambili lugqiba ukuba ngubani oza kukhuphisana kolo nyulo luqhelekileyo. Oku kubenza babe licebo elinamandla lokubumba ucwangciso lwezopolitiko kunye nokhetho olufumanekayo kubavoti.

Luluphi Ukhetho Oluphambili?

Unyulo oluphambili lunyulo lokuqala apho abavoti bakhetha abathathi-nxaxheba kwiqela elithile lezobupolitika ukuba basebenze kunyulo jikelele. Abaphumelele kwi-primes baba ngabasemagunyeni beqela. Abaphathi-mikhosi bahlukile kwiintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni apho amalungu eqela axubusha khona kwaye avote kwinkqubo yokukhulula i-libration. Ngelo xesha abanyuki babeqheleke kakhulu, amaziko eenqanawa abe yindlela ephambili yokukhetha umtshato kumaphondo amaninzi nakumazwe amaninzi awasebenzisayo. Inkqubo engundoqo iphuhliswa kakhulu kwintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni apho amalungu eqela apho amalungu eqela axubusha kunye namavoti athetha ngayo. , kodwa kukho intlobo-democracism, kuquka ne-Argentian, kunye namazwe amaninzi aseYurophu.

Imbali Neenguquko Zeencwadi Zeencwadi Zeencwadi Zeencwadi Zeencwadi Zeencwadi Zeencwadi Zeencwadi Zeencwadi Zemveli

Inkqubo yonyulo ephambili yavela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 ngexesha njengenkqubela-phambili yexesha njengentshukumo yotshintsho ejolise ekunciphiseni amandla oomphathi beqela kunye noomatshini bezobupolitika. Phambi kwe-primetics, abanyuki babenyulwe kwiindibano ezivaliweyo ezilawulwa ngamaqela angaphakathi. Iziguqulo ezaveliswayo zaveliswa kwizinto zokuqalisa ukunika amalungu aqhelekileyo ilizwi elingqalileyo kukhetho lobalo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, inkqubo yavela ukusuka kwimo eqhubekayo yenjongo enzima namaxesha athile engquzulanisayo intsingiselo yamaqela ezobupolitika. Namhlanje, ii-Primmatris ziyindawo engaphakathi kwezopolitiki zaseMelika kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo kwezinye ii-democractics ezifuna ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwi-propati.

Iintlobo Zee-crimes

Asizizo zonke izilawuli ezisebenza ngendlela efanayo. Imithetho elawulayo enokuvota ngomahluko oyintloko ngokwelizwe, kwaye le mithetho inokuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwisiphumo. Ukuqonda iindidi ezahlukeneyo kungundoqo ekuqondeni amandla ezobupolitika adlalwayo.

Ii-Primetric eziValiweyo

Kwisiciko esivaliweyo, kuphela abavoti abangamalungu abhalisiweyo eqela lezobupolitika abanokuvota kwelo qela liyintloko. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukunqanda amalungu alwayo ukuba anga "anqamlezi" ukuphembelela elinye iqela. I-primendrims idla ngokuvelisa abathathi-nxaxheba abagqithisileyo ngokwengqiqo kuba ngamalungu angowona azinikeleyo kuphela. /aye asoloko eninzi kakhulu. Amazwe anjenge New York, Florida, kunye nePennsylvania asebenzisa ii-pricitys ezivaliweyo.

Vula Iindawo

Kwisidlangalala, nawuphi na umvoti obhalisiweyo angathabatha inxaxheba nakweliphi na iqela, kungakhathaliseki ukuba lilungu elinjani. Abavoti bakhetha ukuba yeyiphi ephambili yokuvota xa befika kuvotelwa. Ukuvula amagumbi okuqala kucetyelwe ukukhuthaza ukuthatha inxaxheba okubanzi nokuvumela abazimeleyo nabavoti abaphakathi ukuba babe nento yokuthetha kwinkqubo yokuqhatha. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ukuvula kwe-primmenti kungakhokelela "kuvota," apho amalungu elinye iqela alivotela ngabom ilungu elingoyena mphathi-buthathaka kwilungu eliphambili leqela.

Ii-Primes eziValekileyo

I-odolosi evalwe kancinane yinkqubo exubileyo. Abavoti abazimeleyo bangakhetha ukuba yeliphi iqela eliphambili ekuvoteleni, kodwa amalungu abhalisiweyo angavota kuphela kwinqanaba lawo eliphambili. Le ndlela ivumela abazimeleyo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngoxa besagcina ulawulo lweqela elithile kwinkqubo yokufakelwa. Kukulalanisa phakathi kwenkqubo ezivaliweyo nezivuliweyo kwaye kusetyenziswa kumazwe afana ne-Illinois, New Hampshire, neNorth Carolina.

Iibhanile eziphezulu- ezimbini kunye neRanked-i-Choice Primiers

Amanye amagunya aye asuka kwimibutho esekelwe kwisithethe ekhoyo ngokupheleleyo. phezulu-kwizigaba ezibini , bonke abatsha abatsha ababaleka ibhola enye ephambili yeqela. Abathathi-nxaxheba abafumana ivoti eninzi kunyulo oluqhelekileyo, nokuba bangamalungu eqela elinye. iKhalifoni, iWashington, neNebraska zisebenzisa le nkqubo. i-i-iphendulo liphambili ivumela abavotiswe kwimo abathathi-kukhethayo. Ukuba akukho mbutho ufumana uninzi lwamavoti-ice, umvoti okhoyo kunye nezivoti ezimbalwa zikhuselweyo, kwaye iivoti zabo ezidityani zisekelwe kule nkqubo yesibini. I-FLT. iyaqhubeka i-octive i-oce i-ocesss ephambili kwimoduracties.

Ukubaluleka Kokhetho Oluphambili

Unyulo oluphambili lungaphezulu kakhulu kunenyathelo lokukhetha nje eliqhelekileyo kwikhalenda yonyulo. Basebenzisa imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo ebumba lonke ummandla wezopolitiko. Okokuqala, [[FLT: 0] basebenzisa isitili setyala [[ eliya kukhetha kunyulo jikelele. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yokuqala incinanisa ngokunempumelelo intsimi kwaye icwangcise imilinganiselo yempikiswano yezopolitiko. Eyesibini, iPrictums [[FLT:]] ivumela amalungu eqeqeshiweyo ukuba achaze izikhethelo zawo[[ kwaye aphembele ikhondo leqela labo. Xa bebona ukuba uxinzelelo lungamele, uxinzelelo lungasebenza njengoncedo lwangoku lweqela loburhulumente. [F], i-FMT.[6]

Indlela Ulwaphulo - mthetho Oluyichaphazela Ngayo Imbono Yeepolitiki

Imithetho yonyulo oluphambili inempembelelo enzulu kuhlobo lwabavoti abaphumeleleyo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo abayixhasayo. Kwiziqalelo ezivaliweyo, apho abavoti abaninzi kuphela, abathathi-nxaxheba basoloko behamba besiya kwimo yengqondo egqithiseleyo ukuze babhenele kwisiseko. Oku kungakhokelela kwisiphumo sokusuka kwecala, apho abaphumelele abaphambili begqithisileyo begqithise kakhulu kunabanyuli-onke, abalalayo, abalalanisa ngamandla kurhulumente. Kuvula ii-primmary, abatsha abanokufuna ukubhenela kuninzi, abaphulaphuli abanomlinganiselo othe chatha, abanokuvelisa iipesentitris nomines. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, banokukhokelela kwimibacholo jikelele phakathi kwabathathi-babini abathathi beqela, ngaphandle kwemisebenzi abaphumele kwiqela elisebenzayo kuhlanga olunye. Ukuqonda okungundoqo kwabo nabani nabani ofuna ukukhangela iziphumo okanye abameli bolungiso.

Ukugxekwa Nocelomngeni Oluphambili

Ngaphandle kobuchule babo bedemokhrasi, unyulo oluphambili alunabagxeki abagxeki. Inkxalabo enkulu yiyo encinci ivoti ejikayo. Olunye unyulo oluphambili lutsala abavoti abambalwa kakhulu kukhetho oluqhelekileyo, ngokufuthi abangaphantsi kwe-20% bevoteota abafanelekileyo kumaphondo amaninzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba unyulo oluncinane, oluxhotyisiweyo oluxhotyisiweyo lunokuba nempembelelo enkulu kubanikeli abachaphazelekayo. Olunye ugxeko olungundoqo luthi luthi iprojelo lungangendlela yokuzibopheleleka kunyuso olungundoqo [[FLT:] lungamele lulunike unyuso olukhethekileyo [[FLT:], njengoko abanikezeli beluvoluvoluninzi, njengoko kuthelelwa kungenelwa kweqela. [Nklll.[5]

Ikamva Lokhetho Oluphambili

Inkqubo engundoqo iyakwazi ukuphendula kwezi zigxeko. Iimeko ezininzi ziye zamkeleka okanye zizama [[FLT: 0] ukuvota okujijekileyo kwi-primerivary, enokuthi inciphise intshukumisa yokulwamkelo olungalunganga kwaye iveze iimpundu ngenkxaso ebanzi. Kukho umdla okhulayo [[[FLT:]] kwizinto ezikhoyo [[FLT]] iproject [ njengendlela yokunciphisa ulwandiso nokwandisa inxaxheba. Abanye abaxhasi bacebisa ukuba i-[[FLT:]] ebanzi inkqubo ekhoyo], apho zonke zithi zibamba khona ii-partries, ukuphelisa inzuzo elungileyo yolwazi lwasekuqaleni. Ukudlala indima elula, nokuvavanywa nge-ekhwelo. [i-Genegasting][5]

Ukudibanisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente kunye nokhetho oluphambili

Inkqubo karhulumente kunye nonyulo oluphambili ludityaniswe kakhulu. Isakhiwo sikarhulumente . "iimeko zomongameli, ipalamente, okanye i-druid" ithetha ngokufanelekileyo ngonyulo oluphambili. Kwinkqubo yomongameli, amagumbi aphezulu, ukhuphiswano oluphezulu kuba ophumeleleyo anokuba ngoyena mntu unamandla kwezobupolitika kweli lizwe. Kwinkqubo yepalamente, i-produralia ayibonwa kakhulu ngenxa yokuba umlungiseleli ophambili unyulwe liqela, hayi ngokungqalileyo ngumphathiswa yi-popu, kwaye ugxininiso luphezulu kuluhlu lweqela. Udidi lwenkqubo ephambili lungaphembelela ekusebenzeni kukarhulumente. Umzekelo, ovaliweyo utyekele ukuvelisa i-comperalsty, apho iqela elinokufumana khona uqeqesho oluzinzileyo.

Amacebiso Asebenzisekayo Kubantu Abasebenza Ezorhwebo

Abavoti abafuna ukwenza okuninzi kwelizwi labo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, ukuqonda inkqubo yokuqala kubalulekile. Khangela imo okanye ilizwe lakho ukuba uyakwazi ukuba ungaba nenxaxheba na kwaye uthathela phambili kweliphi. Ukuba ubhalise ngeqela, yazi ukuba iqumrhu lakho linokuvalwa okanye livuleke. Ukuba uzimele, ungakwazi ukuvota kwezinye ii-Primenti kodwa hayi ezinye. Uphanda abatshatisi kwimiba ephambili, hayi nje kuphela unyulo oluqhelekileyo. Jonga kwizithuba zabo, irekhodi yabo, kunye nokurhola kwabo. Ukuba ngaba kunokwenzeka, kudla ngokubakho iqela lasekuhlaleni. Ukuvota okuphambili kuchaphazela kakhulu kunokuba kuvotelwe ngokuba abantu abambalwa, bathathela amavoti akho ubunzima obuninzi. Ngokugqibekileyo, qwalasela uqwalasela unyulo olufana nokhetho okanye ulawulo lwabo oluvuliweyo olukhoyo.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo karhulumente kunye nonyulo oluphambili zizinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zolawulo-demokhrasi. Ukuqonda okuqinileyo ngendlela amasebe amathathu karhulumente asebenza ngayo kunika isiseko sokuqonda indlela enziwa ngayo imithetho kwaye inyanzeliswe ngayo. Ukuqondwa ngokucokisekileyo konyulo oluphambili kuchaza indlela abanyuliweyo abanyuliweyo nendlela izakhiwo zezobupolitika ezibunjwe ngayo. Ezi nkqubo zidityaniswe ngayo, zigqiba ukuba ngubani ophethe amandla kwaye usetyenziswa njani. Ngokufunda ngawo omabini la mandla, abavoti bayakwazi ukujika inkqubela kwinkqubo yokhetho ngentembelo, benze ukhetho olunolwazi kwibhokisi yebholaboti, kwaye negalelo kwidemokhrasi ephilileyo, enomdla ngakumbi. Inkqubo yezopolitiki iyantsonta, kodwa yeywa ngabantu, kwaye abami abanolwaziyo yisivikelo esingcono ekukhukulisweni kwayo.